A broom (also known as a broomstick) is a cleaning tool consisting of usually stiff fibers (often made of materials such as plastic, hair, or corn husks) attached to, and roughly parallel to, a cylindrical handle, the broomstick. It is thus a variety of brush with a long handle. It is commonly used in combination with a dustpan.
A distinction is made between a "hard broom" and a "soft broom" and a spectrum in between. Soft brooms are used in some cultures chiefly for sweeping walls of cobwebs and spiders, like a "feather duster", while hard brooms are for rougher tasks like sweeping dirt off sidewalks or concrete floors, or even smoothing and texturing wet concrete. The majority of brooms are somewhere in between, suitable for sweeping the floors of homes and businesses, soft enough to be flexible and to move even light dust, but stiff enough to achieve a firm sweeping action.[citation needed]
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In 1797, the quality of brooms changed when Levi Dickenson, a farmer in Hadley, Massachusetts, made a broom for his wife, using the tassels of sorghum, a grain he was growing for the seeds. His wife spread good words around town, creating demand for Dickenson's sorghum brooms. The sorghum brooms held up well, but ultimately, like all brooms, fell apart. Dickenson subsequently invented a machine that would make better brooms, and faster than he could. In 1810, the foot treadle broom machine was invented. This machine played an integral part in the Industrial Revolution.[4]
One source mentions that the United States had 303 broom factories by 1839 and that the number peaked at 1,039 in 1919. Most of these were in the Eastern United States; during the Great Depression in the 1930s, the number of factories declined to 320 in 1939.[5] The state of Oklahoma became a major center for broom production because broom corn grew especially well there, with The Oklahoma Broom Corn Company opening a factory in El Reno in 1906. Faced with competition from imported brooms and synthetic bristles, most of the factories closed by the 1960s.[5]
In the context of witchcraft, broomstick is likely to refer to the broom as a whole, known as a besom. The first known reference to witches flying on broomsticks dates to the 11th-century Islamic traditionalist theologian Ibn Qudamahin his book al-Mughn ( The Persuader ). The first reference to witches flying on broomsticks in Europe dates to 1453, confessed by the male witch Guillaume Edelin.[6] The concept of a flying ointment used by witches appears at about the same time, recorded in 1456.
In Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's 1939 film, The Wizard of Oz, the Wicked Witch of the West used a broomstick to fly over Oz. She also used it to skywrite "Surrender Dorothy" above the Emerald City. The Wizard commands Dorothy and her three traveling companions to bring the Wicked Witch's broomstick to him in order to grant their wishes. Dorothy carries it to the Wizard with the Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Lion after the Wicked Witch's death.
In Disney's 1940 film Fantasia, Mickey Mouse, playing The Sorcerer's Apprentice, brings a broom to life to do his chore of filling a well full of water. The broom overdoes its job and when chopped into pieces, each splinter becomes a new broom that flood the room until Yen Sid stops them. This story comes from a poem by Goethe called Der Zauberlehrling ("The Sorcerer's Apprentice"). The Disney brooms have had recurring cameos in Disney media, mostly portrayed as janitors, albeit not out of control or causing chaos such as in the original appearance.
Flying brooms play an important role in the fantasy world of Harry Potter, used for transportation as well as for playing the popular airborne game of Quidditch. Flying brooms, along with Flying carpets, are the main means of transportation in the world of Poul Anderson's Operation Chaos.
But a Broom-Stick, perhaps you will say, is an Emblem of a Tree standing on its Head; and pray what is Man, but a Topsy-turvey Creature, his Animal Faculties perpetually mounted on his Rational; His Head where his Heels should be, groveling on the Earth, and yet with all his Faults, he sets up to be an universal Reformer and Corrector of Abuses, a Remover of Grievances, rakes into every Sluts Corner of Nature, bringing hidden Corruptions to the Light, and raises a mighty Dust where there was none before, sharing deeply all the while, in the very same Pollutions he pretends to sweep away: His last Days are spent in Slavery to Women, and generally the least deserving; till worn to the Stumps, like his Brother Bezom, he is either kickt out of Doors, or made use of to kindle Flames, for others to warm themselves by.[15]
Native to Central Africa, broom corn, Sorghum vulgare, a variety of sorghum in the plant family Poaceae, is a plant with a variety of uses, both functional and ornamental. This hardy annual, also known as broom straw, is a tall grass that forms broad, tasseled, fan-shaped heads, ranging from 16 to 20 inches long. This year, we grew some broom in one corner of my vegetable garden. And last month, it was harvested, hung to dry, and then brought indoors as a pretty fall arrangement.
