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The great historian of Assam Dr. S.K. Bhuyan wrote that one lesson which the tribal can teach us is their self-sufficiency in domestic economy. They are less dependent on supplies from outside. The craft here therefore bears the ancient tradition of the ethnic culture which the people cherich with pride. They curve out utensils from wood, they spin out cotton and make quilts and traditional apparels. In other words the craft of hill areas is a rare combination of aesthetic and technical intricacy.
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The Karbis mentioned as the Mikirs in the Constitution Order, Govt. of India, constitute an important ethnic group in the hill areas of Assam. However, they never call themselves Mikir but call themselves Karbi and sometimes Arleng which literally means a man. Although at present, they are found to inhabit in the Karbi Anglong District, nevertheless, some Karbi inhabited pockets are found in the North Cachar Hills, Kamrup, Morigaon, Nagaon and Sonitpur Districts also. Besides the original Karbi Tribes, there are also a large number of other tribal communities residing in the district. The prominent among them are :-
1. Dimasas in Dhansiri / Mohendijua area.
2. Bodos in Langhin area.
3. Kuki / Thadou / Hmar Tribes in Singhason and Koilamati araes.
4. Tiwas in the areas bordering Nagaon and Morigaon District.
5. Garos in Hamren Sub-division.
6. Man-tai speaking community inhabiting in Bokajan Sub-Division.
7. Some Khasi Tribes inhabiting in areas adjoining Meghalaya mostly in Hamren Sub-Division.
8. Scattered population of Chakmas mostly in Borlangphar area.
9. Rengma Nagas in Nilip Block area.
Racially the Karbis belong to the Mongoloid group and linguistically they belong to the Tibeto-Burman group. The original home of the various people speaking Tibeto-Burman languages was in western China near the Yang-Tee-Kiang and the Howang-ho rivers and from these places they went down the courses of the Brahmaputra, the Chindwin and the Irrawaddy and entered India and Burma. The Kabis, alongwith others entered Assam from Central Asia in one of the waves of migration.But, it is very difficult to trace the history of the early settlement of the Karbis bereft of any written documents and other evidence like archaeological remains, etc. Of course, in the old chronicles and Buranjis occasional references here and there were made to the people of this race. But from these references also it is very difficult to trace the chronological events of the Karbis. Their folk-tales and folk-lores are the only sources from which it can have an idea regarding their early history.
The folk-lores of the Karbis, however, indicate that during the long past, once they used to live on the banks of the rivers the Kalang and the Kapili and the entire Kajiranga area, the famous National Park situated in Assam, was within their habitation. During the reigns of the Kachari kings, they were driven to the hills and some of them entered into Jaintia hills, the erstwhile Jaintia kingdom and lived under the Jaintia suzerainty.
While a section of the Karbis remained in the Jaintia kingdom, others moved towards north-east by crossing the river Barapani, a tributory of the Kapili and entered into the Rongkhang Ranges. There they established their capital at a place called SOCHENG. Those who continued to live under the suzerainty of the Jaintia king had to face constant harassment at the hands of the Jaintias and this had compelled them to migrate north ward. A good number of them had entered into the Ahom territory and prayed for protection from the Barphukan at Raha. Thus migration took place at the beginning of the 17th Century. The Karbis who migrated to the Ahom kingdom had to face the Burmese invasion. The Burmese who invaded Assam perpetrated inhumane oppression on the people. The Karbis took refuge in the deep jungles and high hills leaving their hearth and home in the submountane regions. In order to save themselves from the greedy eyes of the Burmese invaders, the young Karbi girls started to use a black line from the forehead to the chin which is known a "DUK" with a view to making them ugly looking. While some of the Karbis migrated to lower Assam, some had crossed the Brahmaputra and settled in the north bank.
From the point of view of habitation, the Karbis are divided into 3(three) groups namely 'CHINTHONG', 'RONGHANG' and 'AMRI'. These groups are otherwise known as Chinthong, Nilip-Ronghang and Amri Marlong. Those who live in the plains districts are called 'DUMRALI'. Fundamentally, these groups do not differ each other and they should not be confused with clans.
