Diseases of the Digestive System

Diseases of the Digestive System

THESE DISEASES ARE extremely common in dogs and range from conditions affecting the mouth down to the lower end of the

alimentary canal. It is convenient to subdivide these diseases according to the organ or organs concerned, viz:

1. Lips and Mouth

2. Mouth, involving teeth, gums, tongue and salivary glands

3. Pharynx and Oesophagus

4. Stomach

5. Small and large intestines including rectum

6. Liver and Pancreas

1. LIPS

Inflammation of Lips. This may take several forms and be due to many factors, chief among which are mechanical

injuries including damage by excessive tartar on canine teeth and ulceration which may extend to the commissures of the

lips. It may also be due to infection, e.g. Staphylococcal producing a dermatitis which may progress to abscess formation.

CLINICAL SIGNS The animal will probably be noticed pawing at the mouth and the lips may show swelling. The surround-

ing areas are sometimes stained brown. Salivation is invariably present accompanying ulceration of varying degree. Loss

of hair on surrounding areas is frequently seen.

TREATMENT

1. ACID NIT. 30c. This is one of the chief remedies for treatment of ulcerated surfaces near the body orifices. There may be

an accompanying corneal ulceration together with salivation and bleeding gums. The ulcerated surfaces usually discharge

offensive material.

2. MERC. CORR. 30c. When this remedy is indicated, the mouth is usually very offensive with profuse slimy salivation and

bleeding gums. Frequently there is blood-stained nasal discharge while slimy diarrhoea with tenesmus may arise

3. RHUS TOX. 6c. Indicated when the inflammation is manifested by deep red discoloration and papules which develop

into vesicles and ulcers. Itching is usually severe. Tinflammatory process extends into the mouth giving bright red

gums, tongue and throat.

4. HEPAR SULPH 30c. This remedy may be needed when abscesses develop which are extremely sensitive to touch. The

animal resents contact and will refuse food. High potencies of this remedy will help abort the suppurative process while

low ones may hasten discharge of purulent material

5. CALC. SULPH. 6x. Once abscesses have matured and are discharging, this remedy will be of use. It should be reserved for

those cases where pus has actually found an outlet.

6. BORAX 6c. When the ulcers on the lips extend into the mouth and produce raw aphthous ulcerated surfaces where the

epithelium is easily peeled off. Salivation is profuse. Vomiting may occur along with a mucous diarrhoea.

7. STAPHYLOCOCCUS NOSODE 30c. If abscesses arise which are suspected to be bacterial in origin, the use of this nosode

will help as Staphylococci are the main bacteria involved.

2 (a) STOMATITIS-Inflammation of mouth

GINGIVITIS - Inflammation of gums

Stomatitis is the general term used to cover any inflammatory process affecting the mouth generally, while Gingivitis

refers specifically to the gums. Sometimes the term "Clossitis" is used if the tongue alone is inflamed.

ETIOLOGY. Stomatitis and gingivitis may be the result of any localised inflammatory process or be due to an extension

of the process from the gums, or to mechanical changes. Non-specific causes include Vitamin B1 deficiency and kidney

failure bringing on a threatened Uraemia. Main causes are Vincents stomatitis and the Distemper/Hepatitis/Leptospirosis

complex.

CLINICAL SIGNS. Salivation is usually present and the appetite is in abeyance. Food is chewed very carefully. Redness of

mucous membranes is apparent and in severe cases ulceration occurs. Gingivitis produces bleeding of gums and ulcer-

ation of the peridontal areas, which become swollen and tender. Necrotic lesions on tongue and pharynx appear in very

severe outbreaks. If stomatitis is due to a uraemic syndrome, the mucous membranes become dark and there is a pro-

nounced urinary smell from the mouth.

TREATMENT. There are a number of useful remedies for consideration and it may be necessary to watch carefully for ac-

companying systemic symptoms before deciding on any particular one.

1. BAPTISIA 30c. Salivation accompanying offensive breath and yellowish-brown discoloration of tongue and gums may

signify the need for this remedy. Tonsils and throat become dark red, the inflammation making swallowing difficult. Vom-

iting may occur with other alimentary complications such as dysenteric stools. Prostration is frequently present and the

animal may give an impression of generalised toxaemia.

2. ACID. MURIATICUM 30c. Ulceration of lips occurs with swelling of neighbouring lymphatic glands. Gums become

swollen and the throat is darkened and oedematous. When urine is passed there may be an accompanying passage of

faeces

3. ACID. NIT. 30c. This remedy is especially suitable for ulceration of those parts which are nearest the lips. Salivation is

again a feature and coalescence of ulcers may occur. Gums bleed easily when this remedy is indicated.

4. BORAX 6c. Indications for this remedy are an aphthous appearance of the ulcers and the fact that the epithelium peels

easily. Salivation is frothy and takes the form of long drooling strands. There may be involvement of the inter-digital spa-

ces where vesicles may form.

S. ACID. FLUOR. 30c. Dental fistulae are common when this remedy is indicated. Saliva becomes blood-stained. The teeth

may show evidence of necrosis. Throat ulceration accompanies a desire for cold water. Warm drinks may bring on bouts of

diarrhoea. The necrotic process may extend to the bones of the upper jaw.

6. MERC. CORR 30c. Slimy, blood-stained salivation is present when this remedy is needed. The whole mouth is extremely

offensive and dirty with involvement of all structures. Teeth appear dingy and swelling of throat and neighbouring lymph

glands takes place. Systemic complications include dysenteric slimy stools and possibly greenish nasal discharges.

7. KREOSOTUM 30c. One of the keynotes of this remedy is rapid decay of teeth on eruption and accompanying a spongy

condition of bleeding gums, which show a tendency to gangrene. Vomiting of blood may occur, together with diarrhoea of

blackish putrid material. It could also be useful in those cases associated with uraemic tendencies.

