The rates shown below are the most recent available on the Database. Historic rates indicating the highest and lowest exchange rates for each currency against Sterling in the previous 52 week period are also provided.

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Until the early 1970s, the Bretton Woods post-war system of fixed exchange rates meant that the dollar exchange rate of any currency would serve as a reliable measure of its level. The dollar could in turn be regarded as fixed in terms of the $35/oz. official price of gold. But since that time, with floating exchange rates, using any one bilateral rate for a currency would give a possibly misleading indication of its overall level against other currencies.

The practical steps involved in determining the basket of exchange rates and their associated weights for use in an ERI can be surprisingly complicated. Firstly, it requires a choice of economic framework, such as international trade competitiveness, to determine which trade data should be used; secondly, the required data demands can be considerable, depending on the method chosen, and there may be known statistical issues, such as incompleteness, inconsistency or poor timeliness in the actual trade data which will require dealing with.

In addition, many national central banks calculate an exchange rate index for their own currency, usually following a similar method to those of the IMF or BIS. The Bank of England has published ERI measures both for sterling and for other major currencies.

There is a trade-off between having a smaller or a larger number of currencies in an exchange rate index. Having more currencies means that the index can be more representative, but this can increase the risk that the ERI will reflect exchange rates against currencies from high-inflation economies with high rates of depreciation. As the ERI is often interpreted as a short term proxy measure for competitiveness, allowing the inflationary depreciation of one particular currency to affect the overall ERI has been regarded as undesirable. For this reason the Bank produces two sterling ERI indices: the principal index is the narrow measure composed of currencies relating to economies with a minimum 1.0 pp share of UK imports or exports over the latest three-year period of data. The broad index is correspondingly defined, but with a minimum threshold of 0.5pp.

As noted above, both the IMF and BIS maintain systems for ERI calculations for multiple exchange rates, including sterling. The IMF publish monthly data for its member country exchange rates in International Financial Statistics.

There are a number of ways to navigate around the Database, most easily from the links in the banner at the top of each page. Users can browse data by topic, financial category, economic/industrial sector and country, in addition to using search functionality and viewing tables (including interest and exchange rates data). The various browsing options and searches return results, from which users can select series of interest. The data topic approach allows users to drill down into a 'hierarchy' of data organised by subject and select relevant series of interest from within that list. There are also options to view charts for user defined series lists, or predefined visual summaries of data.

N.B. The exchange rates are not official rates and are no more authoritative than that of any commercial bank operating in the London foreign exchange market. Daily rates will be updated at 9:30am, no more than two working days after the date to which they relate.

1Exchange rates fluctuate, at times significantly, and you acknowledge and accept all risks that may result from such fluctuations. If we assign an exchange rate to your foreign exchange transaction, that exchange rate will be determined by us in our sole discretion based upon such factors as we determine relevant, including without limitation, market conditions, exchange rates charged by other parties, our desired rate of return, market risk, credit risk and other market, economic and business factors, and is subject to change at any time without notice. You acknowledge that exchange rates for retail and commercial transactions, and for transactions effected after regular business hours and on weekends, are different from the exchange rates for large inter-bank transactions effected during the business day, as may be reported in The Wall Street Journal or elsewhere. Exchange rates offered by other dealers or shown at other sources by us or other dealers (including online sources) may be different from our exchange rates. The exchange rate you are offered may be different from, and likely inferior to, the rate paid by us to acquire the underlying currency.

We provide all-in pricing for exchange rates. The price provided may include profit, fees, costs, charges or other mark ups as determined by us in our sole discretion. The level of the fee or markup may differ for each customer and may differ for the same customer depending on the method or venue used for transaction execution

We do not accept any liability for our exchange rates. Any and all liability for our exchange rates is disclaimed, including without limitation direct, indirect or consequential loss, and any liability if our exchange rates are different from rates offered or reported by third parties, or offered by us at a different time, at a different location, for a different transaction amount, or involving a different payment media (including but not limited to bank-notes, checks, wire transfers, etc.).

Unless a particular rate is required by law, we will use conversion rates based on interbank rates we select from customary industry sources on the business day prior to the processing date (called the "American Express Exchange Rate"). This rate may differ from rates that are in effect on the date of your transaction. Fluctuations may be significant.

His thesis was based around the ERM. It effectively did not allow the central banks of participating countries to adjust interest rates, thus making it difficult for them to regulate their economies independent of each other. Because of this the weaker economies and currencies were destined to get worse due to inability to combat inflation and unemployment. This was a ripe opportunity for speculators who believed this would become an issue and countries would be forced to devalue their currencies.

We offer a compendium of 147 international currencies with for each: a converter, information on the exchange rate* as of December 27, 2023 (source: XE.com), records of average rates over recent years, exchange rate regime and level of instability.

The site is curated by Sylaja Srinivasan (ESCoE, Bank of England) and Ryland Thomas (ESCoE, Bank of England). Please email ryland.thomas@bankofengland.co.uk for specific questions and suggestions for the repository and info@escoe.ac.uk for more general information and feedback.

On every working day at around 16:00 CET, the ECB publishes euro foreign exchange reference rates for 30 currencies. These reference rates are meant for information purposes only. The rates of the 30 currencies against the euro are averages of buying and selling rates and do not necessarily reflect the rates at which actual market transactions have been made.

To grasp how Soros made a fortune betting against the British pound entails some basic knowledge of how exchange rates between countries work, the macroeconomic tools governments use to fuel economies, and how hedge funds make trades.

With fixed exchange rates, Central Bankers must monitor the currency closely to ensure that the rates remain within the acceptable band. People trade currency every day, exchanging their currency to buy imports or sell exports; and the market applies pressure based on what it thinks the actual rate should be established on supply and demand for a currency. To keep the exchange rate fixed, governments need to participate in the market and stimulate it in certain directions.

Alternatively, banks can adjust exchange rates by toying with interest rates. Raising interest rates induces a flow of capital into your country, causing your national currency to appreciate and vice versa. On the surface, this may seem like the easier option, but a closer analysis reveals that tinkering around with interest rates is a huge deal, however, because interest rates affect the economy as a whole. Along with government spending, interest rates are the main lever governments can use to stimulate the economy and move it in the desired direction.

In some countries (especially east of the eurozone), an ATM may give you high-denomination bills, which can be difficult to break. My strategy: Request an odd amount (such as 2,800 Czech koruna instead of 3,000), and/or head right inside a bank to exchange your withdrawal for smaller bills. ff782bc1db

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