The Karbis later on had shifted their capital to Niz Rongkhang from Socheng. The place Niz Rongkhang is also known as Ronghang Rongbong, situated about 16 kms south of Hamren, the subdivisional H.Q. of the Hamren Civil Sub-Division. There is a parliament called 'PINPOMAR' . The Pinpomar selected the traditional Karbi King called "LINGDOKPO". He still exercises his traditional authority in respect of socio-religious matters. Each village under the erstwhile Karbi kingdom was headed by a village headman called "RONG SARTHE". Several contiguous Karbi villages constituted one "LONGRI" and the administrative officicer of a Longri was called "HABE" or "HABAI". The kingdom had 12 (twelve) such Longris and these Longris were constituted into 4(four) "ARTUS" and each ARTU was goverened by an officer called Lingdok. And at the apex of the 4(four) Lingdoks was the king called "RECHO" or "LINGDOKPO".
The Karbis, like other tribes, have some traditional institutions which have been continuing from time immemorial. While some of the institutions are socio-political in nature, some are of economic character. Some of these institutions have proven outdated in the modern context and some are still continuing withstanding the wear and tear of time. Some of such institutions are as follows:
The traditional village council of the Karbis is called "ME" and this council is composed of all the elderly male members of the village. The council is presided by the Sarthe or Gaonbura, the village headman.All the village disputes which are not of very grave or serious nature are settled by it. The Me plays an important role in regulating the social, economic and religious life of the village.However, the Me has lost its original footing in the present context. Now, people prefer to go to the law courts instead of referring the disputes to the village Council.
The bachelors' dormitory of the Karbis, which is variously known as the Terang Ahem, Terang Hangbar, Farla, but more popular as "JIRKEDAM". In the plains area of the Karbi Anglong district where there are no bachelors' dormitories, the Risomar of the youth club, serves more or less the same purpose although the functionaries are different. The Zirkedam was originally designed to include males only but now the females are also accompanied although they do not occupy any officer of consequence. In fact, the participation in it means the preparation of the youth for the future. It is not merely a club, it is a school too. The dormitory is generally constructed in a central place of the village with locally available construction materials.The Jirkedam has 10 office bearers with its leader and deputy leader known as Kleng-Sarpo and Klengdun respectively.This traditional institution is, however, gradually dying as it fails to withstand the onslaught of rapid changes brought about by development activities including the spread of education.But, the spirit of offering a helping hand to the needy by the youths of a Karbi village has not yet been eroded by the absence of the building of the bachelors' dormitory.
The Karbis have 5(five) clans called "KUR". These are Terang, Teron, Enghee. Ingti and Timung. Each of the five clans has a number of Sub-clans. While Enghee and Timung have 30(thirty) sub-clans each, Terang and Teron have 6(six) sub-clans each and the remaining clan Ingti has only 4(four) sub-clans. These clans are completely exagamous and marriage between a boy and a girl belonging to the same clan can never take place since the children of the same clan are considered as brothers and sisters. Violation of this customary law obviously leads to ex-communication of the couple involved. Even in the cremation ground called Tipit or Thiri, area is kept demarcated for each clan. Although all the five clans are socially on an equality, Ingti being a priestly clan was supposed to have a higher status in former times.
Although, monogamy is the prevailing practice, there is no bar to polygamy and the cases of polygamy are very rare. Cross-cousin marriage is a preferential one. Like other tribal societies, the Karbis do not have the system of bride price. After marriage, the wife continues to use the surname of her father. But the children assume the title of their father. Thus, the Karbis follow the patriarchel system of family structure.
The settlement pattern of the Karbis is in the form of a village. Each village has a headman called Gaonbura or Sarthe who is appointed by the authority of Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council. But each revenue village has a number of hamlets situated kilometers apart. Each of the such hamlets has also a Gaonbura. Each Karbi village is named after the Gaonbura. The Karbis, like the other hill tribes, have a tendency to live on the hill tops. But the people generally donot live in compact areas. The villages are not only smaller in size, but scattered too. In the plains portion of the Karbi Anglong District where the Karbi people practise permanent cultivation and where the village headmen are quite strong, the villages are found to be stationery. But in the interior areas of the district where shifting cultivation is practised, shifting of village site is still in the practise. The reasons for continuing such a practise are sometimes economic and sometimes social. The following reasons can be ascribed to this: 152ee80cbc
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