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Background & objectives: West Nile virus (WNV) is considered one of the most widely distributed arboviruses in the world which is transmitted by several mosquito species including the Culex genus. Culex pipiens is the major vector of this virus in Europe and USA whereas in African countries, other species such as Cx. perexiguus is considered as an important vector. This paper aimed to study the mosquito species involved in WNV transmission in Aougrout, one of the highly populated Oasis of Timimoun Province in Algeria where human WNV neuroinvasive diseases are prevalent.

We investigated the ecological differentiation of two members of the Culex pipiens complex, Cx. p. pipiens form pipiens and Cx. p. pipiens form molestus in three sites, El-Kala, M'Sila and Tinerkouk in Algeria. These two forms are the most widespread mosquito vectors in temperate regions exhibiting important behavioural and physiological differences. Nevertheless, this group of potential vectors has been poorly studied, particularly in North Africa.

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For a better implementation of vector control measures, molecular identification, biological and ecological characterisation of the Cx. p. pipiens forms present in Algeria is of prime importance. In this study, we used the microsatellite locus CQ11 to analyse samples of Cx. p. pipiens collected in both aboveground and underground habitats in three bioclimatic regions of the country (humid, sub-arid and arid). Reproductive strategies of Cx. pipiens complex forms were compared for a better understanding of their adaptability according to their environment.

This study corroborates that the human-biting Culex pipiens pipiens is a ubiquitous mosquito well adapted to a wide range of environments through the expression of a biological plasticity for mating and reproduction. Intriguingly, whatever the habitat (urban, sub-urban or rural) and the type of breeding site (above- and underground), the proportion of autogenous and stenogamous mosquitoes increased from El-Kala in the humid bioclimatic region to Tinerkouk in the arid desert region and consequently, fecundity and fertility also increased. Molecular identification underlines the predominance of Cx. p. pipiens form molestus and hybrids which may increase the WNV transmission [26]. Fonseca et al. [21] showed using molecular markers, that in North America 40 % of Cx. pipiens females have genetical characteristics of hybrids between the two European biotypes, molestus and typical pipiens (s.s.): they feed readily on both birds and humans thereby serving as efficient bridge vectors of WNV.

The growth and development of mosquitoes are largely determined by the environmental conditions experienced during the immature stages [27]. The quality and quantity of the larval diet shapes adult phenotypes, some of which may be important determinants of vectorial capacity [28]. The chemical and physical analysis of 10 larval breeding sites showed that Cx. p. pipiens larvae develop at high densities in water moderately charged in organic matter. A highly polluted breeding site can inhibit larval development. The adaptive potential of Cx. pipiens (s.l.) is remarkable; larvae are able to breed in a great variety of habitats and adults to survive in different biotopes. The two forms, pipiens and molestus, presented specific biological requirements, which led them to colonize distinct biotopes. The anautogenous pipiens form needs to blood feed on accessible hosts imposing them to breed in aboveground sites (e.g. open ditches, rain barrels, etc.) whereas the autogenous molestus form colonizes underground sites (e.g. subways, covered wells, etc.) [29, 30]. High organic contents is mainly associated with autogenous mosquitoes [31, 32].

In an anticipated result, the expression of some biological characteristics such as autogeny and stenogamy differs from northern breeding sites to southern ones, from the humid bioclimatic region in the north to the arid desert region in the south. The underground site in Tinerkouk was exposed to relatively high concentrations of dissolved organic matter and also to high temperatures compared to a similar site in El-Kala (see Table 1). Tinerkouk site also hosted Cx. p. pipiens expressing the highest levels of autogeny and stenogamy attributed mostly to hybrids and to a lesser extent, to molestus form as it was expected (see Table 2). It is well documented that nutritional factors [57] as well as exposure to high temperatures [58] can cause epigenetic alterations resulting in an increase of global DNA methylation. Changes in DNA methylation whose level varied inversely with gene transcription seemed to play a role in facilitating plasticity in response to environmental stress leading to micro-evolutionary changes in populations [59]. A clear example of how environment plays an important role in shaping the epigenome is represented by monozygotic twins, who are epigenetically indistinguishable early in life but with age exhibit substantial differences in epigenetic markers [60]. The effect of environment on epigenome changes is obvious even in flowering plants where vernalization requires methylation of specific histone arginine and lysine residues [61, 62], revealing a link between temperature and chromatin state. It would be tempting to speculate that autogeny and stenogamy are induced phenotypes that can be transmitted to the progeny with consequences on their vectorial potential.

