How can transcranial magnetic stimulation change neural plasticity and the underlying behaviours?

Cortical paired associative stimulation (cPAS), a transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol, involves repetitive low-frequency paired stimulation from two cortical regions which can increase (long term potentiation-like) or decrease (depression-like) excitability depending on the interval between stimulation . If stimulation of a cortical input arrives just before the TMS pulse, it excites cortical interneurons and increases discharge probability of the TMS pulse. Repeated pulse pairing increases the inter-neuronal response to TMS enhancing cortical output.

Deep brain stimulation - for biomarkers and precise modulation