Aberdeen Falls is a 98 m (322 ft) high waterfall on the Kehelgamu Oya near Ginigathena, in the Nuwara Eliya District of Sri Lanka. Aberdeen is named after Aberdeen, the third largest city in Scotland and the capital of Aberdeenshire. Kehelgamu Oya is a major tributary of the Kelani River.

To reach Aberdeen Falls from Ginigathena town, one then must proceed along Ambatale Road up to the Buddha statue at the end of the road. Then one should park their vehicle and walk about 1.2 km along the road. Bathing in the middle of the pool and swimming to the middle has caused death to swimmers in the past. This waterfall is covered with a big stone complex behind. The waterfall is ranked as the 18th highest on the Island.[1]

Located in the hill station known as Ambewela (also fondly called ‘Little New Zealand’) is the famous Ambewela Farm. About 17km away from Nuwara Eliya, the farm seems rather out of place compared to the rest of Sri Lanka.

Highlighting Features

Spanning 150 acres, Ambewela Farm is well-known across the island for its dairy products, even having its own line of products being sold all around the country at various markets. Here, the cows roam free, grazing on the green pastures of the farm, and the sky is almost always crystal blue. With wind turbines dotting the scenery in the distance, the peaceful farm is a great place to visit away from the hustle and bustle of the cities.

The Beginnings

The farm was actually started with the help of the New Zealand government sometime in the ‘60s, and aside from producing milk, yoghurt, cream, and cheese, the farm is also a popular destination in Nuwara Eliya for foreigners and locals alike.

Useful Information

The climate of the region can get rather cool, with annual temperatures capable of dropping below 17°C, but usually, it’s not too cold, but the crisp breezes are sure to lull you into a state of utter relaxation.

The farm is usually open from 8.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. every day, but it’s best to call and check if they’re open before you head on over there as they sometimes close down the farm for extended periods.

The entrance ticket is about Rs. 100 per person, and you can purchase the farm’s products at an onsite outlet, so make sure to help yourself to some Sri Lankan cheese and yoghurt!

Bluefield Tea Business is a renowned and distinguished tea company based in Sri Lanka, known for its exceptional quality and rich heritage in the world of tea. With a legacy spanning decades, Bluefield Tea Business has established itself as a trusted and respected name in the industry. The company specializes in the cultivation, harvesting, and processing of premium Ceylon tea, meticulously crafted to deliver a delightful and aromatic experience. With a commitment to sustainable and ethical practices, Bluefield Tea Business ensures that every step of the tea production process is carried out with utmost care and respect for the environment.

Devon Falls, known as the 'Veil of the Valley', is a waterfall in Sri Lanka, situated 6 km (3.7 mi) west of Talawakele, Nuwara Eliya District on the A7 highway. The falls is named after a pioneer English coffee planter called Devon, whose plantation was situated nearby the falls.[2] The waterfall is 97 m (318 ft) high and is the 19th highest in the country. The falls are formed by a tributary of Kothmale Oya, which is a tributary of Mahaweli River.[3] The elevation of Devon Falls is 1,140 m (3,740 ft) above sea level.

Dunsinane Falls (or Pundalu Oya Falls) (Sinhala: ඩන්සිනන් දියඇල්ල) is a waterfall in Nuwara Eliya District of Sri Lanka.[1] It is situated in Pundaluoya village and between the Tea estates known as Dunsinane (named after Dunsinane Hill in Scotland) and Sheen. Therefore sometimes this falls is called as Dunsinane Sheen falls. The waterfall is created by the Pundalu Oya river which is a tributary of Kotmale Oya.

Galway's Land National Park is a small 27 ha (0.10 sq mi) national park, consisting of dense montane forest. It is located within the city limits of Nuwara Eliya in Sri Lanka, approximately 2 km (1 mi) east of the city centre. It was formally declared as a wildlife sanctuary on 27 May 1938. The Galway's Land was elevated to national park status on 18 May 2006.[2] The park was declared to conserve the montane ecosystems.[1] Field Ornithology Group of Sri Lanka considers that Victoria Park in Nuwara Eliya and Galway's Land are two of the most significant birding sites in Sri Lanka.[3] Galway's Land harbours about 20 rare migrant bird species and 30 native species. Apart from the avifauna, the park has valuable floral species of both native and foreign origin.[4] Galway Forest Lodge is located close to the park.[

The Gayathri Cathedral also known as Sri-Lankatheeswarar Temple is the very first temple dedicated for Goddess Gayathri. Gayathri Siddhar chose this place because it was a spiritual revelation. It is believed that the Tri Moortis – Siva, Brahma and Vishnu, appeared here when prince Meganath also known as Indrajit, son of an ancient Sri Lankan King Ravana Performed Siva Thapas and Nikumbala Yagna. Therefore, Gayathri Peedam is one of important site of Ramayana Tour of Sri Lanka.