8. CARBOLIC ACID 30c. The throat is chiefly affected when this remedy is indicated, diphtheritic lesions appearing. Dark

green vomition occurs with flatulence and blood-stained diarrhoea following severe enteritis. The urine assumes a dark

green colour.

9. RHUS TOX. 1M. Dark red inflammation with papules and later vesicles signifies this remedy. The throat is again involved

showing dark red inflammatory patches. Systemic symptoms include vesicular inflammation of the skin with severe

itching

10. ACID. SULPH. 30c. Gums bleed easily, leaving a bruised dark red look. The blood is dark or black. Eye symptoms such as

redness of the conjunctiva and small haemorrhages are frequently present when this remedy is indicated.

2 (b) ALVEOLAR PERIOSTITIS.

PERIODONTITIS

This condition is associated with the build-up and accumulation of tartar on the teeth. This provides a suitable base for

the proliferation of bacteria which then invade the alveolus resulting in its destruction. This in turn causes loosening of

the tooth. Gingivitis is a more or less constant accompaniment. The longer the condition persists, the more likely it is for

pyogenic bacteria to produce abscesses in the alveolus. Extensive disease may cause destruction of surrounding bone with

the threat of osteomyelitis developing

TREATMENT. All tartar should be removed and the teeth properly cleaned. Removal of tartar should be undertaken every

4-6 months, and a diet containing adequate meat with the minimum of carbohydrates will help reduce its formation. The

following remedies will help:

1. MERC. CORR. 30c. This is primarily for the gingivitis associated with the condition and will be of use even after abscess

formation has taken place.

2. ACID FLUOR 30c. If the disease has progressed to include the facial bones, this remedy will help allay the tendency to

necrosis

3. SILICEA 30c. This remedy is of use when suppuration of the alveolus occurs with threatened osteomyelitis of surround-

ing bone.

4. FRAGARIA 6c. A remedy which will help prevent excessive deposition of tartar and should be given at regular intervals

to dogs after they have reached two years old.

2 (c) EPULIS

This is the name given to a fibrous tumour which develops on the gum. It is benign and has its origin in some chronic in-

flammatory process. It frequently contains bony material. It may appear singly or in clumps, and is commonest in brachy-

cephalic breeds.

TREATMENT. They are usually treated by excision with electrocautery. If this is unacceptable, the following remedies

should provide a suitable alternative

1. HECLA LAVA 30c. This is a most useful remedy for the treatment of bony tumours affecting the upper jaw especially. It

may be necessary to proceed through rising potencies to achieve best results.

2. CALC FLUOR 30c. Indicated more for the more fibrous and less bony tumour. This is a deep-acting remedy and should

not be repeated too frequently. One dose per week for two months should suffice.

3. CALC. CARB. 30c. A useful remedy for the fat or obese animal, especially young subjects. There may be a generalised

skeletal weakness when this remedy is needed.

4. SILICEA 30c. Has some reputation in the treatment of bony tumours and might be considered if HECLA fails to produce

satisfactory results.

2 (d) GLOSSITIS

Inflammation of the tongue may be primary due to mechanical injury or secondary when it results as a sequel to some

systemic disease. A form of gangrenous glossitis may follow ingestion by leptospiral organisms or be associated with

chronic nephritis.

CLINICAL SIGNS. Loss of appetite and putrid breath accompany salivation of varying degrees. In the gangrenous type a

tough exudate forms on the top of the tongue. This rapidly becomes necrotic, the colour changing from dark-red to grey.

Severe pain is present. If the disease is unchecked, sloughing of the tip of the tongue takes place.

TREATMENT

The following remedies should be considered

2. KREOSOTUM 30c. This is a useful remedy for gangrenous tendencies of the oral cavity in general. It could be useful in

the early stages when dark red discoloration is evident. A further indication for its use would be toxaemic complications

which frequently accompany the condition.

2. SECALE 30c. A most valuable remedy when threatened gangrene is evident due to restriction of blood supply to the tip of

the tongue. It could be of use even at the stage of greyish discoloration indicating necrosis, and should enable blood supply

to be restored normally.

3. MERC. CORR. 30c. If the condition is associated with chronic nephritis, this remedy will help by treating the basic condi-

tion as it is a main remedy in dealing with kidney disease. By itself it will help remove the foul smell and salivation.

4. PHOSPHORUS 30c. This remedy is also associated with a basic nephritis, and when it is indicated there are usually

accompanying small haemorrhages on the gums. Systemic complications include vomiting when food or water becomes

warm in the stomach.

5. LEPTOSPIROSIS NOSODE 30c. This nosode should always be used in conjunction with other indicated remedies if it is

considered that Leptospirosis has been contracted. A single dose should suffice.

2 (e) THE SALIVARY GLANDS

These glands concern us because of their role in the production of saliva. They may become the seat of infection or cysts

may develop in one or other of them. Overproduction of saliva is called Pryalism and may arise as a result of car sickness

or stomatitis due to various causes. Signs are obvious and the excess of saliva if swallowed may result in vomiting. The

main remedies to be considered in Ptyalism are as follows:-

1. PILOCARPUS 30c. The submaxillary and parotid glands become swollen when this remedy is indicated and there may be

profuse diarrhoea with stra ing.

2. ACONITUM 6c. If attacks come on suddenly and are associated with temperature rise, Aconite will prove useful.

3. MERC. SOL. 6c. If stomatitis is the cause, this remedy will be of use and help reduce the output of saliva by removing the

basic inflammation.

4. BORAX 6c. When this remedy is indicated saliva takes the form of frothy strands with vesicles on gums and tongue.

Infection of the glands may result in abscesses producing firm and painful swelling of the structure accompanied by

systemic changes and a rise in temperature. The animal is unwilling to open the mouth. Oedema may be seen around the

base of the ear if the parotid gland is involved.

