Biopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from such natural materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. For example, canola oil and baking soda have pesticidal applications and are considered biopesticides. As of August 31, 2020, there were 390 registered biopesticide active ingredients.

Biochemical pesticides are naturally occurring substances that control pests by non-toxic mechanisms. Conventional pesticides, by contrast, are generally synthetic materials that directly kill or inactivate the pest. Biochemical pesticides include substances that interfere with mating, such as insect sex pheromones, as well as various scented plant extracts that attract insect pests to traps. Because it is sometimes difficult to determine whether a substance meets the criteria for classification as a biochemical pesticide, EPA has established a special committee to make such decisions.

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The most widely used microbial pesticides are subspecies and strains of Bacillus thuringiensis, or Bt. Each strain of this bacterium produces a different mix of proteins and specifically kills one or a few related species of insect larvae. While some Bt ingredients control moth larvae found on plants, other Bt ingredients are specific for larvae of flies and mosquitoes. The target insect species are determined by whether the particular Bt produces a protein that can bind to a larval gut receptor, thereby causing the insect larvae to starve.

Plant-Incorporated-Protectants (PIPs) are pesticidal substances that plants produce from genetic material that has been added to the plant. For example, scientists can take the gene for the Bt pesticidal protein and introduce the gene into the plant's own genetic material. Then the plant, instead of the Bt bacterium, manufactures the substance that destroys the pest. The protein and its genetic material, but not the plant itself, are regulated by EPA.

In 1994, we established the Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division in the Office of Pesticide Programs to facilitate the registration of biopesticides. This division promotes the use of safer pesticides, including biopesticides, as components of IPM programs. The division also coordinates the Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program (PESP).

Since biopesticides tend to pose fewer risks than conventional pesticides, EPA generally requires much less data to register a biopesticide than to register a conventional pesticide. In fact, new biopesticides are often registered in less than a year, compared with an average of more than three years for conventional pesticides.

While biopesticides require less data and are registered in less time than conventional pesticides, EPA always conducts rigorous reviews to ensure that registered pesticides will not harm people or the environment. For EPA to be sure that a pesticide is safe, the Agency requires that registrants submit the results of a variety of studies and other information about the composition, toxicity, degradation, and other characteristics of the pesticide.

Plant protection products are pesticides that are mainly used to keep crops healthy and prevent them from being destroyed by disease and infestation. They include herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, acaricides, plant growth regulators and repellents.

Before an active substance can be used within a plant protection product in the EU, it must be approved by the European Commission. Active substances undergo an intensive evaluation process before a decision can be made on approval.

EFSA gives scientific advice to the European Commission on possible risks related to the presence of pesticide residues in food and feed treated with plant protection products and makes proposals regarding the setting of MRLs. Furthermore, EFSA also provides administrative and scientific support to the Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues (PPR Panel).

The PPR Panel and the relevant units have the task of developing and revising scientific methodologies, including guidance documents, for pesticides risk assessment. In this context, EFSA also outsources tasks to external organisations to assist with gathering scientific data and information or developing modelling tools. Furthermore, stakeholder views on new guidance and methodologies are collected through public consultations. The guidance documents provide advice to applicants and Member States on how to conduct a risk assessment for a particular area in the context of the peer review of active substances, the setting of MRLs or national authorisations of plant protection products.

A large body of EU legislation regulates the marketing and use of plant protection products and their residues in food. Plant protection products cannot be placed on the market or used without prior authorisation. A dual system is in place, under which EFSA evaluates active substances used in plant protection products and Member States evaluate and authorise the products at national level. Plant protection products are principally regulated by framework Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009.

All matters related to legal limits for pesticide residues in food and feed are covered by Regulation (EC) No 396/2005. This regulation also contains provisions on official controls of pesticides residues in food of plant and animal origin that may arise from their use in plant protection.

Pesticide residues resulting from the use of plant protection products (PPPs) on food or feed crops may pose a risk to public health. For this reason, a comprehensive legislative framework has been established in the European Union which defines rules for the approval of active substances, the use of plant protection products and for pesticide residues in food.

Biologicals are used to control pests, pathogens, and weeds by a variety of means. Microbial biocontrols may include a pathogen or parasite that infects the target. Alternatively, they might act as competitors or inducers of plant host resistance. Biochemical biocontrols can also act through a variety of mechanisms. Some act by inhibiting the growth, feeding, development or reproduction of a pest or pathogen. Still other biocontrols may be used to form a barrier on the host, so as to act as a feeding or infection inhibitor.

Plant extracts were likely the earliest agricultural biocontrols, as history records that nicotine was used to control plum beetles as early as the 17th century. Experiments involving biological controls for insect pests in agriculture date back as far as 1835, when Agostine Bassi demonstrated that w hite-muscadine fungus (Beauveria bassiana) could be used to cause an infectious disease in silkworm. Experiments with mineral oils as plant protectants were also reported in the 19th century. During the rapid institutional expansion of agricultural research during the early 20th century, an ever-growing number of studies and proposal for biocontrols were developed.

Biological development for the control of plant diseases has undergone a similar transformation. During the early 20th century, studies of soil microbiology and ecology had led to the identification of many different microorganisms that act as antagonists or hyperparasites of pathogens and insect pests. A number of these were shown to be useful in field-scale inoculations, but few were developed commercially because of the rapid adoption of chemical pesticides during that time period. Commercial success stories from the 1980s and 1990s include products containingAgrobacterium radiobacter for the prevention of crown gall on woody crops and Pseudomonas fluorescen s for the prevention of fireblight in orchards where the streptomycin had been overused and resistant pathogen populations were abundant. In the greenhouse and potting mix industry, products containing a variety of microbes that suppressed soilborne pathogens were introduced into the market.

Agrobacterium radiobacter Strain K84 

Agrobacterium radiobacter Strain K84 is a naturally occurring bacterium found in many soils and in plant root zones. This biocontrols is used in the greenhouse and nursery environment to control crown gall, an important plant disease.

Coniothyrium minitans

Coniothyrium minitans is a naturally occurring fungus used commercially to control common Sclerotinia plant diseases through parasitism of the resting structures of the pathogen.

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and P. lilacinus

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus is a naturally occurring fungus used in a greenhouse environment to control several species of insects including whiteflies, thrips, aphids, and spider mites. Paecilomyces lilacinus is used to control nematodes that attack plant roots in field crops including many vegetables, fruit, turf, and ornamental crops.

Trichoderma spp.

Trichoderma spp. is another biocontrols technology developed in the 1990 s that has been widely commercialized in recent years. Trichodermais a genus of fungi that helps to control plant disease by stimulating plant host defenses and growth, and, under certain conditions, parasitizing harmful fungi within the plant root zone.

Many metabolites produced by plants are the result of the evolution of the species to adapt to the environment and have a better chance of survival. Some of these natural molecules increase the strength of the plants themselves against situations of abiotic and biotic stress and also help them to repel or create a deterrent effect against certain pathogens that cause them damage.

These substances favor other defense mechanisms of plants such as the strengthening of the cell wall or the ability to inhibit the development and penetration of pathogens in the leaf.

The Mediterranean territory has a wide wealth of plants that we can use for these purposes, some introduced and many indigenous. These plants represent a solution to keep pests away without causing damage to other plants, the environment or other beneficial organisms. 0852c4b9a8

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