Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics Berman Pdf VERIFIED Download

Create citation alert 1402-4896/1998/T76/127 Abstract An important development in modern physics is the emerging capability for investigations of dynamical processes for open quantum systems in a regime of strong coupling for which individual quanta play a decisive role. Of particular significance in this context is research in cavity quantum electrodynamics which explores quantum dynamical processes for individual atoms strongly coupled to the electromagnetic field of a resonator. An overview of the research activities in the Quantum Optics Group at Caltech is presented with an emphasis on strong coupling in cavity QED which enables exploration of a new regime of nonlinear optics with single atoms and photons.

The next-higher-lying doublet contains two quanta of energy and lacks a classical explanation12,21,22. The corresponding dressed states have been observed (together with a few higher-order states) in microwave cavity QED13,14,15 and even ion trapping, where phonons play the role of photons23. At optical frequencies, evidence for these states has indirectly been obtained in two-photon correlation experiments where the conditional response of the system on detection of an emitted photon is monitored16,24,25,26. These optical experiments observe the quantum fluctuations in dissipative cavity QED systems but operate away from a resonance to a higher-lying state. Direct spectroscopy using a two-colour technique to excite the second doublet step-wise has been attempted in a pioneering experiment with atomic beams22. An unambiguous signature of these states remained elusive owing to large fluctuations in the number of atoms traversing the cavity.

Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics Berman Pdf Download

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Using single trapped atoms, we exploit the anharmonicity of the energy-level spectrum to drive a multiphoton transition directly from the vacuum state to a specific higher-lying state. We observe the quantum character of our cavity QED field by measuring a photon flux, not a photon correlation. To explain our technique, we note that a two-state atom coupled to a single-mode light field has a discrete spectrum consisting of a ladder of dressed states, , with frequencies

The emergence of such high quality nanophotonic structures has opened new opportunities for the study of light-matter interaction [2]. For example, as a result of the localization of light within such ultra-small volume nano-resonators, large optical intensities can be achieved with only a few photons coupled. Further, such a system also enables strong interaction between single atom-like quantum emitters (e.g. quantum dots, nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond, etc.) embedded within the cavity and single photons. Not only is the interaction between light and matter stronger in such a nanocavity, but system dynamics occurs on much faster time scales (as the light emission and absorption rates increase with reduction in the optical volumes). Moreover, nanophotonic structures can be constructed and integrated on chip by standard semiconductor microfabrication processes, and are fully scalable.

Such structures can be employed as a more practical testbed for fundamental experiments on light-matter interactions (the field referred to as the cavity quantum electrodynamics, or cavity QED). As opposed to the atomic-cavity QED platform [2] on which such experiments have been explored for the past 30 years, the use of a quantum dot-nanocavity platform enables a much smaller, on-chip, scalable system, which is also simpler, as it eliminates the need for atom trapping inside a resonator (e.g., quantum dots are already naturally trapped inside the nano-resonator material, such as GaAs [3-5]). In addition, as a result of the ultra-small optical volumes, the interaction strength between the quantum dot and the cavity field - described by the so called vacuum Rabi frequency - is in the range of several 10's of GHz - three orders of magnitude higher than for the atomic system. Therefore, everything happens much faster as well. The practicality and speed make these structures also interesting as a platform for a new generation of classical and quantum information processing devices.

For example, one of the key properties of the system consisting of a single quantum dot strongly coupled to a resonator is that the presence of the dot can completely modify the optical transmission through such structure, from transparent to opaque for an optical beam on the resonance [3]. This could be done at a rate proportional to the vacuum Rabi frequency (i.e., 10's of GHz for the quantum dot-nanocavity system [3], as opposed to MHz in the atom-cavity system [2]), opening the opportunity to build practical devices such as an optical modulator controlled with a single quantum dot [6], which could be operated with control energies below 1aJ - many orders of magnitude lower than conventional modulators or electrical interconnects in computers [7]. In addition to enabling the construction of a new generation of computers, where light is used to communicate signal between cores in a processor with much higher speed and efficiency, this approach also addresses an important energy problem: namely, electrical interconnects in computers of large data centers already consume a significant fraction of our electricity today, and more than that produced by solar cells [7]. be457b7860