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Africana Philosophy from
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Africana Philosophy
Africana Philosophy
This series of episodes, co-written by Chike Jeffers of Dalhousie University, examines philosophy originating from Africa and the African diaspora. Beginning with the origins of humanity in Africa and philosophical literature in ancient Egypt, the story will go up to the twentieth century and beyond. Major themes include African oral traditions, reactions to the depredations of colonialism and enslavement, political philosophy and philosophy of race developed in the twentieth century, and the emergence of Africana thought within academia.
Locating and Debating Precolonial African Philosophy
Slavery and the Creation of Diasporic Africana Philosophy
Africana Philosophy in the Twentieth Century
Further Reading
• A. Afolayan and T. Falola (eds), The Palgrave Handbook of African Philosophy (New York: 2017).
• K.A. Appiah, In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture (New York: 1992).
• M.K. Asante and A.S. Abarry (eds), African Intellectual Heritage: A Book of Sources (Philadelphia: 1996).
• R.H. Bell, Understanding African Philosophy. A Cross-Cultural Approach to Classical and Contemporary Issues in Africa (New York: 2002).
• A.B. Bogues, Black Heretics, Black Prophets: Radical Political Intellectuals (New York: 2003).
• H. Brotz (ed.), African-American Social and Political Thought 1850–1920, revised ed. (New Brunswick: 1992).
• P.H. Coetzee and A.P.J. Roux (eds), The African Philosophy Reader. A Text with Readings (New York: 1998).
• E. Etieyibo (ed.), Method, Substance, and the Future of African Philosophy (Cham: 2018).
• E.C. Eze (ed.), Postcolonial African Philosophy: A Critical Reader (Cambridge: 1997).
• E.C. Eze (ed.), African Philosophy. An Anthology (Oxford: 1998).
• J.L. Garfield and W. Edelglass (eds), The Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy (New York: 2011), part VI (edited by A. Mosley and S.C. Ferguson II).
• L.R. Gordon (ed.), Existence in Black: An Anthology of Black Existential Philosophy (New York: 1997).
• L.R. Gordon, An Introduction to Africana Philosophy (New York: 2008).
• A. Graness (ed.), African Philosophy in an Intercultural Perspective (Heidelberg: 2022).
• A. Graness, Philosophie in Afrika (Berlin: 2023).
• B. Guy-Sheftall, Words of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought (New York: 1995).
• B. Hallen, A Short History of African Philosophy (Bloomington: 2002).
• L. Harris, Philosophy Born of Struggle: Anthology of Afro-American Philosophy from 1917 (Dubuque: 1983).
• P. Henry, Caliban's Reason: Introducing Afro-Caribbean Philosophy (New York: 2000).
• F.L. Hord (Mzee Lasana Okpara) and J.S. Lee (eds), I Am Because We Are: Readings in Africana Philosophy, revised ed. (Amherst: 2016).
• S.O. Imbo, An Introduction to African Philosophy (Lanham: 1998).
• B.B. Janz, Philosophy in an African Place (Lanham: 2009).
• C. Jeffers (ed.), Listening to Ourselves: A Multilingual Anthology of African Philosophy (Albany: 2013).
• T.L. Lott (ed.), African-American Philosophy: Selected Readings (Upper Saddle River: 2002).
• T.L. Lott and J.P. Pittman (eds), A Companion to African-American Philosophy (Malden: 2003).
• D.A. Masolo, African Philosophy in Search of Identity (Bloomington: 1994).
• J. McDade (ed.), The Philosophical Forum: Special Issue: Philosophy and Black Experience 9 (Winter-Spring 1977-1978).
• C.W. Mills, Blackness Visible: Essays on Philosophy and Race (Ithaca: 1998).
• J.A. Montmarquet and W.H. Hardy (eds), Reflections: An Anthology of African American Philosophy (Belmont: 2000).
• A. Mosley (ed.), African Philosophy: Selected Readings (Englewood Cliffs: 1995).
• O. Ogunnaike, Exploring Africana Philosophy (forthcoming, Equinox Press).
• L.T. Outlaw, Jr., On Race and Philosophy (New York: 1996).
• J.P. Pittman (ed.), African-American Perspectives and Philosophical Traditions (New York: 1996).
• T. Serequeberhan (ed.), African Philosophy: The Essential Readings (New York: 1991).
• T. Serequeberhan, Our Heritage: The Past in the Present of African-American and African Existence (Lanham: 2000).
• I.E. Ukpokolo (ed.), Themes, Issues and Problems in African Philosophy (Cham: 2017).