Background: In Algeria, little focus was placed on camels as hosts of tick-borne bacterial diseases. Recent studies showed a high prevalence of tick infestation in dromedaries. Transmission of various pathogenic micro organisms to camels by ticks imposes considerable economic losses to livestock and greatly impact on human and animal health. The aim of our study was to investigate the occurrence of vector-borne zoonotic bacteria in camels from Algeria.

Methodology: Blood samples were collected from 80 randomly selected camels in Laghouat province, southern Algeria. The samples were screened for Anaplasma spp, Bartonella spp, Rickettsia spp and Coxiella burnetii by qPCR. All positive samples were confirmed by standard PCR followed by sequencing. Data on age, sex, tick infestation and location of the camels were analyzed using the SPSS version 17.0 and association of these with vector-borne bacterial pathogens was determined using Chi-square (2) test. P value lower than 0.05 wasconsidered as indicative of significance.

Results: Twenty five of the 80 (31.3%) camels were positive to at least one vector-borne bacterial pathogen with Anaplasma phagocytophilum (22.5%, 18/80) being the most prevalent species, followed by Anaplasma platys (7.5%, 6/80) and Bartonella dromedarii (2.5%, 2/80). Only one camel was co-infected with two pathogens. All samples tested negative for Rickettsia spp and Coxiella burnetii. None of the factors (age, sex, tick infestation and study sites) was significantly associated with prevalence of vector-borne bacteria in the camels (p>0.05).

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All of our editable Algeria vector maps are instantly downloadable digital files in either editable PDF or Adobe Illustrator format. Because each of our Algeria digital maps is available in the Adobe Illustrator or editable PDF format, both of which use a vector based approach to displaying images, you can easily zoom into any portion of our maps without any degradation in the quality of the text, lines and symbols of the map --- regardless of the magnification factor. Using a vector graphics editor such as CorelDraw, Freehand or Illustrator, you can then easily crop portions of your map, add custom symbols, and change colors and font attributes as you need. We have a wide-variety Algeria vector maps with varying levels of detail from simple blank outlines to highly-detailed maps with roads and terrain layers.

LeadDog creates and maintains industry leading GIS street, road and POI maps for Algeria. With accurate and up-to-date spatial data, our Algerian vector maps are in use by telecommunications, GPS tracking, fleet logistics, site selection and online mapping.

This land cover data set is derived from the original raster based Globcover regional (Africa) archive. It has been post-processed to generate a vector version at national extent with the LCCS regional legend (46 classes). This database can be analyzed in the GLCN software Advanced Database Gateway (ADG), which provides a user-friendly interface and advanced functionalities to breakdown the LCCS classes in their classifiers for further aggregations and analysis.

This land cover product is a vector version (ESRI shape) of the Globcover archive that was published in 2008 as result of an initiative launched in 2004 by the European Space Agency (ESA). Globcover is currently the most recent (2005) and resoluted (300 m) datasets on land cover globally. Given the need of this valuable information for environmental studies, natural resources management and policy formulation, through activities of the Global Land Cover Network (GLCN) programme, the Globcover has been reprocessed to generate databases at national extent that can be analyzed through the Advanced Database Gateway software (ADG) by GLCN. ADG is a cross-cutting interrogation software that allows the easy and fast recombination of land cover polygons according to the individual end-user requirements. Aggregated land cover classes can be generated not only by name, but also using the set of existing classifiers. ADG uses land cover data with a Land Cover Classification System (LCCS) legend.The ADG software is available for download on the GLCN web site at _7_en.jsp 17dc91bb1f