TREATMENT OF INFECTED GLANDS

1. PHYTOLACCA 30c. Glandular swellings are a keynote of this remedy. The glands are firm and swollen and dark-red dis-

coloration of the throat takes place. Tonsillar tissue comes swollen, making swallowing difficult.

2. ACONITUM 6c. If temperature rises and attacks come on suddenly or as a result of exposure to cold dry winds, this rem-

edy will help

3. APIS MEL. 30c. When oedema develops around the base of the ear from an extension of parotid gland inflammation,

Apis will be found useful.

4.MERC. 10D. RUB. 9c. The red sodide of mercury has a good reputation for reducing inflammation of glands on the left

side of the throat region. The submaxillary glands are less affected

5. MERC. 10D. FLAV. 9c. The yellow iodide of mercury has a similar action but has reference mainly to the right side of

throat and throat glands.

6. HEPAR SULPH 30c. This potency of Hepar will help allay the suppurative process if glands become infected, especially if

they are ext mely sensitive to touch

7. SILICEA 30c. More chronic forms of suppuration will be catered for by this remedy. Pus tends to become inspissated and

the glands remain hard. If cysts develop in the salivary glands, the resulting fluid may be controlled by APIS 30c followed

by a course of IODUM 30c. if surgical interference is ruled out

3 DISEASES OF PHARYNX AND OESOPHAGUS

a) PHARYNGITIS. Inflammation of the pharynx may arise as a direct result of injury from some traumatic agent but more

usually the trouble is secondary to some constitutional disease such as the Distemper/Hepatitis/Leptospirosis complex.

Extension of local infection also takes place and in these cases species of Streptococci and Staphylococci are involved.

CLINICAL SIGNS. There is a primary temperature rise and the dog may be off its food. Hawking of white foamy mucus

occurs. Severe cases show involvement of neighbouring lymph glands and excess production of saliva is also seen. On ex-

amination the throat appears dark-red and there may be membranous deposits and ulcerations present.

TREATMENT. There are many useful remedies available, chief among which are the following.

1. ACONITUM 6c. Should always be given in the early stages when rise of temperature occurs. The early use of this remedy

frequently obviates the need for anything else.

2. FERRUM PHOS. 6. This is also a very useful remedy for the early stages. It differs from ACONITUM in showing ulceration

with a generalised redness of the mouth. Extension of the inflammatory process frequently involves the ears, and the

pulse is usually soft in contrast to that obtaining when ACONITUM is indicated. Generally it is to be preferred for the less

severe casie.

3. BELLADONNA 30c. With this remedy the papillae of the mouth show swelling and the throat is red and puffy-looking.

Accompanying signs include dilation of pupils with a full bounding pulse, and an overall feeling of heat.

4. MERC. CYANATUS 30c. This is one of the most important remedies for pharyngitis showing the presence of a diph-

theritic membrane of greyish colour which peels off leaving a necrotic area. Neighbouring salivary glands are swollen and

tender. There may be accompanying vomiting of blood-stained bile.

5. PHYTOLACCA 30c. Throat involvement takes the form of dark-red discoloration with swelling of tonsillar tissue. The

parotid salivary glands in particular become swollen and tender. There may be generalised glandular swelling, with ac-

companying prostration when this remedy is indicated.

6. MERC. JOD. RUB. Sc. The throat is involved more on the left side and there is an associated stiffness of neck muscles. The

salivary glands on the left side are usually the seat of inflammation before the throat shows lesions.

7. MERC. OD FLAV. 9c. The indications for this remedy are the same as for the preceding one with the difference that the

right hand areas are involved.

8. RHUS TOX. 1M. Dark-red diffuse discoloration of mouth and throat with watering of eyes may indicate this remedy.

Signs of orbital cellulitis may be present, along with thirst and a mucous dysentery.

9. APIS MEL 30c. If there is pronounced oedema present impeding breathing, the use of this remedy will hasten its absorp-

tion. The throat appears swollen and is puffy on palpation. The tongue also may be swollen and stools are brownish and

watery. The condition may be associated with an incipient nephritis.

FOOTNOTE. If pharyngitis is thought to be a sequel to infection by Distemper, Hepatitis or Leptospirosis the use of the

appropriate nosode will be indicated along with indicated remedies. Streptococcus and Staphylococcus nosodes may also

be employed this way if it is thought that bacteria of these species are implicated.

3 (b) OESOPHAGITIS Inflammation of the oesophagus is usually secondary to some mechanical injury, e.g. the presence of

some foreign body.

CLINICAL SIGNS. Lack of appetite usually brings to the notice of the owner that all is not well. If food is taken where

appetite is not wholly lost it soon becomes regurgitated. Salivation is usually profuse. The dog makes repeated attempts to

swallow even when food is not present

TREATMENT: The following remedies may give relief and help soothe the oesophageal lining

1. MERC. CORR. 30c Has a reputation for soothing inflammatory or ulcerated mucous membranes. Especially indicated

when excess saliva is present.

2. PHOSPHORUS 30c. This remedy is associated with an extension of the inflammatory process to the stomach, causing

vomiting at frequent intervals.

3. ACID. SULPH. 30c. This remedy is generally associated with healing of mucous membranes injured by foreign bodies

showing threatened gangrene. Saliva is probably blood-stained when this remedy is indicated.

4. CARBO VEG. 200c. The dog shows extreme tenderness over the epigastric region and there may be aphthous-looking

ulcers in the mouth.

4 THE STOMACH

a) GASTRITIS (ACUTE). Inflammation of the stomach is extremely common and is usually due to irritant factors of one

kind or another. It can also arise as a sequel or accompaniment to acute infectious diseases such as Hepatitis and Lep-

tospirosis

CLINICAL SIGNS. There is invariably constant thirst and vomiting, with a temperature rise if the condition is associated

with infectious disease. Pain on palpation of the stomach region is usually present. Signs of dehydration quickly set in es

pecially if vomiting is severe or prolonged and is worse in puppies and young animals.