The Gayathri Cathedral situated 7,000 FT above the mean sea level in Nuwara Eliya town is a Colonial township known as the ‘Little England “ for its breezy atmosphere in central province in the island built around a chilly lake surrounded by lush Tea gardens, abundant vegetable cultivation, stunning waterfalls and Virgin woodland.

Lake Gregory sometimes also called Gregory Lake or Gregory Reservoir, is a reservoir in heart of the tea country hill city, Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka. Lake Gregory was constructed during the period of British Governor Sir William Gregory in 1873.[2] The lake and the surrounding area make up the Gregory Lake Area.

History

The area was originally a swampy bog at the foot of the small hills that border the town. In 1873 Sir William Gregory authorised the damming of the Thalagala stream, which originates from Mount Pidurutalagala,[3] in order to make more land available for the expansion of the town.[4] In 1881 the lake was stocked with trout by C. J. R. Le Mesurier (Assistant Government Agent for Nuwara Eliya).[5][6]

In 1913 the waters of the lake were directed into a tunnel which flows to a hydro power station at 'Blackpool' between the town and Nanu Oya.[7] The power station continues to supply electricity to the town to this day. In British times Lake Gregory was used for water sports and recreational activities.

Hakgala Botanical Garden is one of the five botanical gardens in Sri Lanka. The other four are Peradeniya Botanical Garden, Henarathgoda Botanical Garden, Mirijjawila Botanical Garden and Seetawaka Botanical Garden. It is the second largest botanical garden in Sri Lanka.[1] The garden is contiguous to Hakgala Strict Nature Reserve.[2]

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Location and climate

Hakgala Botanical Garden is situated on the Nuwara Eliya-Badulla main road, 16 km from Nuwara Eliya and extents for about 28 hectares. The garden has a cool temperate climate because of altitude is 5,400 feet above sea level. The mean annual temperature ranges between 16 °C to 30 °C during the course of a year.[3] From December to February it has a cold climate, while the warm climate persists from April to August.

History

The garden was established in 1861, under George Henry Kendrick Thwaites as an experimental cultivation of Cinchona, a commercial crop thriving at the time. Once after the Tea replaced the Cinchona, it was turned into an experimental Tea cultivation. In 1884 it transformed into a garden. Since then many subtropical and some temperate plants were planted in the gardens.

Folklore

In the folklores, it says Sri Lankan demon King Ravana after abducting Sita, kept her hidden in this area and area was offered to Sita as a pleasure garden, the place finds mention in the Ramayana as Ashok Vatika.[citation needed] The area was named as "Sita Eliya" and "Sita Amman Temple" was built on the site.

Visitor attraction

There are over 10,000[3] species of flora planted here and during the Spring season in Nuwara Eliya thousands of visitors come to see the blooms here. The number of annual visitors is around 500,000.[3] The garden is famous for number of species of Orchids and Roses present in this garden.

Holy Trinity Church is an Anglican church in Nuwara Eliya in Sri Lanka.

History

On 5 May 1845, a committee comprising Reverend Hermann Randall von Dadelszen, Colonel James Campbell, Colonel William Henry Slade (Royal Engineers), Captain Nelson (Royal Engineers), Lieutenant Albert Watson (Ceylon Rifle Regiment), Mr E. R. Power (Ceylon Civil Service), Mr H. C. Selby, Mr C. Temple and Mr E. F. Gepp met to discuss the construction of a church in Nuwara Eliya, at an estimated cost of £900.[1] Captain Nelson designed the building with the construction work done chiefly by the officers and men of the local garrison of the 15th Regiment, under the supervision of Major James Brunker.[1]

It took seven years after building commenced for the church to be completed. Upon its completion it was consecrated by Bishop James Chapman on 24 February 1852 (St. Matthias’ Day).[1][2] The first vicar of the Holy Trinity Church, from 1843 to 1846, was Rev. von Dadelszen.

