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The thermal performance of a pavement is defined as the change in its temperature (most often surface temperature) over time as influenced by properties of the paving materials (e.g. albedo, thermal emittance, thermal conductivity, specific heat, and surface convection) and by the ambient environmental conditions (sunlight, wind, air temperature). It can also be influenced by evaporative cooling, which is related to ambient conditions, permeability, and the availability of near surface water (most often a factor if fully pervious pavement systems are used).

Emittance is the efficiency with which a surface emits radiant energy, and is defined as the ratio of energy radiated by the surface to the energy radiated by a black body (a perfect absorber and emitter) at the same temperature. Emittance ranges from 0 (no emission) to 1 (perfect emission). Thermal emittance is the emittance of a surface near 300 K (81 F or 27 C). Most nonmetallic surfaces have thermal emittances in the range of 0.80 to 0.95. The thermal emittances of dense-graded concrete and asphalt are similar, being in the range of 0.90 to 0.95.

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Of these material properties, albedo is the most important with regards to how pavements interact thermally with the environment when exposed to sunlight. Thermal emittance, thermal conductivity, and specific heat capacity of the materials are second order factors (Li et al. 2013).

On a summer afternoon, urban areas are generally warmer than surrounding rural locations (Jones et al. 1990), as illustrated in figure 1 (EPA 2003). This urban-rural air temperature difference, known as the urban heat island effect (UHIE), is driven by a variety of factors including the prevalence of dark, dry surfaces in cities and heavily urbanized locations.

Although urban heat islands (UHIs) are most often thought of as existing in the atmosphere above the city, they actually exist at many different levels, including at the ground/pavement surface, in the air just above the surface (near-surface), and in the ambient air temperatures well above street level, as well as in the atmosphere above the city. In many cases, it is convenient to consider near-surface heat islands, which are characterized by increased ambient air temperature just above the ground/pavement surface, typically at 3 to 6 feet (1 to 2 m) where human outdoor activities occur (Li et al. 2013). Surface and near-surface heat islands can potentially affect human thermal comfort, air quality, and energy use of buildings and vehicles. Atmospheric heat islands can affect communities by increasing summertime peak energy demand, electrical grid reliability, air conditioning costs, air pollution and GHG emissions, heat-related illness and death, and water quality.

Solar reflectance of paved surfaces can be a strong contributor to pavement warming and this warming has the potential to impact the UHIE in those built environments that experience hot weather and are large enough to generate a heat island. Typical albedo values range from 0.04 to 0.16 for asphalt pavements and from 0.18 to 0.35 for concrete pavements (Pomerantz et al. 2003), although the albedo of new concrete can be as high as 0.69 (Marceau and VanGeem 2007). These albedo values are correlated to the color of the pavement whether it is asphalt (black) or concrete (grey or white), but the exposure of aggregates at the surface also plays a role in determining albedo. New asphalt pavements are quite black and have little exposed aggregate and thus have low albedos (typically less than 0.10). This will result in high pavement surface temperatures during hot, sunny periods when not shaded by trees or buildings (Li et al. 2013). With pavement albedo values around 0.10, extreme high pavement surface temperatures of 158 to 176 F (70 to 80 C) have been measured on hot summer days in mid-afternoon in Phoenix, Arizona, and up to 158 F (70 C) for similar pavements in Davis, California (Li et al. 2013). Figure 2 illustrates how pavement surface temperatures are greatly affected by pavement albedo in Phoenix (Cambridge Systematics 2005). It is noted that pavement albedo changes with time, with the albedo of concrete pavements getting lower and those of asphalt pavements increasing as they age (see figure 3).

When it comes to heating asphalt, shell and tube heat exchangers can certainly be a viable option. However, to handle the extreme temperatures and corrosive nature of asphalt, the heat exchanger must be expertly designed and constructed with the highest quality materials.

Using a shell and tube heat exchanger to heat asphalt allows for flexibility in design, as you can choose to place the asphalt on the tube side using larger diameter tubes, or on the shell side using baffles to carefully direct the fluid flow. In either case, the opposite side would utilize hot oil or steam to generate the necessary heat to maintain fluidity.

Corrosion Resistance. At Enerquip, we craft our shell and tube heat exchangers using durable materials such as carbon steel, stainless steel, and high-grade alloys, ensuring exceptional resistance to corrosion and wear.

Code Stamped. Our shell and tube heat exchangers are engineered in accordance with the most rigorous industry standards, including TEMA C, B, or R and ASME code, ensuring safety, reliability, and compliance.

Customization. With Enerquip, customization is only limited by your imagination. From heavy-duty davit arms and hinge assemblies to insulation jackets, saddle supports, vacuum breakers, and beyond, we can customize your shell and tube heat exchanger to your unique specifications.

In addition to proper design, regular maintenance and cleaning are essential for the longevity and efficient operation of the heat exchanger. Regular inspections and cleaning prevent buildup of asphalt or other debris that can reduce heat transfer efficiency and damage equipment.

Asphalt heaters are used for heating asphalt, tar, A/C 20, blown asphalt used in roofing and shingle production, and other viscous liquids. They operate by directly heating the asphalt flowing through the serpentine coil pipe, and the flue gas from a burner flows over the pipe and helical fins.

Serpentine Coil. In the radiant section of the heater, heat is transferred to the front, sides and back of the serpentine coil. This allows for more even heat distribution, less coil degradation, longer tube life, and higher operating oil temperatures.

Helically Finned Pipes. The finned pipes in the convection section (economizer) significantly enhance the surface area, allowing the flue gas to flow around the pipes and for the asphalt heater to utilize a minimal number of pipe rows.

Economizer Built-In. To further enhance efficiency, our asphalt heaters come with a specially engineered economizer built in. This addition can increase the overall heater efficiency by up to 10%.

Forecasters predict another heat wave in Phoenix this week after the U.S. National Weather Service declared the city had sweltered under high temperatures above 43C (115F) for 30 consecutive days in July. Across Europe, high temperature records have tumbled this summer and major heat waves in much of the world are expected to persist through August.

During heat waves, a substantial amount of the sun's energy is absorbed and reflected by surfaces exposed to its rays, leading to their temperatures increasing significantly. These warm surfaces then transfer their heat to the surrounding air, increasing the overall air temperature. While some permeable and moist surfaces, like grass or soil, absorb less heat, other construction materials like asphalt or concrete are capable of absorbing as much as 95% of the sun's energy, which is then radiated back into the surrounding atmosphere.

During days when the thermometer shows 38C (100F), this temperature refers to air temperature, which meteorologists usually measure over a metre (several feet) above the surface. However, at those temperatures, surfaces such as asphalt or cement can reach temperatures higher than 65C (149F), which can cause skin burns. It's important to be aware of these surface temperatures and take precautions to avoid injuries.

These are also areas with high concentrations of people. In Europe, nearly half of schools and hospitals in cities are located in urban heat islands, exposing vulnerable populations to health-threatening temperatures as climate change impacts worsen, according to the European Union's environment agency.

Urban heat islands are created through a combination of factors. Green spaces and vegetation play a vital role in reducing surface temperatures through evapotranspiration, where plants release water to the surrounding air, dissipating ambient heat. Meanwhile, urban geometry, with its obstructive structures, traps heat at night. Additionally, urban surfaces absorb and store more heat compared to natural ground cover, raising temperatures further. Understanding these factors helps us create cooler and more sustainable cities. ff782bc1db