TREATMENT. There are a considerable number of remedies available for the control of vomiting and it is impossible to list

them all. Reference would need to be made to a standard Materia Medica to determine which one would fit the individual

animal. However, the following remedies will probably help the average case:

1. PHOSPHORUS 30c. With this remedy there is pronounced thirst but vomiting takes place as soon as the contents of the

stomach become warm after drinking (or eating). The gums may be ulcerated and show small haemorrhages. Stools may

be clay-coloured

2. MERC. CORR. 30c. Vomiting may take the form of greenish bile-stained mucus possibly with flecks of blood. There may

be an accompanying dysentery with foul mouth and profuse salivation

3. IPECACUANHA 30c. Retching and vomiting may lead to collapse. The vomit is slimy and may be continuous. Slimy

diarrhoea, possibly blood-stained, may also be present. There may also be reflex respiratory symptoms such as coughing

and difficult breathing.

4. ANTIMONIUM TART 30c. The tongue is coated, with red edges. Swallowing is difficult and accompanied by retching and

vomiting, Rumbling of intestines may be heard preceding stool which is accompanied by straining, the stools themselves

being watery with shreds of mucus.

5. ARSEN. ALB. 30e. When this remedy is indicated, the mouth is ulcerated and dry. Thirst is prominent but there is desire

for small quantities only. The contents of the vomitus are blood-stained or may contain whole full blood. The animal is

usually restless, changing position frequently and all symptoms become worse toward and after midnight. The coat is dry

and harsh as a rule.

6. 1ODUM 30e. This remedy may be suitable for the lean animal showing cadaverous hunger with diarrhoea of a pale frothy

character. Mouth and tongue may show aphthous ulcers. Liver complications are a common feature with signs of jaundice

in visible mucous membranes.

7. AETHUSA 6c. Aphthous lesions are also associated with this remedy and in addition there are pustular eruptions on the

throat. There is a marked intolerance of milk which is vomited in curd form. Frothy white vomition occurs shortly after

ingestion of food. The stool is undigested, greenish and thin. Young suckling animals will benefit from this remedy, such

subjects showing also a tendency to collapse with cholera-like symptoms.

8. IRIS VERS 30c. Vomition of biliary material accompanies colic and diarrhoea with tenderness over the liver region.

Signs of jaundice may appear. It is a useful remedy if gastritis and vomiting are thought to arise from liver or pancreatic

dysfunction

9. PETROLEUM 6c. Vomitus is sour-smelling and water accumulates readily in the mouth when this remedy is indicated.

Passage of stool is followed by hunger which relieves temporarily. Diarrhoea is watery and confined to daylight hours.

10. APOMORPHINE 6c. This remedy may be needed for sudden and reflex vomiting. Mucous salivation is usually present.

The animal feels hot with dilated pupils.

11. NUX VOM. 6c. Stools are generally hard when this remedy is needed. Gastritis is usually due to overeating, especially of

rich or unsuitable food.

b) CHRONIC GASTRITIS. This is usually the result of constant irritation due to some foreign body and takes the form of

intermittent vomiting which can take place independently of eating or drinking. Such animals show inappetance and

progressive loss of weight with harsh staring coats. Signs of anaemia are evidence in severe cases. The principal remedies

to consider are PHOSPHORUS 30c. indicated for the animal which shows flecks of blood in the vomit and is worse after

eating. ARSEN. ALB. 30c. is useful for restoring condition to the coat and reducing the tendency to anaemia. Ascending

ncies of ARSEN ALB. may be needed to establish a long-term cure in such cases. Frequently the condition is related to

an underlying chronic kidney upset and remedies deal with this will be included in the section on kidney diseases.

5 DISEASES OF SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINES

a) PYLORIC STENOSIS. This may be congenital or acquired and in the latter it is usually secondary to some chronic inflam-

matory process which produces scar tissue and consequent narrowing of the pylorus.

CLINICAL SIGNS. Severe vomiting is the rule, while appetite is maintained. The vomiting is independent of food or water

and may arise after a few hours of food intake. Constipation is usually present.

TREATMENT. If surgery is not contemplated the following remedies may help:

1. NUX VOM. IM. Vomiting may be accompanied by severe retching. The stomach region is sensitive to touch.

LYCOPODIUM IM. Digestion is generally weak. More adapted to lean animals or thin breeds of dogs. Very little food sat-

isfies. General abdominal flatulence is present.

3. SILICEA 30c. This is a very useful remedy for reducing scar tissue and may help indirectly by acting on the chronic in-

flammatory process in this way.

b) ENTERO-COLITIS. Inflammation of intestines. It is convenient to include under this heading both large and small

intestines. Conditions affecting the latter are more common than those which involve the small gut. Inflammatory condi-

tion of the intestines results in diarrhoea and/or dysentery, the character of the stool varying considerably.

a) ACUTE ENTERO-COLITIS. This may arise as a result of bacterial attack including specific diseases such as Distemper,

Leptospirosis etc. and also through faulty feeding, e.g. ingestion of decomposing foodstuffs.

CLINICAL SIGNS. Vomiting may be seen initially but the main symptom is diarrhoea which may at times be haemor-

rhagic. Temperature may rise if the attack is due to bacterial invasion but if poisoning is suspected the temperature is

usually sub-normal. Pain is evident on abdominal palpation and rumbling of gut may be heard in the large bowel. Signs of

dehydration appear if the diarrhoea is prolonged

TREATMENT The homoeopathic practitioner is fortunate in having a wide range of remedies available for treatment of

this condition according to the detailed symptoms involved. The following represent just a few of the many which may be

indicated. It is not possible to list them all and reference may need to be made to a standard Materia Medica to find a spe-

cific remedy.

1. ARSEN. ALB. 6c or 30c. This remedy is associated with watery stools of a cadaverous odour, frequently worse in the

evening or towards midnight. Thirst for small amounts of water is usual. The coat is harsh and dry and the patient is

restless, changing position from time to time. This is a good remedy to employ in the animal which is showing signs of

dehydration.