In the late 1890s the congregation proposed enlarging the Church, there was however some opposition, who proposed the construction of a new Church near the old cemetery.[1] The majority of the congregation however preferred the existing site. In 1889 the church was enlarged. The original portion of the building is at the church's western end. The additions can be noted by the difference in size of the corbels supporting the main rafters.[1]

On 18 April 1954 Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh attended services at the Holy Trinity church, with the Queen gifting a blue carpet and a stained glass window in remembrance of their visit.[1][3]

Queen Elizabeth II commemorative stained glass window

In 2001 the 100 year old Pipe Organ, which had been out of order for over 30 years, was restored at a cost of approximately half a million rupees.[1]

There are a number of memorial plaques on the church walls including Dr. G. Gardner, Superintendent of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Peradeniya;[3] Captain William Fisher, father of Lord John Fisher, who was thrown off his horse and killed;[4] Reginald Beauchamp Downall, tea planter, Legislative Council member; and Lady Carolina Ridgeway, wife of Sir Joseph West Ridgeway, Governor of Ceylon.[1]

The churchyard also several tombstones, including ones for Lady Olive Mary Caldecott, wife of Sir Andrew Caldecott, the last Governor of Ceylon, and the family members of Sir Samuel Baker.

Laxapana Falls is 126 m (413 ft) high[1] and the 8th highest waterfall in Sri Lanka and 625th highest waterfall in the world.[2][3] It is situated in Maskeliya area in Nuwara Eliya District, about 16 km (9.9 mi) from Maskeliya town on Maskeliya-Norton Bridge road, in a village called Kiriwan Eliya. It is formed by Maskeliya Oya near the confluence of Kehelgamu Oya and Maskeliya Oya which forms Kelani River.[4] The falls gives its name to twin hydroelectric power stations, Old Laxapana Power Station which generates 50 MW of electricity and New Laxapana Power Station which generates 100 MW.

Folklore

Popular folklore tells this the place where Buddha mended his saffron robe when he was visiting Sri Pada. The name of the Falls derived from Sinhala words of "Laxa" means Hundred thousand and "Pahana" or "Pashana" means rock.

Lovers leap is an impressive water fall which is known for its romantic folklore. To reach this place one has to go through the tea factory and reach the tea manager’s bungalow along a dirt road. Visitors can reach this destination by following the signs that are there and eventually one can reach a rock face and a Shiva shrine. Just beyond the shrine one can see the cascading water fall. Legend has it that lovers have leapt to their deaths from this water fall and hence the name Lovers Leap.

Mlesna Tea Castle St. Claire is a tea shop which is situated along the Avissawella – Nuwara Eliya Highway in Nuwara Eliya. It is claimed as the largest tea shop in the world. The tea centre has a wide array of aromatic flavoured Ceylon tea. It also has a play area for children. Visitors to the tea centre are able to get a good view of St. Claire waterfall and Devon Falls.

Moon Plains, also known as Sandathenna, is a 400-metre long, 40 metre deep valley in Ranhawadigama, about 6km from Nuwara Eliya. What was once part of a catchment area, Moon Plains is now a notable Agricultural and Environmental Tourism Zone since March 2014.

Bountiful Wildlife

The green slopes and greying backdrop is something straight out of a portrait, with wild animals running about hither and thither. You can spot deer, buffalos and more at Moon Plains, along with dozens of bird species. In fact, Sri Lankan leopards have been spotted in this region, so you might want to keep your eyes peeled if you want to catch a glimpse of the elusive spotted predator!

Picturesque Views

Standing at a surface elevation of 6,200 ft, Moon Plains can get chilly and misty, so you need to watch your step! It also provides visitors with an amazing panoramic view of the countryside and peaks that surround it, but again, this depends on the visibility during the day. A key attraction at Moon Plains is the ‘Mini World’s End’, a peak with a sharp drop, offering you a stunning look at the landscape below.

Useful Information

The park is open from 7 a.m. to 4 p.m., excluding Poya days and other religious holidays, and the entrance fee is Rs. 400 per person, whereas a jeep can be hired for a 1-hour tour at about Rs. 2000, fitting in up to seven people. You could even take a bicycle up there as the terrain is perfect for cycling!

Nanu Oya is a 27 km (17 mi) long stream in the Central Province of Sri Lanka It originates from Pidurutalagala at an elevation of over 2,000 m (6,562 ft) and drains into the Kotmale Oya at an elevation of approximately 1,200 m (3,937 ft). The Kotmale Oya is a tributary of the Mahaweli River, the longest river in Sri Lanka, which finally discharges at Trincomalee after a combined distance of nearly 350 km (217 mi). The river was dammed in 1873 to create the popular Lake Gregory in Nuwara Eliya.[1][2] The Nanu Oya discharges into the Kotmale Oya 2.5 km (1.6 mi) upstream of the Upper Kotmale Dam.

The Nuwara Eliya Golf Club is one of the oldest Golf Clubs in Sri Lanka. Established in the late 19th century, it is located in the hill station of Nuwara Eliya. It is an 18-hole golf course.