Drawing from the historical records of enslaved people in the United States, British Romani, Louisiana Cajuns, and many others, Parry discloses how marginalized people found dignity in the face of oppression by innovating and reimagining marriage rituals. Such innovations have an enduring impact on the descendants of the original practitioners. Parry reveals how and why the simple act of "jumping the broom" captivates so many people who, on the surface, appear to have little in common with each other. About the Author Tyler D. Parry is assistant professor of African American and African diaspora studies at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas.
For more information about Tyler D. Parry, visit the Author Page.
"Readers who are familiar with the broomstick wedding ritual identified with enslaved African Americans will be stunned to learn of its complex origins. Tyler D. Parry challenges misconceptions to render a riveting historical reconstruction of cultural exchange and innovation. This is the most lucid and comprehensive history of the ritual, which draws on a rich array of archival, visual, literary, and popular culture sources. A must-read."--Tera W. Hunter, author of Bound in Wedlock: Slave and Free Black Marriage in the Nineteenth Century
"Ranging from eighteenth-century England, Scotland, and Wales, through the nineteenth- and twentieth-century United States, to the contemporary United States and Caribbean, this book offers a compelling and illuminating account of a quintessential product of transatlantic exchange--the broomstick wedding."--Erica L. Ball, author of To Live an Antislavery Life: Personal Politics and the Antebellum Black Middle Class
Herein lies the beauty of the wedding ceremony: a chance for the couple to develop their own special meaning for each ceremonial element. Because Femi and I are both an interfaith and interracial couple, adding a broom jumping perfectly ties in another layer of our identities to our already unique ceremony.
I have tried reinstalling both R and Rstudio but it does not solve the problem. I tried installing Rtools, but it does not work either. It appears I have to solve the source/binary issue with broom but I do not know how.
It might also help to say "no" when R asks you whether you want to install the packages with more recent source-code versions from source rather than binary. (The worst thing that can happen is that you end up with slightly older versions of some packages.)
Further notes: I used to have the broom package installed, and tried to update the package but when I got the error message I uninstalled the package and then tried to install the package again, but got the same error message, so now I don't have access to the package.
I would suggest the following as a solution and also a quite common good practice. Create a (most probably local) directory somewhere you have "good" access to that DOES NOT contain any exotic characters (eg C:\R-PKGS\win-library\3.6) then set this as your standard library path
Or even better if you want R to branch according to your Version ie if you have multiple subfolders for multiple differing minor R versions (eg R-3.5 and R-3.6 side by side) ie this is how my libPath setting looks like
"Bout 6 months ago I went through this nightmare of a special project of making a quite intricate device to fit on the end of a plain ol' broomstick handle. Customer had no idea what the handle was going to be made out of, but he absolutely needed that interface.
I can tell you that after testing approximately 20 different makes and models of female devices ( brooms, pushbrooms, cheap paintrollers, expensive paintrollers, polesanders, brushes and you name it ) by far the most were the closest to a 3/4-5 ACME.
The only problem was that using the ACME thread specs, they did not tighten up. My app was 1" deep blind hole, so imagine the chip issue.
Nonetheless, what I came up with was to reduce the major dia by .03 and give it a 5 degree taper.
Since the handles are made of all kinds of garbage using all kinds of garbage specs ( if any ), the taper had allowed something ( and I could not care less what part of ) the thread to lock up and tighten.
Anyway, this was my experience with the broomstick female thread. Straight bore, .02 under spec for the major and a 5 deg. taper.
If this is an internal application, I've found Micro100 the only supplier of a tool which can fit inside the bore and create the thread. Found no taps or threadmills to make a blind 3/4-5 ACME."
That's about what I've been through, but unfortunately don't have the technical knowledge or experience to know how to do this in my model. There doesn't seem to be any way to really adjust the ACME thread settings to any real degree, so that leaves me in a weak position. 152ee80cbc
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