2. IPECAC. 30c. Indicated when severe vomiting precedes an attack. Frequent mucoid stools which are greenish in colour

and may also be tinged with blood.

3. ALOE 200c Stools are lumpy and jelly-like and frequently passed involuntarily. There may be an underlying liver con-

gestion present. Flatulence is heard in the large bowel as rumbling.

4. PODOPHYLLUM 30c. This is a frequently-indicated remedy for conditions affecting both small and large intestines

resulting in a gushing type of watery stool which may contain mucus. It is suitable for diarrhoea of long-standing and may

be accompanied by a degree of rectal prolapse.

5. MERC. CORR. 30c. A most important remedy for the dysenteric stool which contains mucus and has a slimy appearance.

Symptoms become worse in the period from sunset to sunrise. Severe straining accompanies passage of the stool

6. VERATRUM ALB. 30c. Prostration accompanies the diarrhoea and there is a general picture of collapse. Signs of colic

precede the onset of diarrhoea which is profuse and watery. General signs include dry mouth and cyanosis of visible mu-

cous membranes.

7. CAMPHORA 6c. Prostration is again evident with this remedy but the picture is more severe than with VERATRUM ALB

The entire body becomes cold while the stool itself is blackish and passed involuntarily.

8. CUPRUM MET. 30c. Muscular cramping may be seen accompanying diarrhoea of a greenish, blood-stained character.

Nervous symptoms are often present, e.g. twitchings.

9. CARBO VEG. 200c. A most useful remedy for the moribund animal and will frequently give dramatic results in appar-

ently hopeless cases which have suffered severe fluid loss. The stools have a cadaverous odour and are attended by con-

siderable flatus

10. PYROGEN 1M. This is another remedy frequently indicated for the extreme case. Stools are generally putrid and there

is often a state of gross toxaemia. A guide to the use of the remedy is a high temperature alternating with a weak, thready

pulse.

11. CHINA 6c. This remedy should always be given as an accompaniment to others as it will help restore strength after loss

of body-fluid. By itself it may control the diarrhoea.

12 ACONITUM 6c. Although not generally used as a remedy for diarrhoea as such, this remedy should be given as soon as

symptoms of illness arise, especially in the case of specific disease.

b) CHRONIC ENTERO-COLITIS. The main symptom attending this condition is a chronic diarrhoea which may have its

origin in the presence of foreign bodies or worms. The effects of tumour formation and pancreatic or liver disease may also

contribute to it. Other causes include kidney disease and nervous upsets.

CLINICAL SIGNS. On abdominal palpation it may be possible to feel a thickening of the lower bowel. Stools become mu-

cold and from time to time are streaked with blood. There is a progressive loss of condition accompanying dehydration.

TREATMENT. The remedies outlined for the acute condition are again applicable to the chronic form, since diarrhoea of

one kind or another is the chief symptom present. The addition of SILICEA 30c. should have a beneficial effect on the

thickened bowel

ULCERATIVE COLITIS. This particular form of colitis is usually confined to young animals, especially those up to two

years old. The Boxer breed is particularly susceptible.

CLINICAL SIGNS. The general condition of the animal remains good and the only important sign is the passage of soft

stools containing a preponderance of mucus and showing streaks of blood. The character of the stool varies and is passed

frequently, the colour being a lightish brown

TREATMENT. Many of the remedies mentioned under Entero-colitis will again be applicable depending on the type of diar-

rhoea present. In addition the following remedies are more specifically indicated:

1. ACID. NIT: 200e. This is a remedy which is particularly suitable when ulceration of mucous membranes occurs near the

outlet of natural orifices, and will therefore be indicated for those cases which develop lesions in the rectum as an exten-

sion from the colon.

2. MERC. DULC 30c. This remedy has proved useful in mild cases which show occasional mucoid stools with possible

mouth ulceration. Stools are scanty although passed more often than usual.

3. KALI BICH. 200c. A suitable remedy when the stools become jelly-like and are passed more frequently in the mornings.

Severe straining may accompany the passage of the stool and dysentery is often present.

4. 1ODUM 6c. When stools become frothy and yellow and are accompanied by voracious appetite and loss of condition. The

skin has a dehydrated look.

5. CHAMOMILLA 6c. This is a useful remedy for controlling diarrhoea associated with upsets in the young animal. Stools

are hot and slimy and excoriate the skin around the anus.

d) PROCTITIS. Inflammation of the rectum. This usually arises as a result of the presence of some mechanical object or

foreign body, e.g. bone splinters. Inflammation can become severe in some cases and is attended by straining and possibly

prolapse of the rectal lining. Examination of the rectal passage reveals the mucous membrane to be thickened and possi-

bly ulcerated.

TREATMENT. The following remedies may bring relief and should be combined with a semi-fluid diet and the avoidance of

bulky foods:

1. COLLINSONIA 200c. Severe straining is present, accompanying constipation. Anal prolapse may occur. Dysenteric stools

may alternate with hard motions.

2. PODOPHYLLUM 30c. Morning diarrhoea is associated with this remedy, the stools being greenish and profuse. Tendency

to prolapse is pronounced. The internal mucous membranes feel lumpy and possibly ulcerated.

3. ALOE 200c. Stools are accompanied by much flatus and are jelly-like due to the presence of mucus. The anus may show

excoriation.

4. RUTA 30c. Severe straining accompanies passage of stool and there is a strong tendency to rectal prolapse. The stools

are usually fewer, although occasionally frothy mucoid evacuations will occur in severe cases.

e) DIARRHOEA AND CONSTIPATION. It will be convenient to deal with these two conditions under the general considera-

tion of intestinal upsets.

