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A tower is a tall structure, taller than it is wide, often by a significant factor. Towers are distinguished from masts by their lack of guy-wires and are therefore, along with tall buildings, self-supporting structures.

Towers are specifically distinguished from buildings in that they are built not to be habitable but to serve other functions using the height of the tower. For example, the height of a clock tower improves the visibility of the clock, and the height of a tower in a fortified building such as a castle increases the visibility of the surroundings for defensive purposes. Towers may also be built for observation, leisure, or telecommunication purposes. A tower can stand alone or be supported by adjacent buildings, or it may be a feature on top of a larger structure or building.

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Towers have been used by humankind since prehistoric times. The oldest known may be the circular stone tower in walls of Neolithic Jericho (8000 BC). Some of the earliest towers were ziggurats, which existed in Sumerian architecture since the 4th millennium BC. The most famous ziggurats include the Sumerian Ziggurat of Ur, built in the 3rd millennium BC, and the Etemenanki, one of the most famous examples of Babylonian architecture.

Some of the earliest surviving examples are the broch structures in northern Scotland, which are conical tower houses. These and other examples from Phoenician and Roman cultures emphasised the use of a tower in fortification and sentinel roles. For example, the name of the Moroccan city of Mogador, founded in the first millennium BC, is derived from the Phoenician word for watchtower ('migdol'). The Romans utilised octagonal towers[1] as elements of Diocletian's Palace in Croatia, which monument dates to approximately 300 AD, while the Servian Walls (4th century BC) and the Aurelian Walls (3rd century AD) featured square ones. The Chinese used towers as integrated elements of the Great Wall of China in 210 BC during the Qin Dynasty. Towers were also an important element of castles.

Other well known towers include the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Pisa, Italy built from 1173 until 1372, the Two Towers in Bologna, Italy built from 1109 until 1119 and the Towers of Pavia (25 survive), built between 11th and 13th century. The Himalayan Towers are stone towers located chiefly in Tibet built approximately 14th to 15th century.[2]

Up to a certain height, a tower can be made with the supporting structure with parallel sides. However, above a certain height, the compressive load of the material is exceeded, and the tower will fail. This can be avoided if the tower's support structure tapers up the building.

A third limit is dynamic; a tower is subject to varying winds, vortex shedding, seismic disturbances etc. These are often dealt with through a combination of simple strength and stiffness, as well as in some cases tuned mass dampers to damp out movements. Varying or tapering the outer aspect of the tower with height avoids vibrations due to vortex shedding occurring along the entire building simultaneously.

Although not correctly defined as towers, many modern high-rise buildings (in particular skyscraper) have 'tower' in their name or are colloquially called 'towers'. Skyscrapers are more properly classified as 'buildings'. In the United Kingdom, tall domestic buildings are referred to as tower blocks. In the United States, the original World Trade Center had the nickname the Twin Towers, a name shared with the Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur. In addition some of the structures listed below do not follow the strict criteria used at List of tallest towers.

The tower throughout history has provided its users with an advantage in surveying defensive positions and obtaining a better view of the surrounding areas, including battlefields. They were constructed on defensive walls, or rolled near a target (see siege tower). Today, strategic-use towers are still used at prisons, military camps, and defensive perimeters.

By using gravity to move objects or substances downward, a tower can be used to store items or liquids like a storage silo or a water tower, or aim an object into the earth such as a drilling tower. Ski-jump ramps use the same idea, and in the absence of a natural mountain slope or hill, can be human-made.

In history, simple towers like lighthouses, bell towers, clock towers, signal towers and minarets were used to communicate information over greater distances. In more recent years, radio masts and cell phone towers facilitate communication by expanding the range of the transmitter. The CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario, Canada was built as a communications tower, with the capability to act as both a transmitter and repeater.

Towers can also be used to support bridges, and can reach heights that rival some of the tallest buildings above-water. Their use is most prevalent in suspension bridges and cable-stayed bridges. The use of the pylon, a simple tower structure, has also helped to build railroad bridges, mass-transit systems, and harbors.

