The study of serum is serology. Serum is used in numerous diagnostic tests as well as blood typing. Measuring the concentration of various molecules can be useful for many applications, such as determining the therapeutic index of a drug candidate in a clinical trial.[2]
The serum of convalescent patients successfully recovering (or already recovered) from an infectious disease can be used as a biopharmaceutical in the treatment of other people with that disease, because the antibodies generated by the successful recovery are potent fighters of the pathogen. Such convalescent serum (antiserum) is a form of immunotherapy.[citation needed]
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Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is rich in growth factors and is frequently added to growth media used for eukaryotic cell culture. A combination of FBS and the cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor was originally used to maintain embryonic stem cells,[4] but concerns about batch-to-batch variations in FBS have led to the development of serum substitutes.[5]
Blood serum and plasma are some of the largest sources of biomarkers, whether for diagnostics or therapeutics. Its vast dynamic range, further complicated by the presence of lipids, salts, and post-translational modifications, as well as multiple mechanisms of degradation, presents challenges in analytical reproducibility, sensitivity, resolution, and potential efficacy. For analysis of biomarkers in blood serum samples, it is possible to do a pre-separation by free-flow electrophoresis that usually consists of a depletion of serum albumin protein.[6] This method enables greater penetration of the proteome via separation of a wide variety of charged or chargeable analytes, ranging from small molecules to cells.[citation needed]
You are not alone in having no earthly idea what a serum is. Even if you're the proud owner of several serums, it's not a particularly clear product on it's surface. Think of the contradictions: It's moisturizing, but you still use moisturizer. It can be oily, but it's not necessarily face oil. It can be watery, but is it essence? So many questions and we haven't even gotten to ingredient lists yet!
What is serum?
Serum is a skincare product you can apply to your skin after cleansing but before moisturizing with the intent of delivering powerful ingredients directly into the skin. Serum is particularly suited to this task because it is made up of smaller molecules that can penetrate deeply into the skin and deliver a very high concentration of active ingredients. This makes them a great tool for targeting specific skincare concerns, like wrinkles. Goodbye, signs of aging!
Is serum a moisturizer?
Yes and no. Serums can be chock-full of moisturizing ingredients (hyaluronic acid, ceramides) to help skin retain moisture. But, that doesn't make them moisturizers in the traditional sense. Face lotions and creams are richer and create a barrier on top of the skin to keep all that good stuff in.
OK but $$$$...
Yes, serums tend to be on the pricier end of the skincare spectrum. But for a pretty decent reason! Remember that bit about being super concentrated and potent? You are getting your bang for your buck here...
Doesn't serum expire really fast?
Certain potent ingredients often found in serum can become unstable once they come in contact with air. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), for instace, can oxidize and lose efficacy over time. But thanks to science, modified versions of the ingredient (that are water-soluble, etc.) last longer so they can do your skin more good. Best rule of thumb is to store your vial in a cool, dry place (obviously) and use it up within six months to a year.
We hypothesized that the presence of monoclonal free kappa or lambda immunoglobulin light chains in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), as detected by the serum free light chain (FLC) assay increases the risk of progression to malignancy. Of 1384 patients with MGUS from Southeastern Minnesota seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1960 to 1994, baseline serum samples obtained within 30 days of diagnosis were available in 1148. At a median follow-up of 15 years, malignant progression had occurred in 87 (7.6%) patients. An abnormal FLC ratio (kappa-lambda ratio < 0.26 or > 1.65) was detected in 379 (33%) patients. The risk of progression in patients with an abnormal FLC ratio was significantly higher compared with patients with a normal ratio (hazard ratio, 3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3-5.5; P < .001) and was independent of the size and type of the serum monoclonal (M) protein. Patients with an abnormal serum FLC ratio, non-immunoglobulin G (non-IgG) MGUS, and a high serum M protein level (> or = 15 g/L) had a risk of progression at 20 years of 58% (high-risk MGUS) versus 37% with any 2 of these risk factors (high-intermediate risk), 21% with one risk factor (low-intermediate risk), and 5% when none of the risk factors were present (low risk).