Character of Stool. Stools may be watery, mucoid or dysenteric with varying degrees of consistency and colour. Large

evacuations indicate that the source of the trouble is in the small intestine rather than the large. Small stools frequently

evacuated may indicate colitis as does the presence of a large amount of mucus. Frothy stools which may contain fat glob-

ules frequently indicate pancreatitis or diabetes. Black stools indicate haemorrhages somewhere in the intestinal tract.

Clay-coloured faeces are associated with liver dysfunction while the presence of orange pigment usually means that a lep-

tospiral infection is present.

1. Diarrhoea. Reference has already been made to this condition under Entero-colitis and the remedies listed there are

applicable to the treatment of diarrhoea in general. It must be emphasised, however, that these are among the more com-

mon ones and many more are available. It would be confusing to a beginner in homoeopathy to list them all and an overall

symptom picture would be necessary in order to determine which one would be indicated.

2. Constipation. Retention of faeces can be mild or severe and has its origin in reduced fluid intake, the consumption of

large amounts of bones and also to reflexes of one kind or another.

CLINICAL SIGNS. Severe straining accompanies passage of small hard lumps of stool, possibly containing blood. Vom-

iting is not uncommon and signs of posterior inco-ordination may arise in prolonged cases. The dog resents abdominal

palpation.

TREATMENT. The following remedies are all useful according to the overall picture:

1. NUX VOM 1M. There is frequent straining with passage of small amounts at a time. The origin of the trouble usually

lies in a dietary upset and may be associated with vomiting. This is a good digestive remedy and will help regulate proper

bowel movements.

2. SULPHUR 6c. When this remedy is indicated there is usually pronounced redness around the anus accompanied by

much scratching in general. The body odour may be musty. It acts well in conjunction with the previous remedy.

3. BRYONIA 6c. Stools are large and dark coloured and passed more frequently in the morning. The animal is generally

uneasy and is disinclined to move. Tenderness over the abdomen is very pronounced, although pressure is not resented.

4. ANT. CRUD. 6c. Hard lampy stools are passed along with watery discharge and occasionally mucus. The mouth symp

toms are frequently a good guide to its use, the tongue being white and eczematous eruptions forming near the lips.

5. OPIUM 200c. A most useful remedy for severe and obstinate cases. The general appearance of the animal may be co-

matose and lethargic. Stools are exceedingly hard and black.

6. LYCOPODIUM IM. With the remedy there is usually a history of liver disturbance or an accompanying hepatitis Stools

are small and the appetite is capricious, very little satisfying. Lean or undernourished looking animals may respond well

to this remedy, other symptoms agreeing

7. ALUMEN 6c. This remedy may be indicated for the older animal showing a tendency to tissue induration. Constipation

can be severe. There may be an associated alopecia and eczematous eruptions. Muscular weakness is usually present.

FOOTNOTE. As for diarrhoea these are only a few of the common remedies which may be needed.

6 DISEASES OF LIVER AND PANCREAS

a) THE LIVER. Conditions affecting the function of the liver may have their origin in bacterial or viral invasion or be due to

a metabolic upset associated with faulty nutrition

CLINICAL SIGNS OF GENERAL LIVER DISEASE. Palpation over the right abdominal area may reveal an enlarged liver and

this is not always associated with pain. Vomiting and inappetance are usually present when there is liver dysfunction. The

character of the stool is frequently a good guide to liver disturbance, the faeces being orange or clay-coloured. Jaundice is

a sign that the liver is not functioning as it should and bile pigments may be deposited in the urine giving it a yellowish-

green colour. Visible mucous membranes become yellow. Jaundice, however, is not always present when the function of

the liver is disturbed. In chronic disease and in those associated with tumour formation, ascites (abdominal dropsy) is usu-

ally present.

TREATMENT OF LIVER CONDITIONS. This will be dependent on the overall symptom picture but there are certain reme-

dies which have a selective action on liver function and they include the following

1. CHELIDONIUM 6c. Indications for this remedy include a yellowish tongue and discoloration of visible mucous mem-

branes. Vomiting is usually present and signs of stiffness or pain may be evident over the right shoulder region. Stools are

clay-coloured

2. PHOSPHORUS 200c. Vomiting is noticed shortly after the animal takes food or water and when it becomes warm in the

stomach. Small haermorrhages may be seen on the gums. Hepatitis occurs and stools become pale and hard. The region

over the liver becomes extremely tender on palpation

3. CARDUUS MAR. 30c. Vomiting is again pronounced under this remedy. There is interference with bile distribution with

consequent jaundice. Yellow stools occur while interference with portal circulation leads to abdominal dropsy. This is a

useful remedy if cirrhosis is suspected

4. CROTALUS HORR. 200c. This is an important remedy in cases of haemolytic jaundice with abdominal distension and

possibly vomiting of blood. It has given good results in Leptospirosis and similar septicaemic conditions where an overall

haemorrhagic tendency exists.

5. AESCULUS 30c. Jaundice is also associated with this remedy. The portal circulation becomes congested leading to signs

of abdominal discomfort soon after eating. Tenderness occurs over the liver. Stools are large and hard, and the urine be-

comes discoloured. There may be accompanying respiratory symptoms such as coughing up of mucus.

6. LYCOPODIUM IM. A prominent liver remedy, one of the main indications for its use being an inability to eat much at any

one time. Very little food appears to satisfy. In addition all symptoms are aggravated in late afternoon and early evening

A suitable remedy for the old and the lean animal. Premature greying of the coat could be a further indication for its use.

Stools are generally hard.

7. HEPAR SULPH 30c. If liver abscess is suspected as a sequel to pyogenic infection, this remedy will generally help. There

is sensitivity to touch and all external lesions are excessively painful.

8. NUX VOM 1M. If liver dysfunction is secondary to overeating or partaking of unsuitable food, this remedy will be indi-

cated. Stools are hard and the animal's temperament becomes uncertain.

If specific diseases such as Hepatitis and/or Leptospirosis have affected the liver, the use of the appropriate nosode will be

indicated.

