But what happens if the conductor acquires an excess of positive charge? What if electrons are removed from a conductor at a given location, giving the object an overall positive charge? If protons cannot move, then how can the excess of positive charge distribute itself across the surface of the material? While the answers to these questions are not as obvious, it still involves a rather simple explanation that once again relies on the two fundamental rules of charge interaction. Opposites attract and likes repel. Suppose that a conducting metal sphere is charged on its left side and imparted an excess of positive charge. (Of course, this requires that electrons be removed from the object at the location of charging.) A multitude of atoms in the region where the charging occurs have lost one or more electrons and have an excess of protons. The imbalance of charge within these atoms creates effects that can be thought of as disturbing the balance of charge within the entire object. The presence of these excess protons in a given location draws electrons from other atoms. Electrons in other parts of the object can be thought of as being quite contented with the balance of charge that they are experiencing. Yet there will always be some electrons that will feel the attraction for the excess protons some distance away. In human terms, we might say these electrons are drawn by curiosity or by the belief that the grass is greener on the other side of the fence. In the language of electrostatics, we simply assert that opposites attract - the excess protons and both the neighboring and distant electrons attract each other. The protons cannot do anything about this attraction since they are bound within the nucleus of their own atoms. Yet, electrons are loosely bound within atoms; and being present in a conductor, they are free to move. These electrons make the move for the excess protons, leaving their own atoms with their own excess of positive charge. This electron migration happens across the entire surface of the object, until the overall sum of repulsive effects between electrons across the whole surface of the object are minimized.

While vibrant urban planning should have a positive impact on liveability, not every city is Copenhagen, nor is there a silver bullet to improve social interaction in cities. Urban planners need to ask themselves who it is they are targeting; indeed, municipal investments may benefit some socio-economic groups more than others. For example, lower-income groups might get pushed out of a neighbourhood by virtue of well-meaning infrastructure improvements that lead to gentrification, and other developments such as allocating public space for outdoor restaurant seating are more likely to benefit middle- or high-income groups.


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 Learning about the elderly population in Japan As a homework assignment, students will read an online text (including statistical data) that describes: (1) the rapid growth of the elderly Japanese population, and (2) the economic power of the population as an indicator of the expanding elderly consumer market in Japan. Students will answer reading questions provided by the instructor and prepare for an in-class discussion on the following day. 589ccfa754

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