A missed call is a telephone call that is deliberately terminated by the caller before being answered by its intended recipient, in order to communicate a pre-agreed message. It is a form of one-bit messaging.

Missed calls are common in emerging markets where mobile phones with limited outgoing calls are widely used; as the call is not actually completed and connected, it does not carry a cost to the caller, hence they can conserve their remaining prepaid credit. Specific patterns of consecutive missed calls have been developed in some countries to denote specific messages. Missed calls are also referred to in some parts of Africa as beeping,[1][2] flashing in Nigeria,[3] a flashcall in Pakistan,[4] miskol in the Philippines and ring-cut in Sri Lanka.[5]


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Missed calls are especially prominent in India. Expanding upon their use as a communications method, they have been adopted as a form of marketing communications, in which users can "missed call" specific numbers and receive a call or text back that contains advertising and other content. Other forms of services have also been built around use of missed calls in such a manner, primarily to take advantage of the fact that feature phones are still relatively common in India as opposed to smartphones.

Prepaid mobile phones are popular in emerging markets, due to their lower cost in comparison to post-paid contracts.[2][4] Prepaid plans have a limited number of minutes allotted for outgoing calls; as a missed call does not connect, they can be used to convey communications without consuming outgoing phone credit.[6][4] Missed calls also bypass the language barrier, since they do not require voice or text to be transmitted.[4][6] Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode professor of marketing management Keyoor Purani remarked that missed calls are an "economical and wide-reaching mechanism of communication."[4]

The information communicated by a missed call is pre-agreed and contextual in nature.[7] They are typically used to signal the sender's status, such as indicating their arrival at a specific destination, or a business informing a customer that their order is ready for pickup.[9] In some countries, patterns have been established to indicate specific messages; in Bangladesh, two missed calls in a row is considered an indication that someone is running late, and in Syria, five missed calls in a row is considered a signal that the sender wishes to chat online.[9] Young couples miscall one another to see if the line is free, or to intentionally keep the line busy.[9] In Africa[clarification needed] there are established norms for how missed calls are used, such as for indicating who should call back with a voice call (and thus, bear the responsibility of paying for it).[2]

Missed calls have been adopted as a method of mobile permission marketing, known as missed call marketing (MCM).[13] MCM campaigns take advantage of how cellular providers may offer unlimited incoming calls and text messages: advertisements contain an instruction for customers to place a missed call at a specific number.[4] The number may be configured to automatically hang up on the caller when dialed.[14] The number then calls or texts back with supplemental content, such as product information, offers, or sponsored celebrity messages. Advertisers can retain the phone numbers of callers to build a customer database, which can be used for future engagement and analytics.[15][4][13]

MCM is a prominent practice in India, where it appeals to the country's cultural and economic environment. At least 90% of all cellular phone users in India are on prepaid services, feature phones are still commonplace,[15][16][2][4] internet access is not widely-available in some rural regions, and there is low market penetration for mobile broadband services.[17][4] Along with advertising, missed call numbers are also used for other services, such as telephone banking, as well as program listings and viewer voting by television channels.[18][19][20]

There are a number of companies which specialize in MCM, including Flashcall,[16][21][4] VivaConnect,[16][4] and Zipdial.[13][22][23] Zipdial was popularized by missed call services for cricket scores and Anna Hazare's anti-corruption movement; after serving over 415 million calls in its first three years of operation, the company was acquired by Twitter in 2015 for a value reported to be between US$20 and 40 million.[13][22][23][14] In 2014, the social networking service Facebook announced that it would support links to missed call numbers as an ad format, as part of an effort to bolster its advertising business in emerging markets such as Brazil, India, Indonesia, and South Africa. The company partnered with Zipdial, and later VivaConnect, to offer this service.[16][4][24]

