Arsi University

Background: Blood can save millions of lives. Even though people do not donate blood regularly, there is a constant effort to balance the supply and demand of blood. The aim of this study was, therefore, to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of blood donation between university students.

Background: A mental health problem is a significant cause of overall disease burden globally. Among this problem, stress and depression are the central problems observed among university students due to the transitional nature. Consequently, the problem has an adverse effect on the wellbeing and academic performance of students.

Arsi University

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A study conducted in Jimma University showed that 45.9% of the students with perceived illnesses practiced self-medication [4] . The incidence of self-medication within university students in other similar studies was found to be 76% in Karachi, 54% in Turkey, 88% in Croatia and 94% in Hong Kong [5] . In another study conducted in Addis Ababa and central Ethiopia, the magnitude of self-medication was as high as 50% [6] . The study carried out in North West Ethiopia showed 27.2% self-medication prevalence in the study areas [7] .

Arsi University is one of the youngest higher education institutions in Ethiopia and established in 2014 by Council of Ministers. Before it became an independent university it was a branch campus of Adama Science & Technology University with two schools previously known as school of Health Sciences and school of Agriculture located at Asella city. Currently Arsi University has five colleges, one school, one institute and one academy. The Health Science College had begun its academic service by enrolling 100 Medicine students. Currently, there are total of 627 Medicine, 106 Public Health Officer, 102 Clinical Nursing, 143 Midwifery and 13 Anesthesia students at different level of year of study.

Assumption two: The sample size for the second objective (investigating factors for self-medication) was calculated based two proportions formula [9] . Among the different predictors of self-medication, gender has the maximum yield to estimate the required sample size. A power of 80%, a 5% of level of significance and ratio 1:1 (exposed and unexposed) were assumed. Moreover, the assumption on magnitudes includes a 43.4% of males and 56.3% of females university students in South Western Nigeria was reported practices of self-medi- cation [10] . Hence; using EPI Info version 3.5.2 statistical program (CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA), the final sample size of the study was 575 (500 + 15% non-response rate) which produce the largest sample size of the two objectives.

Most of the drugs for self-medication were obtained from drug outlets 184 (61.50%), shop/supermarkets 89 (29.80%), relatives/friends 72 (24.10%) and left over from previous drugs 57 (19.1%). The study participants were asked about their source of information on self-medication and almost half 154 (51.5%) students learned self-medication from own experience, followed by 98 (32.8%) advise form pharmacy professions (Figure 1). The major reasons indicated for self-medication by respondents were: they perceived their illness as mildor disease not serious 132 (44.1%), followed by poor quality of routine health care services at university clinic 81 (27.1%) and it saves their time 60 (20.3%) (Figure 2).

Since factors like sex, age, field of study and attitude toward self-medication (Self-medication is accepted for low income) has P-value less than or equal to 0.2, a multivariate analysis was then carried out to evaluate the effect of adjusted variables on each other against the dependent variable. The odds of being female university student was 2 fold accessed self-medication than their counter part males with Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 1.84 with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) : 1.01 - 3.34, P = 0.046. With regards to field of studies, students of midwifery were 3 folds accessed self-medication than their counter part students of medicine (AOR 2.78; 95%CI = 1.03, 7.39, P = 0.043). Those students who accepted self-medication for low income segment of the population 2 folds accessed self-medication than their counter part who disagree (AOR 1.76; 95%CI = 1.02, 3.06, P = 0.04) (Table 4).

Non-seriousness of the illness & saving time was the two major reasons of self-medication in this study. This result was expected as university students are busy of learning activities. So the university clinic needs to find ways by which it will decrease waiting time to see physicians. Factors like emergency use, cost, prior experiences, and knowledge of pharmacology & service quality are frequently reported in literature and different surveys [17] . Study conducted in India showed that conventional idea and time saving were two most common reasons for self-medication among all students [18] . Another studies conducted in India reported that lack of time, quick relief from illness, ease & convenience was some of the reason for self-medication [19] .