Since the Service and Layer traits are important integration pointsfor all libraries using Tower, they are kept as stable as possible, andbreaking changes are made rarely. Therefore, they are defined in separatecrates, tower-service and tower-layer. This crate containsre-exports of those core traits, implementations of commonly-usedmiddleware, and utilities for working with Services and Layers.Finally, the tower-test crate provides tools for testing programs usingTower.

Implementing a network protocol. Libraries that implement networkprotocols (such as HTTP) can depend on tower-service to use theService trait as an integration point between the protocol and usercode. For example, a client for some protocol might implement Service,allowing users to add arbitrary Tower middleware to those clients.Similarly, a server might be created from a user-provided Service.

Tower Construction Notification System (TCNS)

The Commission's TCNS works to increase communication with Indian Tribes and Native Hawaiian Organizations (NHOs) in the context of the review required by Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). It also provides Tribes/NHOs and State Historic Preservation Officers with early notification of proposed towers in order to facilitate compliance with the Commission's rules, and streamline the review process for construction of towers and other Commission undertakings.

Tower construction notification allows companies to voluntarily submit notifications of proposed tower constructions to the FCC. The Commission subsequently provides this information to federally-recognized Indian Tribes, Native Hawaiian Organizations (NHOs), and State Historic Preservation Officers (SHPOs), and allows them to respond directly to the companies if they have concerns about a proposed construction.

Through our global reach and expertise, a diverse range of capabilities and a leading portfolio of towers and other communication real estate, we enable our customers to connect with those they serve.

Captain Meriwether Lewis noted in his journal "an Indian road enters the mountain at the same place with the river on the Stard side and continues along it's border under the steep clifts." Lewis also wrote, "At this place there is a large rock of 400 feet high wich stands immediately in the gap which the Missouri makes on it's passage from the mountains... This rock I called the tower. It may be ascended with some difficulty nearly to it's summit and from it there is a most pleasing view of the country we are now about to leave. From it I saw that evening immense herds of buffaloe in the plains below." Meriwether Lewis, July 16, 1805

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October through April: Wednesday, Thursday, and Sunday 11 am to 8 pm. Friday and Saturday 11 am to 9 pm.

May through September: Wednesday and Sunday from 11 am to 9 pm. Thursday, Friday, and Saturday 11 am to 10 pm.

Observatory Restaurant:

We do not take reservations. Table assignments are given in the lobby at check-in, not in our restaurant. Our restaurant opens at 3pm. We are a first-come, first-serve restaurant with assigned seating. We can only accommodate 6 guests per table. If you have a larger party, we may have to divide your party into two separate tables. We will do our best to seat your party at tables next to each other, as we have limited space.

We are wheelchair accessible and kid-friendly.

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If you are visiting us with a large group of 10 or more guests, please call us in advance at (206) 624-0414 or email info@smithtower.com Wednesday through Sunday 11 am to 8 pm. Please give us at least two business days to respond via email. Please fill out this form for a group reservation: -for-proposal.php

Group Reservations & Events:

If you're a larger group visiting us for our tour, please contact us ahead of time by calling (206) 624-0414 or email info@smithtower.com. Please give us at least two business days to respond via email.

For big towers or pylons carrying electricity cables. They are often constructed from steel latticework but tubular or solid pylons are also used as towers to carry high voltage overhead electricity cables (power=line).

This tag describes the design of the tower. The main parameters are the number and positions of cross-arms. Cross-arms which only serve as support for earth wires should not be considered. See examples with suggested values below.

A tower type having two (or more) separate pylons or poles connected by a beam to which the 60 kV conductors are attached. The cross-beam extends beyond the vertical structures such that not all conductors are located between the vertical structures. The portal tower is mostly used for a single circuit.

This section deals with the functional role of power towers, such as anchorage or branching lines. Please note that the tower:type=* combination with power=tower has been discouraged and line_attachment=* or line_management=* are now recommended. 2351a5e196