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There is also synthetic (man-made) caffeine, which is added to some medicines, foods, and drinks. For example, some pain relievers, cold medicines, and over-the-counter medicines for alertness contain synthetic caffeine. So do energy drinks and "energy-boosting" gums and snacks.

Energy drinks are beverages that have added caffeine. The amount of caffeine in energy drinks can vary widely, and sometimes the labels on the drinks do not give you the actual amount of caffeine in them. Energy drinks may also contain sugars, vitamins, herbs, and supplements.

Caffeine 32 Download

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Companies that make energy drinks claim that the drinks can increase alertness and improve physical and mental performance. This has helped make the drinks popular with American teens and young adults. There's limited data showing that energy drinks might temporarily improve alertness and physical endurance. There is not enough evidence to show that they enhance strength or power. But what we do know is that energy drinks can be dangerous because they have large amounts of caffeine. And since they have lots of sugar, they can contribute to weight gain and worsen diabetes.

Sometimes young people mix their energy drinks with alcohol. It is dangerous to combine alcohol and caffeine. Caffeine can interfere with your ability to recognize how drunk you are, which can lead you to drink more. This also makes you more likely to make bad decisions.

Caffeine is a bitter, white crystalline purine, a methylxanthine alkaloid, and is chemically related to the adenine and guanine bases of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). It is found in the seeds, fruits, nuts, or leaves of a number of plants native to Africa, East Asia and South America,[18] and helps to protect them against herbivores and from competition by preventing the germination of nearby seeds,[19] as well as encouraging consumption by select animals such as honey bees.[20] The best-known source of caffeine is the coffee bean, the seed of the Coffea plant. People may drink beverages containing caffeine to relieve or prevent drowsiness and to improve cognitive performance. To make these drinks, caffeine is extracted by steeping the plant product in water, a process called infusion. Caffeine-containing drinks, such as coffee, tea, and cola, are consumed globally in high volumes. In 2020, almost 10 million tonnes of coffee beans were consumed globally.[21] Caffeine is the world's most widely consumed psychoactive drug.[22][23] Unlike most other psychoactive substances, caffeine remains largely unregulated and legal in nearly all parts of the world. Caffeine is also an outlier as its use is seen as socially acceptable in most cultures and even encouraged in others.

Some people use caffeine-containing beverages such as coffee or tea to try to treat their asthma.[45] Evidence to support this practice is poor.[45] It appears that caffeine in low doses improves airway function in people with asthma, increasing forced expiratory volume (FEV1) by 5% to 18% for up to four hours.[46]

Caffeine was formerly used as a second-line treatment for ADHD. It is considered less effective than methylphenidate or amphetamine but more so than placebo for children with ADHD.[49][50] Children, adolescents, and adults with ADHD are more likely to consume caffeine, perhaps as a form of self-medication.[50][51]

Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant that may reduce fatigue and drowsiness.[12] At normal doses, caffeine has variable effects on learning and memory, but it generally improves reaction time, wakefulness, concentration, and motor coordination.[52][53] The amount of caffeine needed to produce these effects varies from person to person, depending on body size and degree of tolerance.[52] The desired effects arise approximately one hour after consumption, and the desired effects of a moderate dose usually subside after about three or four hours.[7]

A systematic review and meta-analysis from 2014 found that concurrent caffeine and L-theanine use has synergistic psychoactive effects that promote alertness, attention, and task switching;[57] these effects are most pronounced during the first hour post-dose.[57]

Caffeine is a proven ergogenic aid in humans.[58] Caffeine improves athletic performance in aerobic (especially endurance sports) and anaerobic conditions.[58] Moderate doses of caffeine (around 5 mg/kg[58]) can improve sprint performance,[59] cycling and running time trial performance,[58] endurance (i.e., it delays the onset of muscle fatigue and central fatigue),[58][60][61] and cycling power output.[58] Caffeine increases basal metabolic rate in adults.[62][63][64] Caffeine ingestion prior to aerobic exercise increases fat oxidation, particularly in persons with low physical fitness.[65]