9. MORGAN 30c. This bowel nosode is a useful adjunct to the use of indicated remedies. It is indicated when there is gen-

eral portal congestion leading to stasis of alimentary function.

10. SULPHUR 200c. Indicated when liver disturbance occurs in the dog which shows a dirty skin with redness of the skin

around the anus and having a generally musty odour.

11. MERC. DULC. 6c. This is a principal liver remedy indicated in chronic liver upsets showing jaundice and ascites. Stools

are slimy and mucoid with a dark-greenish colour due to bile pigments, but are passed without straining (unlike MERC

CORR).

12. BERBERIS VUL 6c. This remedy is associated with the production of gall-stones and a tendency to urolithiasis. Bile

function is interfered with and stools become clay-coloured. Jaundice may or may not be present but if it is the urine be-

comes dark yellow.

13. CHIONANTHUS 30c. Also a good remedy. Should be considered if the above remedies fail to give good results.

b) THE PANCREAS. This gland is important in two main respects:

1. for the control of carbohydrate metabolism through its hormone insulin and

2. for the production of enzymes which help to digest protein and fat.

PANCREATITIS. Inflammation of the pancreas may be acute or chronic.

a) Acute Form. This is often seen in the overfat dog which has been fed an unbalancd diet of low protein and high fat but

lean animals are also at risk.

CLINICAL SIGNS. Arching of the back is a common sign and the abdominal muscles become hard. Attacks may come on

suddenly and give rise to a state of shock. Temperature is at first raised but in severe cases tends to fall, producing cold-

ness of the body surface. Vomiting is usually severe and if not checked leads to dehydration. Pressure on the abdomen

elicits pain. Stools are frothy and may contain fat globules. Increased thirst is evident.

TREATMENT. The following remedies have oved useful in practice:

1. IRIS VERS. 30c. This is one of the most important remedies. Vomiting may contain bile and stools become watery and

greenish. Abdominal pain is severe.

2. ATROPINUM 6c. The alkaloid Belladonna has a selective action on the pancreas and could be indicated in those cases

associated with a dry mouth and inability to swallow properly. Vomiting relieves symptoms and the umbilical area is ex-

tremely sensitive to touch.

3. CHIONANTHUS 6c. This is a good general pancreatic remedy indicated when there are accompanying liver derange-

ments showing clay-coloured stools and tenderness over the hepatic region. Abdominal pain is severe.

4. 1ODUM 6c. Stools are consistently frothy and fatty when this remedy is indicated. Suitable for the lean animal which

shows a voracious appetite and dry coat. Jaundice may be present.

5. PANCREAS 30c. The Pancreas nosode will be of use in association with other indicated remedies.

6. MORGAN 30c. This bowel nosode aids by helping the digestive system generally. It should be used prior to the introduc-

tion of the selected remedy.

7. ACONITUM 12x. Suitable for the attack which comes on suddenly and will be indicated in the early high temperature

stage.

b) Chronic Form. This may be associated with fibrous induration of pancreatic tissue and sometimes occurs as a sequel to

the acute form.

CLINICAL SIGNS. The appetite is usually maintained and in many instances becomes excessive. Despite this, however,

the animal suffers a progressive loss of weight. Thirst is also increased. A distinctive sign is the production of a massive

faecal bulk which is greyish in colour and fatty in consistency. Abdominal pain may be present but is not a constant sign.

TREATMENT. The following remedies have all proved useful according to individual symptoms:

1. 10DUM 30c. This remedy is associated with voracious appetite and an inability to gain weight. It is well-adapted to lean

animals with dry, harsh coats. Stools are frothy and contain fat globules. Lymphatic glands are often hard and smaller

than usual.

2. SILICEA 30c. If it is suspected that fibrous tissue induration is present, this remedy should prove useful. It has a de-

served reputation in reducing scar or fibrous tissue and will aid a return to normal function.

3. BARYTA MUR 30c. This is a useful remedy for the older animal. Tonsillar tissue is frequently enlarged causing difficulty

in swallowing, and there may be intermittent vomiting.

4. APOCYNUM CANN. 30c. Dropsical conditions, especially ascites, are usually present when this remedy is indicated.

Thirst is markedly increased and there may be excessive vomiting.

5. IRIS VERS. 30c. As in the acute form, Iris will also be found of benefit in the chronic state. Stools are watery, frothy and

greenish in colour and there is tenderness over the stomach area.

6. MORGAN 30c. An intercurrent dose of this bowel nosode will be useful in supplementing the action of selected remedies.

7. PHOSPHORUS 30c. There is usually an accompanying Hepatitis when this remedy is indicated. Stools are clay-coloured

and sago-like. Small haemorrhages may appear on the mucous membranes of mouth

THE PERITONEUM. Inflammation of the peritoneal membrane may be acute or chronic.

a) Acute Form. The most likely cause of this in the dog is some form of external injury causing penetration of the abdom-

inal wall and subsequent inflammation. Secondary infection arises as a result of the entrance of pyogenic organisms with

the result that abscess formation develops.

CLINICAL SIGNS. There is an initial rise in temperature, followed by vomiting and increased passage of stool which,

however, later becomes reduced due to a lack of bowel activity. The abdominal muscles become rigid giving a board-

like feeling and causing the animal to stand with arched back probably in an attempt to relieve pain which is severe. The

animal may cry out when palpated over the abdomen. The expression is anxious. Examination of blood reveals a large in-

crease in the number of white cells.

TREATMENT. If the attack is noticed early and before severe symptoms arise, the following remedies should prove useful:

1. ACONITUM 6x. Always give this remedy as soon as the condition is suspected. Guiding symptoms which will reinforce

its selection include anxiety and signs of shock. The pulse will be hard and wiry.

2. BELLADONNA 200c. Indications for this remedy include dilated pupils, excessive body heat, redness of the oral mucosa

and a full bounding pulse. The mouth is dry and there may be hawking from the throat. In severe cases convulsions may

arise when this remedy is called for.