• K. Wiredu (ed.) A Companion to African Philosophy (Malden: 2004).
• G. Yancy (ed.), African-American Philosophers: 17 Conversations (New York: 1998).
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Africana Philosophy
Online bibliography on African philosophy.
==
Locating and Debating Precolonial African Philosophy
Locating and Debating Precolonial African Philosophy
The first group of episodes on Africana philosophy really does begin at the very beginning, as we consider the hypothesis that philosophy is a universal human activity and was already present in prehistoric Africa. From there we move on to the philosophical texts of ancient Egypt, focusing on works of ethical instruction and dialogue, and then to precolonial philosophical texts from Ethiopia and Islamic intellectual traditions in sub-Saharan Africa. Our focus turns after that to attempts to delineate philosophical ideas in African oral traditions and the debate sparked by these attempts. What can we learn and what should we say about traditional African ideas concerning time, God, or the human person?
Look out for interviews with Souleymane Bachir Diagne, Samuel Imbo, Teodros Kiros, Kai Kresse, Nkiru Nzegwu, Richard Parkinson, and co-host Chike Jeffers!
Further Reading
• L. Apostel, African Philosophy: Myth or Reality? (Gent: 1981).
• M.K. Asante, The Egyptian Philosophers: Ancient African Voices from Imhotep to Akhenaten (Chicago: 2000).
• P.O. Bodunrin (ed.), Philosophy in Africa: Trends and Perspectives (Ife: 1995).
• L.M. Brown, African Philosophy. New and Traditional Perspectives (New York: 2004).
• G. Floistad (ed.), African Philosophy (Dordrecht: 1987).
• R. Finnegan, Oral Literature in Africa (Oxford: 1970).
• D. Forde (ed.), African Worlds: Studies in the Cosmological Ideas and Social Values of African Peoples (Oxford: 1954).
• S. Gbadegesin, African Philosophy: Traditional Yoruba Philosophy and Contemporary African Realities (New York: 1991).
• K. Gyekye, An Essay on African Philosophical Thought: The Akan Conceptual Scheme (Cambridge: 1987).
• B. Hallen, A Short History of African Philosophy (Bloomington: 2002).
• C.B. Hilliard (ed.), Intellectual Traditions of Pre-Colonial Africa (Boston: 1998).
• P.J. Hountondji, African Philosophy: Myth and Reality (London: 1983).
• S.O. Imbo, An Introduction to African Philosophy (Lanham: 1998).
• J. Jahn, Muntu: African Culture and the Western World, trans. M. Grene (New York: 1961).
• B.B. Janz, Philosophy in an African Place (Lanham: 2009).
• C. Jeffers (ed.), Listening to Ourselves: A Multilingual Anthology of African Philosophy (Albany: 2013).
• M. Kebede, Africa's Quest for a Philosophy of Decolonization (Amsterdam: 2004).
• S. Kwame (ed.), Readings in African Philosophy: An Akan Collection (Lanham: 1995).
• D.A. Masolo, African Philosophy in Search of Identity (Bloomington: 1994).
• J.S. Mbiti, African Religions and Philosophy (London: 1969).
• D.A. Masolo and I. Carp (eds), African Philosophy as Cultural Inquiry (Bloomington: 2000).
• F. Ochieng'-Odhiambo, Trends and Issues in African Philosophy (New York: 2010).
• O. Ogunnaike, “African Philosophy Reconsidered: Africa, Religion, Race, and Philosophy,” Journal of African Religions 5 (2017), 181-216.
• H.O. Oruka, Sage Philosophy: Indigenous Thinkers and Modern Debate on African Philosophy (Leiden: 1990).
• T. Serequeberhan (ed.), African Philosophy: The Essential Readings (New York: 1991).
• T. Serequeberhan, The Hermeneutics of African Philosophy: Horizon and Discourse (London: 1994).
• C. Sumner, Classical Ethiopian Philosophy (Los Angeles: 1994).
• R.F. Thompson, Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy (New York: 1983).
• K. Wiredu, Philosophy and an African Culture (Cambridge: 1980).
• K. Wiredu, Cultural Universals and Particulars: An African Perspective (Bloomington: 1997).
• K. Wiredu (ed.) A Companion to African Philosophy (Malden: 2004).
• K. Wiredu and K. Gyekye, Person and Community: Ghanaian Philosophical Studies I (Washington DC: 1992).
• R.A. Wright (ed.), African Philosophy. An Introduction (Washington: 1977).