Caffeine improves muscular strength and power,[66] and may enhance muscular endurance.[67] Caffeine also enhances performance on anaerobic tests.[68] Caffeine consumption before constant load exercise is associated with reduced perceived exertion. While this effect is not present during exercise-to-exhaustion exercise, performance is significantly enhanced. This is congruent with caffeine reducing perceived exertion, because exercise-to-exhaustion should end at the same point of fatigue.[69] Caffeine also improves power output and reduces time to completion in aerobic time trials,[70] an effect positively (but not exclusively) associated with longer duration exercise.[71]

In healthy children, moderate caffeine intake under 400 mg produces effects that are "modest and typically innocuous".[74][75] As early as six months old, infants can metabolize caffeine at the same rate as that of adults.[76] Higher doses of caffeine (>400 mg) can cause physiological, psychological and behavioral harm, particularly for children with psychiatric or cardiac conditions.[74] There is no evidence that coffee stunts a child's growth.[77] The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that caffeine consumption is not appropriate for children and adolescents and should be avoided.[78] This recommendation is based on a clinical report released by American Academy of Pediatrics in 2011 with a review of 45 publications from 1994 to 2011 and includes inputs from various stakeholders (Pediatricians, Committee on nutrition, Canadian Pediatric Society, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Food and Drug Administration, Sports Medicine & Fitness committee, National Federations of High School Associations).[78] For children age 12 and under, Health Canada recommends a maximum daily caffeine intake of no more than 2.5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. Based on average body weights of children, this translates to the following age-based intake limits:[72]

Health Canada has not developed advice for adolescents because of insufficient data. However, they suggest that daily caffeine intake for this age group be no more than 2.5 mg/kg body weight. This is because the maximum adult caffeine dose may not be appropriate for light-weight adolescents or for younger adolescents who are still growing. The daily dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight would not cause adverse health effects in the majority of adolescent caffeine consumers. This is a conservative suggestion since older and heavier-weight adolescents may be able to consume adult doses of caffeine without experiencing adverse effects.[72]

The metabolism of caffeine is reduced in pregnancy, especially in the third trimester, and the half-life of caffeine during pregnancy can be increased up to 15 hours (as compared to 2.5 to 4.5 hours in non-pregnant adults).[79] Current evidence regarding the effects of caffeine on pregnancy and for breastfeeding are inconclusive.[28] There is limited primary and secondary advice for, or against, caffeine use during pregnancy and its effects on the fetus or newborn.[28]

There are conflicting reports in the scientific literature about caffeine use during pregnancy.[81] A 2011 review found that caffeine during pregnancy does not appear to increase the risk of congenital malformations, miscarriage or growth retardation even when consumed in moderate to high amounts.[82] Other reviews, however, concluded that there is some evidence that higher caffeine intake by pregnant women may be associated with a higher risk of giving birth to a low birth weight baby,[83] and may be associated with a higher risk of pregnancy loss.[84] A systematic review, analyzing the results of observational studies, suggests that women who consume large amounts of caffeine (greater than 300 mg/day) prior to becoming pregnant may have a higher risk of experiencing pregnancy loss.[85]

Minor undesired symptoms from caffeine ingestion not sufficiently severe to warrant a psychiatric diagnosis are common and include mild anxiety, jitteriness, insomnia, increased sleep latency, and reduced coordination.[52][96] Caffeine can have negative effects on anxiety disorders.[97] According to a 2011 literature review, caffeine use may induce anxiety and panic disorders in people with Parkinson's disease.[98] At high doses, typically greater than 300 mg, caffeine can both cause and worsen anxiety.[99] For some people, discontinuing caffeine use can significantly reduce anxiety.[100]

In moderate doses, caffeine has been associated with reduced symptoms of depression and lower suicide risk.[101] Two reviews indicate that increased consumption of coffee and caffeine may reduce the risk of depression.[102][103]

Whether caffeine can result in an addictive disorder depends on how addiction is defined. Compulsive caffeine consumption under any circumstances has not been observed, and caffeine is therefore not generally considered addictive.[110] However, some diagnostic models, such as the ICDM-9 and ICD-10, include a classification of caffeine addiction under a broader diagnostic model.[111] Some state that certain users can become addicted and therefore unable to decrease use even though they know there are negative health effects.[112][113] ff782bc1db