History

The Nuwara Eliya golf course was constructed in 1889 by a Scottish soldier of the Gordon Highlanders for the British servicemen and officials who were posted at Nuwara Eliya. The course opened in 1890 with nine holes and was upgraded and expanded to eighteen holes in 1893. In 1892 a golf pavilion, consisting of five rooms was constructed, overlooking the links.[1][2]

The course covers approximately 40.5 hectares (100 acres) of land and was originally built amidst the tea plantations of this central highland region. The course is located at an altitude of 1,830 metres (6,000 ft) above sea level. It is an 18-hole, 5,851 m (6,399 yd), Par 70 layout – the scorecard is in metres however the distance from the yardage markers to the edge of the green are measured in yards.

The golf club currently has over 2,000 members.

The Nuwara Eliya Post Office (Sinhala: නුවර එළිය තැපැල් කාර්යාලය) is located in the centre of Nuwara Eliya and is one of the oldest post offices in Sri Lanka.[1]

Building

The Tudor-style two-storey red-brick building[2] with a clock spire, was constructed in 1894 by the British.[3]

In 2012 the former living quarters of the post master, on the upper floor of the post office, was converted into tourist accommodation.[4]

On the 26 December 1990 Sri Lanka Post issued a Rs. 10 stamp with a photograph of the Post Office, to commemorate World Postal Day.[5][6]

In June 2017 the United Postal Trade Union went on a three-day strike in order to stop the government's plans to sell the Nuwara Eliya, Kandy and Galle Fort post offices to private developers, in order for the buildings be converted into hotels.

Ramboda Falls is 109 m high and the eleventh tallest waterfall in Sri Lanka and the 729th tallest waterfall in the world. It is situated in Pussellawa area, on the A5 highway at Ramboda Pass. The waterfall is formed by the Panna Oya which is a tributary of Kothmale Oya.

The Seetha Amman Temple is a Hindu temple located in Seetha Eliya village approximately 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) from Hakgala Botanical Garden and 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from Nuwara Eliya.

History

Seetha Amman temple was built by Tamil estate labourers who came to the country in the 19th century.[1]

Legends

This place is believed to be the site where Sita was held captive by the rakshasa king Ravana, and where she prayed daily for her husband Rama to come and rescue her in the Hindu epic, the Ramayana.[2][3] There is a stream by the side of the temple where that runs from the hill nearby, and said to be formed for the needs of Sita Devi during her days at Ashoka Vatika. It is also considered that Devi Sita had taken bathe in this stream.[3] On the rock face across the stream are circular depressions that are regarded to be the footprints of Hanuman.

Sri Lanka’s ancient history is closely intertwined with the old Sanskrit tale of the Ramayana, with many locations in the country steeped in old legends. The area in Nuwara Eliya referred to as Seetha Eliya, is believed to be one of the places where King Ravana held the kidnapped Sita, wife of Lord Rama.

The Seetha Amman Temple in Seetha Eliya, has been constructed in what is believed to be the last location Sita was held captive by Ravana. It is possibly the only temple in the world to be dedicated to Sita, and is extremely popular amongst the Hindu community, as well as tourists.

Although built in the early 2000s, the location of the temple appears to have been a sacred site for much longer, as supported by the discovery of three idols that have been worshipped for centuries. The idols were discovered in a nearby stream, with one purported to be of Sita herself. The stream itself is believed to have been where Sita bathed herself.

Legend states that the location of the temple is where the monkey god Hanuman attempted to rescue Sita from the clutches of Ravana, although Sita refused and asked for her husband to rescue her instead. Deep impressions on a nearby rock are believed by some to be imprints left by Hanuman, and others to be imprints left behind by Ravana’s royal elephant.

Surrounded by several Ashoka trees, the legendary tale of the temple is not the only feature that attracts travellers and devotees. The rustic appeal of the mountainous region, with forests and the glorious backdrop of the central highlands certainly make for a heightened experience of spiritual solace.

Shanthipura is considered to be the highest village in the North East region of Sri Lanka and can be accessed from the Nuwara Eliya Kandy road. Situated on an altitude of 7339 ft on the stunning Kikiliyamana Mountain road from Nuwara Eliya and at the bottom of a hill, Shanthipura is a little village gives a panoramic view of the serene blue hills, and the lake adjacent to the valley, gradually again ascending with the lush tea bushes.

History of Shanthipura Village

The Shanthipura village came into existence in 1963, when T William Fernando, the mayor of Nuwara Eliya indulged in his obsession with starting villages. While his attempts failed overall, he did establish this village along with 17 other villages, leaving his memorable mark in history.

