"This battle of Yorktown was emblematic of a cooperative victory [of] joint strategy and coordination of effort, where Franco-American friendship was sealed," said Lavigne. "Ever since that battle of Yorktown, both our countries have been fighting to defend democracies, freedom and respect of human rights in the world."
The battle of Manzikert (Malazgirt), is viewed as one of the turning points of world history. Seljuk Turks, commanded by Alpaslan, confronted the Byzantines at Malazgirt (Manzikert) in eastern Trkiye on Aug. 26, 1071. The 55,000 Turkish warriors won a great victory against 200,000 Byzantine troops commanded by the emperor, Romanus Diogenus. The Seljuks captured the emperor and after the battle, Anatolia opened to Turkish settlement and rule after that victory. The Turks conquered all of Anatolia and made it their homeland.
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Scholars have proposed a number of possible battles that the Nike of Samothrace commemorated, but most theories argue that the statue commemorated a victory over the island of Rhodes. This is based in part on the material of the ship on which Nike stood, a grey marble from the Lartos quarries on Rhodes. The Nike herself is made of a white Parian marble, which was revered as a superior material for sculpture, and exported throughout the Mediterranean. Lartian marble was much less commonly used, and we see it primarily in monuments on Rhodes or commissioned by Rhodians. In addition, the amount of marble used in the Nike of Samothrace was large, weighing around 30 tons, and would have been a full shipload on a typical merchant ship. Given the cost to ship the marble from Rhodes, it was likely specially ordered and intended to make a statement, connecting it to the Rhodians.
The campaign was a brutal and hard fought victory. It included seven different naval battles, near continuous air warfare, and numerous ground engagements. According to the World War II museum, the entire campaign in the Solomon Islands cost the US 7,100 men, 29 ships, and 615 aircraft. The Japanese, in comparison, lost 31,000 men, 38 ships and 683 aircraft. Not only were their losses greater, but the Japanese industrial capabilities could not replace the losses at the same rate as the United States. Already in 1943, the U.S. alone was outpacing combined Axis production of ships and aircraft, and U.S. production would steadily increase. The first major offensive ground action of the U.S. had been a success, and the island hopping campaign had begun in the Pacific.
Each began the battle with some 900 operationally available single-seat fighters. The top speeds of the German Messerschmitt Bf 109 and the British Supermarine Spitfire were virtually the same, at 354mph and 355mph, although the Hawker Hurricane was slower, at 329mph. The British fighters were armed with eight Browning machine guns mounted within the wings; the Bf 109 with two 20mm cannon and four machine guns. While the Spitfire was more agile than the Bf 109 in a dogfight, the German fighter could climb faster and higher. The slower but robustly built Hawker Hurricane made a very stable gun platform: its role in the battle was to shoot down German bombers while the Spitfire dealt with the Bf 109s.
Certainly Gring committed a major blunder when he switched the Luftwaffe's attacks from Fighter Command's sector stations to raids on London, and so accorded Air Marshall Sir Hugh Dowding, chief of Fighter Command, a respite. But the essential key to the British victory lay in Fighter Command's sophisticated intelligence-gathering system and centralised control of the battle, compared with the Luftwaffe's Biggles-like operations off forward airfields in northern France and Flanders.
Fighter Command's triumph had other consequences. Because Hitler had been robbed of his hoped-for final victory in the West, he turned to the East, and in June 1941 invaded the Soviet Union. But instead of the expected short and successful campaign, he had begun a conflict in which his forces would be gutted in four years of mass battles with the Red Army: ending on the streets of his own capital, Berlin. 589ccfa754
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