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A process flow diagram (PFD) is a diagram commonly used in chemical and process engineering to indicate the general flow of plant processes and equipment. The PFD displays the relationship between major equipment of a plant facility and does not show minor details such as piping details and designations. Another commonly used term for a PFD is flowsheet.

A PFD can be computer generated from process simulators (see List of Chemical Process Simulators), CAD packages, or flow chart software using a library of chemical engineering symbols. Rules and symbols are available from standardization organizations such as DIN, ISO or ANSI. Often PFDs are produced on large sheets of paper.

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PFDs of many commercial processes can be found in the literature, specifically in encyclopedias of chemical technology, although some might be outdated. To find recent ones, patent databases such as those available from the United States Patent and Trademark Office can be useful.

When the diagram needs to show multiple unit processes at a plant, it becomes more of an overview, containing less detail. These are also called Block Flow Diagrams and Schematic Flow Diagrams. Each block can depict a single piece of equipment or a stage in a process. A rectangle is usually used to show a piece of equipment and labels illustrate function. The process flow is usually shown from left to right, and arrows show flow direction.

All the diagramming is done in the cloud, requiring no downloads, just an internet connection. Lucidchart works on virtually all operating systems and web browsers. See how easy creating process flow diagrams can be by starting a Lucidchart free trial.

SmartDraw makes documenting your process flow easy - even for complicated engineering projects. Powerful automation and intelligent formatting helps you add shapes and keep them aligned even if you need to delete or move shapes.

A process flow diagram (PFD) is a graphical representation of a chemical engineering process that shows the primary process flow path. It does not show the minor details of the process, rather it focuses on the equipment used, control valves and other instruments that are present. It helps to illustrate how the major components of a process plant interact with each other to bring about the desired effect. It is also effectively used in other sectors such as business administration to understand how different sections of a company can work efficiently in order to achieve their specific targets. Frank Gilbreth Sr. was the first person to develop a flow diagram in the year 1921, when he introduced it to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).

The most important benefit of drawing a process flow diagram is that it gives the working personnel an overall view of the entire process taking place. This in turn helps them to make necessary improvements and changes wherever needed so that it is run at its maximum potential. Once all the changes are made, the process flow diagram acts as a standard to be followed by all people involved. This avoids confusion and also helps to prevent errors.

These flow diagrams may not always show the working of the whole plant. It may be used to represent different sections of a plant. This would help to understand more in detail about each specific operation that is being carried out, such as raw material storage, reaction, separation, purification, recovery and product storage. A typical PSD will contain operational data such as temperature, pressure and mass flow rates. Relief and safety valves are usually excluded from PSD whereas the control valves are critical components. Also keep in mind that these diagrams are not dimensionally in sync with the actual plant.

PFD symbols are a set of diagrams that show how different parts of the process are interconnected to each other. The symbols also depict the instrumentation devices that are used in the process. Examples of symbols include valves, pumps, compressors, reboilers and heat exchangers. Process lines represent the path through which the materials flow and are represented by various pipe symbols. There are also signal lines which are thinner than the process lines and they represent the kind of signal provided such as electronic or pnuematic signals. The commonly used symbols are prescribed by agencies such as ISO and ANSI.

Different kinds of process flow diagrams are used depending on the level of information and details that are required. A block flow diagram would show all the units that are present in the process but with very less details. The piping and instrumentation (P&ID) diagrams are more complex and include minor details such as equipment information, utility lines, bypass lines, drains and vents. P&IDs are developed on the basis of process flow diagrams only. The complexity of the PFD also varies depending on the level of details required by the personnel. The first section of the PFD should contain the legend sheet which shows the symbols and their names. This would be helpful for any person looking into it and helps to avoid confusion.

The process flow diagram (PFD) is a critical component of process design. It is absolutely necessary that chemical engineers know how to read process flow diagrams because it is the primary method of detailing the process and design information. Additionally, the most effective way of relaying information about a process design is the use of process flow diagrams. The PFD shows the sequence of flow through a system through the various equipment (such as piping, instrumentation, and equipment design) and details the stream connections, stream flow rates and compositions and operating conditions through the plant layout. The PFD differs from a block flow diagram (BFD) in that the PFD is more detailed and conveys more information than the BFD, which only gives a general sense of flow of information.

On the process flow diagram, there are several pieces of information that must be included while there are some optional information that can be included to make the PFD more specific. Notable information that should be included should be major process equipment and followed by a short description. Additionally, each piece of equipment should be named and listed on a table along with a description of the name. For more details on how to name process equipment, see "Naming Equipment". On the process flow diagram, all streams should be labeled and identified with a number. A summary of the streams and their numbers should also be detailed on a separate table. All utility streams that supply energy to major equipment should be shown. In Table 1, other types of essential information to the process flow diagram as well as the optional information that could be supplied to further detail the process are listed.

Process topology is defined as the interactions and locations of the different equipment and streams. It includes all of the connections between the equipment and how one stream is changed to another after it flows through a piece of equipment. On a separate table, following the process flow diagram, the equipment must be labeled (see "Naming Equipment") and followed by a short description so that the engineer who is trying to understand the process flow will have a easier time following. The following sections will describe how to catalog the necessary information for the equipment of the process topology.

One of the initial steps to creating a process flow diagram is to add all of the equipment that is in the plant. Not only is the major equipment, such as distillation columns, reactors, and tanks, necessary to be shown in a PFD, so is the equipment such as the heat exchangers, the pumps, reactors, mixers, etc). The following figures will display the most common symbols found in process flow diagrams.

For process equipment, there are a few standard symbols that should be recognized by chemical engineers. Typically, these symbols correlate to the ones on the Microsoft Visio Engineering package that can be used to create process flow diagrams. In the next few sections, the figures will display various symbols that are used for the process flow diagrams. Figure 1 (Towler and Sinnott, 2013) displays typical process equipment - notables ones that should be recognized because they are relevant to this class are the symbols for the vertical and horizontal vessel, the packed column and the trayed column. For the typical information that follows the process equipment, refer to "Equipment Information".

In addition to the process equipment symbols, there will be heat exchanger equipment that are essential to process flow diagrams. Notable symbols that are relevant to this class include the basic heat exchanger symbols, the shell and tube exchangers, the kettle reboiler, the U-tube exchanger, and heating coils. Other heat exchanger equipment are listed in Figure 2. (Towler and Sinnott, 2013) Typical information that follows heat exchanger equipment are the utility streams that enter and exit the heat exchanger, the pressures, temperature, and the duties.

In a process, some streams may have difficulty moving from one process equipment to another. Therefore, the placement of fluid handling equipment in between streams can help facilitate this process. In Figure 3 (Towler and Sinnott, 2013), various symbols are displayed for fluid handling equipment. Notable equipment that we will use for this class include the centrifugal pumps, axial or centrifugal compressor, and the turbine. In addition to placing this equipment on the process flow diagrams, a separate table should list the name of this equipment, a description of the type of equipment, and the amount of power supplied to the machinery.

Utilities are necessary for the plant to keep running. The purpose of the utilities is usually to add or remove heat to the equipment so that the temperature can be controlled. The type of utility for the duties should also be specified on a separate table following the process flow diagram. One way to find the type of utility that is supplied can be done in HYSYS where the process must first be modeled and then sent to the heat exchanger analyzer. The following bullet points are examples of the many different types of utilities that can service a plant: 006ab0faaa