Places to visit in Shanthipura

Shanthipura is known to have an average steppe climate. There is a mild rainfall annually.On reaching this village, one can get to see almost 360-degree sweeping views are possible from this peak location in Shanthipura, while getting greeted by the beautiful Buddhist pagoda, surrounded by the houses of the villagers in different altitudes, which makes the tallest place showcase the centerpiece of the village.

One can also experience the lifestyle of the beautiful Shanthipura village and the unique methods used by the locals to farm on the slopes. Shanthipura View point offers some of the most stunning views around that are picture-perfect for any kind of scenery image that you’re looking forward to. It is also advised that you book the tickets well in advance for the Shanthipura View point, Nuwara Eliya in order to enjoy a smooth sightseeing.

On reaching the village, those who come to visit the village can gain a spectacular view of various other peaks and areas surrounding like that of encircling views of the town of Nuwara Eliya. You can see Kikiliyamana, Pidurutalagala, Hakgala Mountain, Gregory’s Lake, Adam’s Peak, and town of Nuwara Eliya from this viewpoint. There is a charming view from the observation deck that you must watch and this is a must have experience for every visitor.

Victoria Park is a public park located in Nuwara Eliya, next to the Nuwara Eliya Post Office in Sri Lanka.[1]

Originally the park was the research field of Hakgala Botanical Garden. The park was formally named in 1897 to commemorate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria.[2] The park was established with the planting of its first tree, an Oak, by a visiting German Princess. The Nanu Oya runs through the park, creating a number of small lakes. A number of rare bird species can be found in the park. At the far end of the park is a small children's playground and miniature ridable railway

Horton PlainsThe park lies approximately 20 Km south of Nuwara Eliya. Horton Plains, the surrounding forests and the adjoining Peak Wilderness constitute Sri Lanka’s most important catchment area, of almost all major rivers. The Horton plains are of outstanding scenic beauty containing most of the habitats and endemic plants and animals, representative of the country’s wet and montane zones. The western slopes support the most extensive area of montane cloud forest surviving in the country.

Most visitors walk up to the “Worlds End”, a sudden end which drops straight down about 900 Meters, with a magnificent view. The weather here is unpredictable. Horton Planes can be reached via Nuwara Eliya, Ambewela, Pattipola ( 20 Miles or Nuwara Eliya Hakgala Rendapola, Ambepola, Pattipola ( 24 miles). Dry season is from January to March which is the best time to visit Horton plains Temperatures are and ground frost can be seen from December to February. Horton plains has a cultural history where stone tools dating back to the prehistoric Balangoda culture have been found.

Horton Plains is well recognized for its rich unique biodiversity, its fauna and flora and yet remains largely under explored. Here at Horton Planes the central Mountain Massif is shaved into a table top of rolling Patna punctuated by rhododendrons and bracketed by swaths of evergreen forests. Temperature drops to 0Degrees at night. Many wild animals such as deer, hare, sambas, , wild boar and even leopards can be seen if one is lucky. Snakes of many varieties also abound Horton Planes. According to a renowned traveler he says: quote:” This seems to be the only place left on earth when the throb of an engine does not intrude” Unquote.

Horton Plains National Park (Sinhala: හෝර්ටන් තැන්න ජාතික උද්‍යානය, romanized: Hortan Thanna Jathika Udyanaya) is a national park in the central highlands of Sri Lanka that was designated in 1988. It is located at an elevation of 2,100–2,300 m (6,900–7,500 ft) and encompasses montane grassland and cloud forest. It is rich in biodiversity and many species found here are endemic to the region. It is also a popular tourist destination and is situated 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from Ohiya, 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from the world-famous Ohiya Gap/Dondra Watch and 32 kilometres (20 mi) from Nuwara Eliya.

The Horton Plains are the headwaters of three major Sri Lankan rivers, the Mahaweli, Kelani, and Walawe. In Sinhala the plains are known as Maha Eliya Plains (මහ එළිය තැන්න). Stone tools dating back to Balangoda culture have been found here. The plains' vegetation is grasslands interspersed with montane forest and includes many endemic woody plants. Large herds of Sri Lankan sambar deer feature as typical mammals and the park is also an Important Bird Area with many species not only endemic to Sri Lanka but restricted to the Horton Plains. Forest dieback is one of the major threats to the park and some studies suggest that it is caused by a natural phenomenon.

The sheer precipice of World's End and Baker's Falls are among the tourist attractions of the park.