==
1. Something Old, Something New: Introducing Africana Philosophy
2. It’s Only Human: Philosophy in Prehistoric Africa
3. Fertile Ground: Philosophy in Ancient Mesopotamia
4. Pyramid Schemes: Philosophy in Ancient Egypt
5. Father Knows Best: Moral and Political Philosophy in the Instructions
6. Heated Exchanges: Philosophy in Egyptian Narratives and Dialogues
7. Richard Parkinson on Egyptian Poetry
8. Solomon, Socrates, and Other Sages: Early Ethiopian Philosophy
9. In You I Take Shelter: Zera Yacob
10. Think for Yourself: Walda Heywat
11. Teodros Kiros on Ethiopian Philosophy
12. From Here to Timbuktu: Subsaharan Islamic Philosophy
13. Renewing the Faith: the Sokoto Caliphate
14. Souleymane Bachir Diagne on Islam in Africa
15. Heard it Through the Grapevine: Oral Philosophy in Africa
16. Samuel Imbo on Okot p'Bitek and Oral Traditions
17. Event Horizon: African Philosophy of Time
18. One to Rule Them All: God in African Philosophy
19. Behind the Mask: African Philosophy of the Person
20. I Am Because We Are: Communalism in African Ethics and Politics
21. The Doctor Will See You Now: Divination, Witchcraft, and Knowledge
22. Women Have No Tribe: Gender in African Tradition
23. Nkiru Nzegwu on Gender in African Tradition
24. Professionally Speaking: The Reaction Against Ethnophilosophy
25. Wise Guys: Sage Philosophy
26. Kai Kresse on the Anthropology of Philosophy
27. Beyond the Reaction: The Continuing Relevance of Precolonial Traditions
28. Chike Jeffers on Precolonial African Philosophy
==
==
Slavery and the Creation of Diasporic Africana Philosophy
Slavery and the Creation of Diasporic Africana Philosophy
In this second series of episodes on Africana philosophy, we expand our focus beyond the African continent to begin discussing philosophical thought in the African diaspora. In the wake of the transatlantic slave trade and chattel slavery in the European colonies of the Americas, along with early forms of European colonial activity in Africa, new forms of philosophical thought arose among African peoples and those descended from African peoples. Modern Africana philosophy, in comparison with the precolonial traditions of philosophy we explored in the first part of the series, takes place primarily in European languages and is shaped in many ways by European traditions of philosophy. It is distinct from these European traditions, however, in being concerned above all with questions generated by the traumatic experiences of slavery and European domination. How should these experiences be understood and what do they tell us about the nature of humanity, race, and justice? How should black people respond to forces of oppression?
Our focus in this part of the series will be on thinkers wrestling with these and other sorts of philosophical questions in the 18th and 19th centuries. We will discuss well-known figures such as Toussaint Louverture, Frederick Douglass, and Sojourner Truth, and many who are not as well-known as they should be, such as Anton Wilhelm Amo, Maria W. Stewart, and Anténor Firmin.
Further Reading
• D.D. Bruce, Jr., The Origins of African American Literature, 1680-1865 (Charlottesville: 2001).
• V. Carretta (ed.), Unchained Voices: An Anthology of Black Authors in the English-Speaking World of the Eighteenth Century (Lexington KY: 1996).
• S.R. Cudjoe, Beyond Boundaries: The Intellectual Tradition of Trinidad and Tobago in the Nineteenth Century (Wellesley: 2003).
• O.R. Dathorne, The Black Mind: A History of African Literature (Minneapolis: 1974).
• D.B. Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823 (Ithaca: 1975).
• M.A. Gomez, Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South (Chapel Hill: 1998).
• J. Hooker, Theorizing Race in the Americas: Douglass, Sarmiento, Du Bois, and Vasconcelos (New York: 2017).
• J. Jorati, Slavery and Race: Philosophical Debates in the Eighteenth Century (Oxford: 2023).
• R. July, The Origins of Modern African Thought: Its Development in West Africa During the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (New York: 1967).
• G.K. Lewis, Main Currents in Caribbean Thought: The Historical Evolution of Caribbean Society in Its Ideological Aspects, 1492-1900 (Baltimore: 1983).
• W. Moses, The Golden Age of Black Nationalism (Hamden, CT: 1978).
• S. Stuckey, Slave Culture: Nationalist Theory and the Foundations of Black America (New York: 1987).
• E. Sundquist, To Wake the Nations: Race in the Making of American Literature (Cambridge, MA: 1993).