In conclusion, a significant number of students, 77.1%, accessed to and practiced self-medication among those reported illness during the study period. Female university students had more practice of self-medication than their counter part males. Headache and gastrointestinal disease were the most commonly reported conditions for self-medication practices in the current study. Antibiotics and analgesics were the most commonly reported types of medications consumed in self-medications, drug retail outlets were the major sources of drugs and contributed to increasing practice for self-medication. The major reasons indicated for self-medication by respondents were their perceived towards their illness as it is mild, the quality of health care at university clinics is poor and self-medication saves their time. Most respondents believed to practice self-medication as they are health professionals & also they considered it as right to practice for low income segments of the populations. Finally, to address this high prevalence of self-medication and promote rational drug use among university health science students, conducting tailored behavioral change communication strategies by the health authorities, universities and other stakeholders is recommended. In addition, the gender difference observed in this study, investigators recommended an exploratory qualitative research.

Duguma Adugna, president of the University, confirmed the security problem. He said that Federal police and members of Ethiopian Defense Forces are on-site and that the university is working on to solve the problem.

Our Ambassadors identify scholarship and funding opportunities at their university or in their country and share scholarships and other educational opportunities with their fellow students. Ambassadors are also encouraged to implement additional projects and initiatives at the local level aimed at promoting access to scholarships, funding and career opportunities for students, graduates and young professionals in and from Africa.

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ASTU Non-Health Science and Arsi university Health Science regular undergraduate at least 18 years old and those students who were from third-year up to the fifth-year were included. Those students who were critically ill during the data collection time, distance program students, weekend students, postgraduate students, students who had chronic disease and mentally challenged students were excluded.

The study revealed that 79.4% of Health Science students shown to have good knowledge about blood donation. This is comparable to a study conducted in Addis Ababa university Health Science students, which was (83.6%) [17]; But this is higher when compared with the study conducted on Health Science students in Tamil Nadu, India in which around 35.6% of the respondents shown to have a good level of knowledge [18]. It is also higher than the study conducted on Health Science students of Manipur (9%) [19]. This difference might be related to the background of the students.

On June, 2012 I obtained my master by Master of Public Health (MPH) from Addis Ababa University. After I have returned back from my master program, I was serving as Madda Walabu University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Academic vice dean, again also I have served from 2015 until I was transfer on 2016 to Arsi University as Madda Walabu University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences quality assurance coordinator. I did community services by giving training for the community members on harmful traditional practice, teaching and doing research and publication beside to the duties which were given for me by the university.

Now I am teaching in Arsi university, College of health Sciences, Department of public health different courses like Reproductive health, Health education, CDC, Population Development, Nutrition, Research Methods, Health ethics and public health law etc. for both post graduate public health and under graduate public health, Nursing, Midwifery and Medicine students.

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The RePEc plagiarism page The mediating role of perceived behavioral control in the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions of university students in EthiopiaMessele Kumilachew Aga (Obfuscate( 'gmail.com', 'obsi2011' ))

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Messele Kumilachew Aga: Arsi UniversityJournal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 2023, vol. 12, issue 1, 1-18Abstract:Abstract Unemployment of graduates from higher education institutions has become a common phenomenon in Ethiopia. To minimize this problem, entrepreneurship development and promoting entrepreneurial ecosystems have been considered as a remedy. Among others, this could be achieved through fostering entrepreneurship education. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the mediating role of perceived behavioral control in the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions in Ethiopian Universities. Explanatory research design was used and data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire from a sample of 335 undergraduate students who have taken the course entrepreneurship in four Ethiopian universities. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach using AMOS software was employed and confirmed both measurement and structural model fit before analysis. Then, the findings revealed that entrepreneurship education has a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurial intentions and perceived behavioral control. Moreover, perceived behavioral control positively predicts entrepreneurial intentions. The findings further explained that perceived behavioral control has a partial mediating effect in the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions. Therefore, universities in Ethiopia should work on different initiatives that enhance knowledge, attitude, and skills of students on entrepreneurship that could help them to develop perceived behavioral control so as to enhance their intentions to become nascent entrepreneur after their graduation.Keywords: Entrepreneurship education; Entrepreneurial intentions; Perceived behavioral control; Ethiopia; University students (search for similar items in EconPapers)

Date: 2023

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