Physical features

Waterfall in the national park

Horton Plains is located on the southern plateau of the central highlands of Sri Lanka.[2] The peaks of Kirigalpoththa (2,389 metres (7,838 ft)) and Thotupola Kanda (2,357 metres (7,733 ft)), the second and the third highest of Sri Lanka, are situated to the west and north respectively. The park's elevation ranges from 1,200–2,300 metres (3,900–7,500 ft).[3] The rocks found in the park belong to the Archaean age and belong to the high series of the Precambrian era and are made up of Khondalites, Charnockites and granitic gneisses.[4][5] The soil type is of the red-yellow podsolic group and the surface layer is covered with decayed organic matter.[4]

The mean annual rainfall is greater than 2,000 millimetres (79 in). Frequent cloud cover limits the amount of sunlight that is available to plants. The mean annual temperature is 13 °C (55 °F) but the temperature varies considerably during the course of a day, reaching as high as 27 °C (81 °F) during the daytime, and dipping as low as 5 °C (41 °F) at night. During the southwest Monsoon season, the wind speed sometimes reaches gale force. Although some rain falls throughout the year, a dry season occurs from January–March. The ground frost is common in February. Mist can persist for most of the day during the wet season.[6] Many pools and waterfalls can be seen in the park, and Horton Plains is considered the most important watershed in Sri Lanka.[2] The Horton Plains are the headwaters of important rivers such as the Mahaweli, Kelani, and Walawe.[2] The plains also feeds Belihul Oya, Agra Oya, Kiriketi Oya, Uma Oya, and Bogawantalawa Oya.[6] Due to its high elevation, fog and cloud deposit a considerable amount of moisture on the land. Slow-moving streams, swamps, and waterfalls are the important wetland habitats of the park.

History

The original name of the area was Maha Eliya Thenna (මහ එළිය තැන්න - "great open plain"). But in the British period the plains were renamed after Sir Robert Wilmot-Horton, the British governor of Ceylon from 1831 to 1837, who travelled to the area to meet the Ratemahatmaya of Sabaragamuwa in 1836,[4] in 1834 by Lt William Fisher of the 78th Regiment and Lt. Albert Watson of the 58th Regiment, who 'discovered' the plateau.[7] Stone tools dating back to Balangoda culture have been found here. The local population who resided in the lowlands ascended the mountains to mine gems, extract iron ore, construct an irrigational canal and fell trees for timber. A 6-metre (20 ft) pollen core extracted from a mire revealed that in the late quaternary period the area had a semi-arid climate and a species-restricted plant community.[8

Since Sri Lanka has a long non-written history, there is a significant and logical folk story, which also goes with the epic 'Ramayana' with some deviations. It is believed that Thotupala mountain in Horton plain to be the place where King Rawana landed his aircraft, 'Dandumonaraya'. According to the story King Rawana kidnapped Sitha, who was the wife of Rama as an act of revenge for cutting King Rawana's sister, Suparnika's nose. It provoked Rama in India and he led an army that consisted of monkey-like humans, whose leader was Hanuman. In the story, Hanuman set fire to Horton plains and that fire lasted for a long time. The original name, Maha Eliya Thenna carries the meaning, 'The hugely lighten ground'. Even now the upper layer of soil can be seen in a blackish grey colour. There had been some soil tests done by local universities, and it revealed that the upper layer contains a high amount of Calcium Carbonate and Potash. For Sri Lankans, Horton Plains is very significant in their History and Culture.[citation needed]

Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker had advised the British Government "to leave all Montane Forests above 5000 ft. undisturbed" and an administrative order to this effect had been issued in 1873 that prevented clearing and felling of forests in the region. Horton Plains was designated as a wildlife sanctuary on 5 December 1969,[4] and because of its biodiversity value, was elevated to a national park on 18 March 1988. The Peak Wilderness Sanctuary which lies in the west is contiguous with the park. The land area covered by Horton Plains is 3,160 hectares (12.2 sq mi). Horton Plains contains the most extensive area of cloud forest still existing in Sri Lanka.[4] In July 2010, the Central Highlands of Sri Lanka which incorporates Horton Plains National Park, Peak Wilderness Sanctuary and Knuckles Mountain Range was inscribed on the World Heritage List.[1]