Many things improve with age; unfortunately, your skin is not one of them. Wrinkles, brown spots, and general dullness often start to creep in as the years tick by. To reverse these problems many women are turning to a skin serum. Serums are light, easily absorbed oil- or water-based liquids that you spread on your skin. They typically come in small bottles with a dropper, and you only need a few drops to treat your whole face.
If you are looking to fight blotchiness and discoloration, look for formulas that can brighten and lighten dark patches, including kojic acid and glycolic acid. If your skin is dry, tight, and flaky, find a skin serum that contains vitamin E, niacinamide, and glycolic acid. Also look for ceramides, which are fatty molecules that help hold the skin together and keep moisture from escaping. Other good options are serums that contain hyaluronic acid, or those with collagen peptides, epidermal growth factors, or stem cells.
Our most sought-after formulation is simply sublime, blended with Frankincense and pure essence of Rose. This precious, ultra-concentrated serum provides a wealth of nutrients, and is extremely versatile. Fully replenished, the complexion glows with dewy luminescence.
Apply a small amount on cleansed, exfoliated skin. Most face serums direct you to use just 1-2 pumps. Follow with moisturizer. The rule of thumb when it comes to layering skincare: go from thinnest to thickest. Serum first, moisturizer second. You can use the same serum morning and night, but use a day cream with SPF.
This best-selling hair serum, powered by plant-based actives, reduces signs of shedding and fallout. Apply the fast-absorbing, non-greasy formula to the scalp daily to support an optimal scalp environment for stronger and more resilient strands.
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Because this serum contains concentrated amounts of nutrients and antioxidants, a little bit goes a long way. Begin with less than a pea-sized amount of serum and add more to clean, damp skin as needed.
I've used this for a while and then decided to try something different and didn't realize how much I LOVED it until I tried a different brand. This is more of a vitamin C oil but it's so hydrating. What I love about it is how silky your skin instantly feels and it doesn't feel tacky. Other serums can feel like that after appplication but not this one. Definitely my fave!
Depending on your skincare goals, you could use both serums together. You can layer Vitamin C underneath Mountain Glow, Vit C in the AM and Mountain Glow at night, or just use one of them, or mix them together!
Topical serums with hyaluronic acid can temporarily bind water in the superficial layers of the skin, which, according to Shainhouse, can make your skin appear fresher and dewier. It also has the ability to temporarily minimize the appearance of fine lines.
There are many different types of serums, each with a unique purpose and ingredients. Some serums help to brighten your skin or reduce blemishes, while others focus on boosting hydration or fighting the signs of aging.
Strengthen your strands and minimize the appearance of split ends with our universal hair serum. Create balance and instantly smoother, healthier hair while repairing damage and protecting from heat with this groundbreaking Niacinamide and Charged Lemon Protein infused primer for hair. Perfect for everyone, including those concerned with heat damaged hair, frizz, or uneven hair porosity.
This soothing serum restores peace and harmony to scalps in distress. Its clean, calming formula features Hemp Seed Oil and Tea Tree Oil to address common scalp conditions such as flaking, itching, dryness and irritation. Antioxidant rich Pea Sprout Extract helps fortify hair follicles to revitalize roots.
The Jan Marini C-ESTA Face Serum is a powerful antioxidant cocktail, featuring a lipid-soluble form of Vitamin C, DMAE, and hyaluronic acid to help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles and uneven skin texture while simultaneously protecting the skin from free radicals caused by UV exposure and environmental stressors. In a split-face Vitamin C study study published in the Journal of Drugs in Dermatology comparing C-ESTA to a leading vitamin C, C-ESTA Face Serum was shown to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles while providing superior benefits to the leading traditional Vitamin C. C-ESTA Face Serum was also significantly preferred by study subjects over the leading traditional vitamin C. C-ESTA's lipid soluble form of vitamin C enables this potent antioxidant to substantially assist the skin without the need for harsh acidity levels required by traditional forms of Vitamin C - meaning superior benefit with less irritation. DMAE enhances Vitamin C's face oil benefits by helping to further reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles giving facial contours a tighter, firmer, more "lifted" look. C-ESTA Face Serum is the preferred Vitamin C and antioxidant solution for younger, healthier looking skin. This Jan Marini Vitamin C serum is great for all skin types. be457b7860
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