(2) When an FPCON level is set, certain force protection measures are implemented. For example, if an Army garrison elevates to FPCON Charlie, you might see increased security measures at the gates, or even gate closures and the presence of additional security forces.
Sleep disturbances have been associated with unemployment, but variation in sleep-wake patterns by labor force status has rarely been examined. With a population-based sample, we investigated differences in sleep-wake patterns by labor force status (employed, unemployed, and not-in-the-labor-force) and potential disparities by sociodemographic variables. The analysis included 130,602 adults aged 25-60 y, who participated in the American Time Use Survey between 2003 and 2019. Individual sleep-wake pattern was extracted from time use logs in a strict 24-h period (04:00 h-03:59 h). Functional nonparametric regression models based on dimensionality reduction and neighborhood matching were applied to model the relationship between sleep-wake patterns and labor force status. Specifically, we predicted changes in intra-person sleep-wake patterns under hypothetical changes of labor force status from employed to unemployed or not-in-the-labor-force. We then studied moderations of this association by gender, race/ethnicity and educational attainment. In comparison to the employed state, unemployed and not-in-the-labor-force states were predicted to have later wake-times, later bedtimes, and higher tendency for taking midday naps. Changes in labor force status led to more apparent shifts in wake-times than in bedtimes. Additionally, sleep schedules of Hispanics and those with higher education level were more vulnerable to the change of labor force status from employed to unemployed.
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Labour force status refers to whether a person was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the reference period. The labour force consists of persons who contribute or are available to contribute to the production of goods and services falling within the System of National Accounts production boundary.
'Labour force status' is used to describe the currently active population and to produce measures of employment and unemployment based on current economic activity. Because the intention is to determine if a person is employed or unemployed at a specific moment in time, a relatively short reference period such as a week is used.
Information on labour force status is typically collected for persons 15 years or over and excludes institutional residents. The population included in the study should be specified.
Labour force status of a person is derived. It is derived from the following information:
1. Whether the person worked during the reference period;
2. Whether the person was absent from work during the reference period;
3. The person's reason for absence from work during the reference period;
4. Whether the person looked for work in the four weeks ending with the reference period;
5. Whether the person has a job to start within four weeks from the reference period;
6. The person's availability for work; and
7. The reason the person is not available for work.
Persons in the labour force are those who were either employed or unemployed during the reference period.
Employed persons include those who during the reference period:
1. Had paid work either as an employee or were self-employed;
2. Did unpaid family work, unpaid family work is defined as work contributing directly to a farm, business or professional practice owned and operated by a related member of the household;
3. Had a job but were absent from work due to illness or disability, personal or family responsibilities, vacation or labour dispute;
4. Were not at work because of their work schedule (e.g. shift work); or
5. Were not working because they were self-employed and had no work available.
Persons not at work because they are on layoff or are between casual jobs or because their job starts at a future date are not considered employed.
Unemployed persons include those who during the reference period:
1. Were without work but had looked for work in the past four weeks ending with the reference period and were available for work;
2. Were on temporary layoff due to business conditions and were available for work; or
3. Were without work, had a job to start within four weeks of the reference period and were available for work.
This standard follows those set by the International Labour Organisation (ILO), particularly those adopted by the Thirteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS). The ILO recognises two frameworks for analysing labour force activity: one for the "currently active population" and the other for the "usually active population". These two frameworks differ not just in the length of the reference period but also in other fundamental ways. The usually active framework studies the main economic activity of the person rather than focusing on current activity. The classification scheme used for usual activity also differs in that it is based on the comparative lengths of time spent as unemployed, employed or not usually active over a longer reference period such as a year. This labour force status standard follows the "currently active population" framework that is recognised by the ILO.
These standards also follow the System of National Accounts definition in that persons who are in the labour force are those who do work that is within the production boundary of the System of National Accounts.
Those engaged in unpaid services such as community and volunteer services or unpaid domestic services are not considered to be part of the labour force by this standard or by the international standards set by the Thirteenth ICLS. Only persons who contribute or are available to contribute to the production of goods and services falling within the System of National Accounts production boundary are counted as part of the labour force.
The United Nations and the ILO state that while information on economic activity should in principle cover the entire population, in practice it is collected for each person at or above a certain age set according to the conditions in that country. The United Nations recommends that tabulations on economic characteristics should distinguish at a minimum, persons of 15 years and over from those under 15. They also use the term "adult unemployment rate" to refer to the proportion of the adult (aged 15 years and older) labour force that is unemployed.
Sources:
International Labour Office, Ralf Hussmanns, Farhad Mehran, and Vijay Verma, Surveys of economically active population, employment, unemployment and underemployment: An ILO manual on concepts and methods (Geneva, 1990).
European Commission, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations and World Bank, System of National Accounts 2008 (New York, 2009).
Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Division, United Nations, Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses, Revision 2 (New York, 2008).
United Nations. Social Indicators (tables) (accessed: May 6, 2010).
The FSB has asked the TCFD to publish a further status report in September 2021 and undertake further analysis on the extent to which companies describe the financial impact of climate-related risks and opportunities on their businesses and strategies. The TCFD also plans to gain better insight into reporting practices of asset managers and asset owners to their clients and beneficiaries.
DOI_EMPLOYED: These variables contain the respondent's employment status at each interview date.
DOI_HOURS_WORKED: These variables contain the total hours per week the respondent was working at each interview date.
DOI_RETIRED: These variables indicate whether the respondent reported being retired at each interview date.
DOI_DISABLED: These variables indicate whether the respondent reported being disabled at each interview date
EMPLOYMENT STATUS RECODE: These variables provide a specific employment status in the week before the survey week for the respondent, based on the CPS section, for all years in which that section was included in the survey.
EMPLOYMENT STATUS RECODE (COLLAPSED): These variables provide a collapsed category version of the EMPLOYMENT STATUS RECODE variables.
The CPS sections of the NLSY79 instruments replicate the questions asked in the monthly Current Population Survey (CPS) of American households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Department of Labor. The primary purpose of the monthly CPS is to collect up-to-date information about the number of persons in the country who are employed, unemployed, or not looking for work during a given survey week. Results from the CPS surveys, released in the Bureau of Labor Statistics' monthly publication Employment and Earnings, provide detailed information classified by age, sex, race, and a variety of other characteristics, on the employment and unemployment experiences of the U.S. population. In the NLSY79 data, three series of variables provide information on respondents' current and weekly labor force status. A series of variables titled "ACTIVITY MOST OF SURVEY WEEK" (present for 1979-1993) and "EMPLOYMENT STATUS RECODE" (present for 1979-1998 and 2006) reflects the respondent's labor force status during the week before the survey week. The WEEKLY LABOR STATUS array variables contain the labor force status for each week since January 1, 1978. These point-in-time indicators are complemented by a set of summary measures, which provide a count of the total number of weeks a respondent occupied a given labor force status (such as working, unemployed, out of the labor force, in the active Armed Forces). Data are also available on the work experience of respondents' parents, spouses, and other household members. 17dc91bb1f
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