In 2013, Hindustan Unilever launched Kan Khajura Tesan (Earworm Radio), a missed call service which plays blocks of Hindi entertainment content (such as Bollywood music and devotionals), interspersed with advertising for the company's brands. Unilever intended the service to be a method of engaging consumers in markets that were underserved by media and internet communications (such as Bihar, where the service was described as being the state's most popular "radio station"); as of 2015, it had achieved 200 million impressions. Companies that are not direct competitors to Unilever were also allowed to advertise on the service;[16][25][26] a campaign promoting the film Singham Returns through Kan Khajura Tesan generated 17 million calls.[26] In 2014, Kan Khajura Tesan earned two gold Cannes Lions in media for "Use of Audio" and "Use of Mobile Devices", and a third in mobile for "Response/Real Time Activity".[27] In 2015, the campaign won a bronze Lion for "Creative Effectiveness".[28]

MCM has faced criticism; Purani warned that "just as shortsighted abuse of advertising, direct mail and telemarketing has contributed to spamming-related problems, MCM runs the risk of degenerating into a marketing tool shunned by a large number of phone users."[4] High-end brands have perceived MCM as being inappropriate for targeting their respective markets.[4] Flashcall found that the concept was not viable in regions where missed calls were not an established social practice, such as the United States (where smartphones and mobile broadband are widely-available).[4]

During the Indian anti-corruption movement in 2011, citizens could pledge support to Anna Hazare's campaign through a Zipdial number. The number received 4.5 million calls, which significantly outpaced the number of Facebook likes and Twitter retweets that the campaign's posts received online.[13][22][23][14]

In January 2013, a protest was organized against high mobile internet rates in Bangladesh, in which protesters simultaneously exchanged millions of missed calls in an effort to overload the cellular network.[29][30]

On 31 January 2016, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's monthly radio address Mann Ki Baat became available by phone through a missed call number. A government official stated that from 31 January to 23 February 2016, over 30 million calls were made to the number, and 20 million unique calls were returned.[17]

Missed calls have also been used for fraudulent purposes in a scam known as "Wangiri" or "one ring and cut" (from Japanese ). A scammer leaves a missed call using an international premium rate phone number, trying to lure the recipient into calling back and thus being charged.[31][32][33]

For many it will be surprising but it is true in India! Often, a person calls on his friend's cell phone and cuts before he picks up. Most of the times it is a 'mutually understood act!' The reasons for that range from saving money to simply notifying someone.

Example: Say, A tells B that once he reaches the venue, he will give B a miss call so that B should understand that A has reached. There is no need to talk or to text because the purpose is just to notify that A has reached! Simple and witty!

Since the type of call is intentionally not to be answered (usually the caller will hang up after a ring of two) and it will show up as "missed" on the recipients phone.

It should be 'missed call' because here the verb 'miss' is used as an adjective and we need to use the past participle. Intentionally or not, the proposed call is going to be missed by the person, and therefore, 'missed call' looks more correct.

Whenever I use parrot on Brandmeister via my hotspot I get a missed call (specifically Miss call) message on my 878. It pops up right after hearing my audio repeated back... Bug? Configuration issue?

From the moment that I did the update for iOS 13, when someone starts to call me, in my phone it comes an missed call first and then it is ringing. I want to clarify that the other person who is calling me, does not end the call and call me again in order to have a missed call on my phone.

Hi guys, i need your help. I work as a receptionist and i have a problem with my rc app on my windows desktop. i kept on having missed calls that didn't even rang on my side. there was also no notification of a missed call. The only way that i knew that someone had tried to call me was when i click the call log and thats when i'll find out that i had missed calls. but i was online at that time. and these problem affects my evaluation at work. pls help thank you.

Please note the behaviour expected from the Ring Central account if our customer calls the ring central TFN it is should get route to the particular campaign and with in 3 to 6 rings my advisors should get notification & he should be able to answer the calls. However which is not happening the moment customer is calling to on out TFN without any notifications to the assigned extensions under Brosecure campaign calls are getting dropped which is reflecting in the systems as missed calls. Kindly look into this on priority bases. 17dc91bb1f

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