Body Language Book In Urdu Pdf Free Download

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Background and objective: Humans communicate with one another using language systems such as written words or body language (movements), hand motions, head gestures, facial expressions, lip motion, and many more. Comprehending sign language is just as crucial as learning a natural language. Sign language is the primary mode of communication for those who have a deaf or mute impairment or are disabled. Without a translator, people with auditory difficulties have difficulty speaking with other individuals. Studies in automatic recognition of sign language identification utilizing machine learning techniques have recently shown exceptional success and made significant progress. The primary objective of this research is to conduct a literature review on all the work completed on the recognition of Urdu Sign Language through machine learning classifiers to date.

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Materials and methods: All the studies have been extracted from databases, i.e., PubMed, IEEE, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, using a structured set of keywords. Each study has gone through proper screening criteria, i.e., exclusion and inclusion criteria. PRISMA guidelines have been followed and implemented adequately throughout this literature review.

Results: This literature review comprised 20 research articles that fulfilled the eligibility requirements. Only those articles were chosen for additional full-text screening that follows eligibility requirements for peer-reviewed and research articles and studies issued in credible journals and conference proceedings until July 2021. After other screenings, only studies based on Urdu Sign language were included. The results of this screening are divided into two parts; (1) a summary of all the datasets available on Urdu Sign Language. (2) a summary of all the machine learning techniques for recognizing Urdu Sign Language.

Conclusion: Our research found that there is only one publicly-available USL sign-based dataset with pictures versus many character-, number-, or sentence-based publicly available datasets. It was also concluded that besides SVM and Neural Network, no unique classifier is used more than once. Additionally, no researcher opted for an unsupervised machine learning classifier for detection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first literature review conducted on machine learning approaches applied to Urdu sign language.

When to use: Pakistani people use this gesture in both formal and informal contexts to greet others, regardless of age or gender. Sometimes, its shorter variant (salaam) is also used; it conveys the same meaning.

When to use: This gesture is mainly used to greet elderly people and those higher in rank. In the past, it was used as a token of respect and allegiance. It reminds one of the rich history of traditional courtly manners.

When to use: Hugs are typically reserved for people who know each other well, though sometimes people of the same social status will hug upon their first meeting as well. Remember, do not hug anyone of the opposite gender as this could cause problems.

How to do: People typically shake with both hands when greeting elders, though people of roughly the same age may use only their right hand. Once again, be cautious about offering a handshake to someone of the opposite gender.

When to use: You could use this gesture, for example, in a situation where you feel surprised and cannot find the appropriate words to show your excitement. Squeezing your eyes closed will add emphasis to this gesture.

When to use: This gesture is common during heated debates. It shows your opponent that you would like them to stop. Pakistani people take this gesture very seriously, so you can rest assured they will end the debate so as not to aggravate you further.

This guide has helped you learn a wide variety of body gestures in Pakistan. You should now have a better idea of how to greet others, show approval or disapproval, and otherwise express your thoughts and feelings using body language in Pakistani society.

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It's like a silent communication system that complements and sometimes even overrides the words we use. Just think about how a simple smile can convey warmth and friendliness, or how crossed arms might suggest defensiveness or discomfort.

According to a study by psychologist Albert Mehrabian in the 1960s, in certain situations, like conveying emotions and attitudes, nonverbal communication could account for up to 93% of the overall message, with words contributing only 7%.

Subsequent research has shown that the exact breakdown of verbal and nonverbal communication varies widely depending on the context, the culture, the individuals involved, and the type of message being conveyed.

For example, a formal business presentation might rely more heavily on spoken words, while a friendly conversation might involve more nonverbal cues. In situations where emotions are the primary focus, nonverbal communication can even outweigh verbal communication.

I think by now, we all agree that body language is an essential part of communication. And actually, it should be part of any culture training. I definitely studied nonverbal communication in college, as part of my cross-cultural communication class.

The classification of body language as a language according to scientific consensus is a topic of debate. While body language and nonverbal communication are undoubtedly important forms of human interaction, the classification of body language as a distinct language is not universally agreed upon within the scientific community.

While body language is an integral part of communication and often conveys meaning alongside spoken or written words, it doesn't have the same level of structured grammar and vocabulary that characterizes traditional languages.

Some linguists and communication scholars argue that body language doesn't fulfill all the criteria required to be classified as a full-fledged language, particularly due to its lack of consistent syntax and universal symbols.

So, while body language might not be jotting down Shakespearean sonnets anytime soon, it's definitely a dynamic, crucial and universal form of expression. It's the silent storyteller in the grand narrative of human interaction, and whether we call it a language or not, it certainly knows how to get its message across loud and clear!

Sign language alphabets are born from deaf communities. And like spoken language, different language alphabets emerge from various sign language families. Therefore, a person in Ghana saying "Hello" through sign language uses different motions and facial expressions than someone saying "Hello" in South Korea.

Also, if two individuals are from English-speaking countries, their sign language might still differ. For example, an American citizen will have an easier time communicating with a French citizen through sign language, because ASL (American Sign Language) originated from LSF (French Sign Language).

Differences between alphabets and dialects necessitated a common alphabet, which created IS (International Sign). IS is used in international conferences where individuals from around the world gather, like the European Union of the Deaf. However, IS isn't exactly a universal sign language, contrary to its name. It doesn't allow advanced conversations as it isn't as detailed as other sign languages. . In fact, there is no universal sign language as of today.

Different alphabets use different signs to indicate letters. Some alphabets use two-handed signs and others use one-handed signs. For example, two-handed signs are used in British Sign Language, New Zealand Sign Language and Ausland Sign Language, which is the Australian Sign Language. These languages together are called the BANZSL Language Family. Another alphabet that uses two hands is the Turkish Sign Language. When signing with two hands, one hand is considered the dominant hand and the other is considered the subordinate hand. The latter usually performs a simpler or an identical movement. The dominant hand is stationed above or alongside the subordinate hand, and it indicates letters with signs.

It is a complete and detailed sign language that uses both manual and nonmanual features. Nonmanual features or nonmanual signals are elements of sign language that do not include hand movements such as facial expressions, eyebrow movement, head tilting and body shifting. They are used to modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.

As we stated before, ASL has the same alphabet as English, but it is descended from Old French Sign Language. So the words are not expressed the same way they are expressed in the spoken language of English.

There is an incredible story behind LSF. In 1760, Abb Charles Michel de l'Epe was the teacher of deaf twin sisters. The sisters communicated with each other through signs and eventually, Abb learned the signs. Then he founded the National Institute for the Deaf. But the LSF today was a result of the language progressing step by step throughout the years.

Historically, records of sign language can be seen in the 15th century. Until the 1940s, sign language was discouraged in schools and the students were forced to lip read. After many years of discrimination, BSL was officially recognized by the British government as a language in 2003.

Different dialects of BSL exist in different regions. For example, some signs from Scotland might not be understood by a deaf person in England. BSL is also different from ASL or Irish Sign Language, even though they have similarities. 152ee80cbc

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