3. COLOCYNTHIS 30c. Abdominal pain is severe and initial stools are watery or jelly-like and are worse after drinking. One

of the chief indications for its use is an arched back which may be so excessive as to give the appearance of the dog bend-

ing double.

4. HEPAR SULPH. 30c. If abscess formation is suspected possibly because of an increased white cell count, this remedy will

prove useful. Inguinal lymph glands are invariably swollen and in severe cases may burst, liberating pus. The animal is ex-

tremely susceptible to pain and touch when this remedy is needed.

5. BRYONIA 30c. This particular remedy is indicated generally in inflammations affecting serous surfaces. The animal

will be unwilling to move and may lie flat with the abdomen pressed against the ground. Any movement aggravates all

symptoms.

6. MERC. CORR 200c. Indicated when the initial stool takes the form of a mucoid dysentery, symptoms becoming worse in

the period from sunset to sunrise. Mouth symptoms such as ulceration and salivation may be present.

7. ARSEN. ALB. IM Indicated for restless patients which drink frequently and show a deterioration of symptoms towards

midnight. The coat is harsh and dry and vomiting is severe. The initial stool is dark, watery and cadaverous.

8. APIS MEL. 30c. The initial inflammation is usually attended by oedema and this remedy may give good results in the

early stages for this reason. It is rarely indicated later unless generalised oedema appears.

9. RHUS TOX. IM. Animals tend to move about which appears to minimise symptoms. Redness of mouth and throat are

present and signs of abdominal pain are severe, especially in the lower bowel area. There may be a vesicular rash over the

abdominal area.

10. CALC FLUOR. 30c. As this remedy limits the tendency for adhesions to form, it is good practice to give a course of it

after an acute attack.

b) Chronic Form. This usually arises as a result of a previous acute attack. The lesions which develop as a result of this

give rise to adhesions which are the main accompaniment of the chronic state. Treatment is purely symptomatic and in-

cludes particularly the remedies HEPAR SULPH. 30c, SILICEA 30c and CALC FLUOR. 30c

HEPAR should be given if there is a flare-up of symptoms giving rise to enlarged lymphatic glands in the inguinal region

and suspected abscess formation SILICEA will help reduce fibrosis in any adhesions present and will also be useful in con-

trolling a chronic suppurative state. CALC FLUOR is a good remedy for the early indurated process and will greatly limit

the tendency to fresh adhesions forming

ASCITES. By this term is meant the presence in the abdominal cavity of an excess amount of fluid and associated with

various clinical states, particularly heart and liver complaints. Abscesses and tumours may also play a part.

CLINICAL SIGNS. There is obvious enlargement of the abdomen with an absence of pain. The presence of excess fluid

brings about pressure on the diaphragm with resultant embarrassment of breathing. To relieve this the animal assumes

an upright seated posture throwing as much weight as possible on to the lower abdomen. Percussion over the abdominal

wall may reveal a splashing sound when extensive amounts are present. A general loss of condition usually accompanies

the condition from whatever cause.

TREATMENT. The basic cause must be determined and treatment directed towards that end, e.g. heart remedies may be

indicated as well as those influencing the liver. Remedies which favourably influence the heart's action act by increasing

the volume of blood and promoting increased circulation. This in turn reduces the amount of fluid in the abdomen. These

include the following:

1. CRATAEGUS 1x. One of the best remedies for stimulating the heart muscle and strengthening the beat. It may have to be

given as a long term cure.

2. ADONIS VER. 1x. One of the most useful heart remedies for ascites. Dyspnoea is usually marked. The heart's action is

irregular with a rapid pulse.

3. CONVALLARIA 1x. Regulates the heart's action and is suitable for fluid retention generally.

4. DIGITALIS 6c. Indicated when the heart's action is slow and output of blood is consequently low. Causes increased uri-

nation by increasing the circulation generally.

If ascites is thought to be due to liver dysfunction, the following remedies may help:

1. CARDUUS MAR. 30c. A good general remedy when the trouble is dependent on cirrhosis or portal congestion. There may

be an associated jaundice

2. CHELIDONIUM 6c. Stools are clay-coloured or if jaundice is present they may be golden yellow. The urine is also dis-

coloured. Signs of pain may be present over the right shoulder region. The eyes are muddy and a degree of conjunctivitis

may be present.

3. LYCOPODIUM IM. This remedy could be indicated in those cases which develop slowly as a result of prolonged weak-

ness of liver function. More adapted to lean animals with poor digestion. The ascites will probably have been due to an

acute hepatitis at some time when this remedy is indicated. The dog may show a premature greying particularly around

around the muzzle.

4. AESCULUS 30c. This remedy is associated with protal and pelvic congestions with consequent venous stasis leading to

a degree of ascites which could be severe in prolonged involvement. There are often accompanying respiratory symptoms

due also to venous congestion in the thorax

Other remedies which have given good results in the control of ascites include the following

1. ACETIC ACID 30c. There is usually marked wasting and debility present. Visible mucous membranes are pale due to

anaemia, and the heart action is weak. A degree of flatulence or tympany is present along with the ascites. Stools are wa-

tery and are passed more in the morning.

2. ABROTANUM 1x. Indicated when ascites is due to the presence of worms and there is an accompanying loss of flesh in

the lower limbs. It has given good results in the treatment of ascites, especially when used in conjunction with Crataegus.

3. APOCYNUM CANN. 6c. This remedy is associated with an increase in secretions of mucous membranes and has a weak-

ening effect on heart rate. It gives good results in ascites due to kidney disease.

4. PRUNUS SPINOSA 6c. This also relates to ascites due to a weakened kidney function and there is usually difficulty in

expelling urine

5. HELLEBORUS. 6c. Generalised weakness and muscular debility are associated with this remedy. There is a tendency to

paresis because of the excessive weakness. Gurgling sounds of water may be heard in the abdomen.