Flora

Rhododendron arboreum

Rhododendron arboreum is the predominant tree species in the park

The vegetation of the park is classified into two distinctive groups, 2,000 ha (7.7 sq mi) of wet patna (Sinhalese: patana, montane grasslands) and 1,160 ha (4.5 sq mi) of subtropical montane evergreen forests.[2] Nearly 750 species of plants belonging to 20 families have been recorded from the park. The forest canopy reaches the height of 20 m (66 ft) and features Calophyllum walkeri, forming communities with varieties of Myrtaceae species such as Syzygium rotundifolium, and S. sclerophyllum, and Lauraceae members including Litsea, Cinnamomum, and Actinodaphne speciosa.[4] The undergrowth layer is characterised by Strobilanthes spp. The thickness of the Strobilanthes vegetation hinders the development of a herb layer. Dwarf bamboo species such Indocalamus and Ochlandra are also found in the undergrowth layer. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa bushes especially grow in forest margin and near the mountain peaks. Species such as Gordonia and Rhododendron arboreum have spread to Sri Lanka, along the Western Ghats of South India from the Himalayas and are now common. Nearly 54 woody plant species have been recorded from the park, of which 27 (50%) are endemic to Sri Lanka.[4] Frequent fire and grazing characterises Plagioclimax communities of the grassland flora.[2] Grasslands are dominated by Arundinella villosa and Chrysopogon zeylanicus. Waterlogged swamps or slow-moving streams are found in low-lying areas, and macrophytes such as Aponogeton jacobsenii, sedge species Isolopis fluitans and Utricularia spp. are found near the slow-moving streams. The bamboo Chimonobambusa densifolia thrive along the banks of the streams, and near the swampy areas grass species such as Juncus prismatocarpus, Garnotia mutica, Eriocaulon spp. and Exacum trinervium are common. Tussock grasses such as Chrysopogon zeylanicus and Cymbopogon confertiflorus are found in the wet hollows.[4] Herbaceous flora of the grasslands include temperate species including Ranunculus, Pedicularis, Senecio, Gentiana and Alchemilla and also tropical species such as Eriocaulon and Ipsea speciosa (a rare endemic daffodil orchid). The most widespread boreal herbaceous plants of the park are Viola, Lobelia, Gaultheria, Fragaria, and Plantago.[9]

Tree trunks and branches are ornamented with many species of ferns, Lycopodium, lichens, and orchids.[6] Old man's beard (Usnea barbata) hanging from branches adds to the beauty of the forests. About 16 of the orchid species are endemic. Other notable plants include shrubs such as Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Gaultheria fragrantissima, herbs, Exacum trinervium, E. walkeri, Drosera indica, and tree ferns Cyathea spp.[2] Anzia, a foliose lichen genus belonging to the family Parmeliaceae, which had not been recorded in Sri Lanka before, was discovered here in 2007.[3] There are conflicting views on how the grasslands of the park came into being, whether man-made or natural. It is now believed that the grasslands on the dry slopes were created by forest clearance and fires while grasslands in low-lying areas were naturally created by wet conditions, frost and soil erosion.[4]

Fauna

front view of a large brown deer with antlers

Sri Lankan sambar deer occur in large herds

The vertebrate fauna of the region includes 24 species of mammals, 87 species of birds, nine species of reptiles and eight species of amphibians.[2] The Sri Lankan elephant disappeared from the region in the 1940s at the latest.[4] At present, the largest and the most commonly seen mammal is the sambar deer. Some research findings estimate the population of sambar deer to be around 1500 to 2000, possibly more than the carrying capacity of the plains.[6] Other mammal species found in the park include Kelaart's long-clawed shrews, toque macaques, purple-faced langurs, rusty-spotted cat, Sri Lankan leopards, wild boars, stripe-necked mongooses, Sri Lankan spotted chevrotains, Indian muntjacs, and grizzled giant squirrels. Fishing cats and European otters visit the wetlands of the park to prey on aquatic animals.[2] A subspecies of red slender loris, the Horton Plains slender loris (Loris tardigradus nycticeboides formerly sometimes considered as Loris lydekkerianus nycticeboides) is found only in highlands of Sri Lanka and is considered one of the world's most endangered primates.[10][11] In July 2010 a group of researchers from the Zoological Society of London was able to photograph the mammal for the first time.[12

In 2016, rusty-spotted cats (Prionailurus rubiginosus) were recorded in Horton Plains National Park for the first time, at altitudes of 2,084–2,162 m (6,837–7,093 ft).[13]

Sri Lanka white-eye

Along with Ohiya, Pattipola and Ambewela, Horton Plains forms one of the Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in Sri Lanka.[14] Together with the adjacent Peak Wilderness Sanctuary, Horton Plains contains 21 bird species which occur only on Sri Lanka. Three, the dull-blue flycatcher, Sri Lanka white-eye, and Sri Lanka wood pigeon, occur only in Horton plains, while other endemic species include Sri Lanka blue magpie, Sri Lanka spurfowl, Sri Lanka junglefowl, yellow-fronted barbet, orange-billed babbler, Sri Lanka bush warbler, and Sri Lanka whistling-thrush. Many birds migrate here in winter including swiftlets, and alpine swift. Crested serpent eagle, mountain hawk-eagle, black-winged kite, and peregrine falcon are among the birds of prey found in Horton Plains. Harriers are among the migratory raptors.[2] This is a key wildlife area. All six highland endemic birds are found here, including dull-blue flycatcher, Sri Lanka white-eye, Sri Lanka wood pigeon, and Sri Lanka bush warbler. Yellow-eared bulbul and black-throated munia are widespread throughout the highlands.[4]

Calotes nigrilabris at Horton Plains National Park

Sri Lanka is considered a herpetological paradise in the world.[6] Possibly about 15 amphibian species inhabit the park. Among them are Microhyla zeylanica, Uperodon palmatus, Zakerana greenii, Hydrophylax gracilis, Pseudophilautus alto, Pseudophilautus femoralis, Pseudophilautus frankenbergi, Pseudophilautus microtympanum, Pseudophilautus schmarda, and Taruga eques. De Silva has observed five endemic reptiles from the plains. They are Calotes nigrilabris, Rhino-horned lizard, Cophotis ceylanica, Lankascincus taprobanensis and common rough-sided snake. Two fish species found in the park, common carp and rainbow trout; both are introduced species.[2] Horton Plains is also home to many endemic crustaceans including Caridina singhalensis and Perbrinckia species. The endemic freshwater shrimp Caridina singhalensis is found only in streams that have a temperature of less than 15 degrees C and is now restricted to only a stretch of 10 km of one stream.[15]

Threats and conservation management

Aristea ecklonii, one of the invasive species on Horton Plains

Horton Plains was a part of a large system of plains and forest cover that included Agra-Bopats, Moon Plains and Elk Plains.[4] Between 1831 and 1948, it became a Sambar deer hunting ground. Elephants and Wild boars were also hunted to a lesser extent. During this period lower slopes were cleared initially for coffee and then for tea plantations. As a result, Horton Plains and Peak Wilderness became isolated from other forest and grassland areas. Potatoes were cultivated in the grasslands but planting ceased in 1977. After being declared a National Park, these areas were reinstated as grasslands. Tourism-related issues such as plant removal, littering, fires and noise pollution are major conservation issues.[2] Gem mining, timber logging, the collection of plants for ornamental and medicinal purposes, encroachment, poaching and vehicle traffic are the other threats. The spread of invasive alien species such as gorse (Ulex europaeus), Mist Flower (Ageratina riparia), Crofton Weed (Ageratina adenophora), (Austroeupatorium), Blue Stars (Aristea ecklonii), brackens, and Pennisetum spp. threaten the native flora.[16][17][18] The introduced rainbow trout may have affected endemic species of fish, amphibia and crustaceans.[4]

Owing to the relatively small size of Horton Plains National Park, it was predicted that most male leopards have activity centres that were outside the park.[19] Hence, continued protection of the national park and integrated management of landscapes outside of the national park is essential for the conservation of the species there.

Some sambar deer have died due to eating polythene litter that blocked their food passages, and visitors are banned from bringing polythene into the park.[20] Sambar have benefited from the introduced Pennisetum grass species.[21]

A recent threat, first reported in 1978, is forest dieback.[4] In some areas, especially in the peripheral region, this has been severe with nearly a 50% in vegetation. Water deficiency has been attributed as the main cause of dieback as droughts are becoming more frequent. The regrowth of forest is hindered by frost which is increasingly severe. The forest dieback has affected 22 species of plants with Calophyllum walkeri being the most affected.[22] A study has suggested that low calcium causes soil acidification and increased toxicity caused by metallic elements such as aluminium may be causing the dieback. Leaching of nutrients and the resulting imbalance in soil micronutrients may also be contributing to the dieback.[23]

Tourist attractions

World's End is a sheer precipice within the park and a major attraction

Horton Plains is a popular tourist destination, with World's End being the key attraction.[2] In the six months ending in August 2009, Horton Plains National Park earned a revenue of Rs. 20.1 million (US$ 0.17 million).[24] The park is accessed by the Nuwara Eliya-Ambewela-Pattipola and Haputale-Boralanda roads, and there are railway stations at Ohiya and Ambewela.

World's End is a sheer precipice with a 870 m (2,854 ft) drop.[6] It is situated at the southern boundary of the park. Another cliff known as the Lesser World's End of 270 m (886 ft) is located not far from World's End.

Baker's Falls, a waterfall formed by Belihul Oya, a tributary of the Walawe River is named after Sir Samuel Baker, a hunter and explorer[25] who attempted to establish a European agricultural settlement at Nuwara Eliya. The waterfall is 20 metres (66 ft) high. Slab Rock Falls is another well-known waterfall in the plains. The waterfall can be reached by walking on one of the main trails; the trail is a bit steep at the end but the difficulty level is medium to easy.[