==
29. Out of Africa: Slavery and the Diaspora
30. Dualist Personality: Anton Wilhelm Amo
31. Justin Smith on Amo and Race in Early Modern Philosophy
32. Talking Book: Early Africana Writing in English
33. Young, Gifted, and Black: Phillis Wheatley
34. New England Patriot: Lemuel Haynes
35. Letters from the Heart: Ignatius Sancho and Benjamin Banneker
36. Sons of Africa: Quobna Ottobah Cugoano and Olaudah Equiano
37. Liberty, Equality, Humanity: The Haitian Revolution
38. My Haitian Pen: Baron de Vastey
39. Doris Garraway on the Haitian Revolution
40. American Africans: Early Black Institutions in the US
41. Should I Stay or Should I Go? The Colonization Controversy
42. James Sidbury on African Identity
43. Kill or Be Killed: David Walker’s Appeal
44. Religion and Pure Principles: Maria W. Stewart
45. Unnatural Causes: Hosea Easton’s Treatise
46. Melvin Rogers on Early 19th Century Political Thought
47. Written by Himself: the Life of Frederick Douglass
48. Happy Holidays: Two Speeches by Frederick Douglass
49. Let Your Motto Be Resistance: Henry Highland Garnet
50. Nation Within a Nation: Martin Delany
51. I Read Men and Nations: Sojourner Truth and Frances Harper
52. Great White North: Emigration to Canada
53. Pilgrim’s Progress: Alexander Crummell
54. Wilson Moses on the Roots of Black Nationalism
55. Planting the Seeds: James Africanus Beale Horton
56. African Personality: Edward Blyden
57. Race First, Then Party: T. Thomas Fortune
58. A Common Circle: Anténor Firmin
59. Frowning at Froudacious Fabrications: J.J. Thomas and F.A. Durham
60. Though Late, It Is Liberty: Abolitionism in Brazil
61. When and Where I Enter: Anna Julia Cooper
62. American Barbarism: Ida B. Wells
63. Brittney Cooper on Black Women Activists
64. God is a Negro: Henry McNeal Turner
65. Separate Fingers, One Hand: Booker T. Washington
66. Lifting the Veil: Introducing W.E.B. Du Bois
67. Chike Jeffers on Slavery and Diasporic Philosophy
==
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Africana Philosophy in the Twentieth Century
Africana Philosophy in the Twentieth Century
The third and final series in our coverage of Africana Philosophy takes us to the relatively recent past. We begin around the turn of the century with the contribution of African-American intellectuals and activists, including such luminaries as W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey, and cover movements such as African-American socialism and the famous "Harlem Renaissance," here touching on the work of key figures like Alain Locke and Zora Neale Hurston. We will continue to examine African-American philosophy as the series proceeds, taking the story all the way up to later thinkers like Martin Luther King Jr, and Malcolm X, rounding things off with the ideas of academic philosophers like Cornel West. But the series will not restrict itself to developments in the United States. A number of the thinkers covered will hail from the Caribbean, including the major Africana philosopher Frantz Fanon, and we will of course devote ample coverage to intellectuals in Africa itself. These will include politician-philosophers like Amílcar Cabral, Kwame Nkrumah, and Nelson Mandela. As always on the podcast, we will cast a wide net, and consider the philosophical relevance of figures more often thought of as literary figures, like Ralph Ellison, James Baldwin, and Toni Morrison, and even musicians like Bob Marley. We will be joined be a number of expert interview guests to provide further depth and detail; look out for episodes featuring Liam Kofi Bright, Tommy Curry, Michael Dawson, Vanessa Wills, and many more!
Further Reading
• A.B. Bogues, Black Heretics, Black Prophets: Radical Political Intellectuals (New York: 2003).
• L.R. Gordon, An Introduction to Africana Philosophy (New York: 2008).
• B. Guy-Sheftall, Words of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought (New York: 1995).
• L. Harris, Philosophy Born of Struggle: Anthology of Afro-American Philosophy from 1917 (Dubuque: 1983).
• P. Henry, Caliban's Reason: Introducing Afro-Caribbean Philosophy (New York: 2000).
• F.L. Hord (Mzee Lasana Okpara) and J.S. Lee (eds), I Am Because We Are: Readings in Africana Philosophy, revised ed. (Amherst: 2016).
• P.E. Joseph, Waiting 'til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America (New York: 2006).
• R. July, The Origins of Modern African Thought: Its Development in West Africa During the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (New York: 1967).
• D.L. Lewis, When Harlem Was in Vogue (New York: 1981).
• T.L. Lott and J.P. Pittman (eds), A Companion to African-American Philosophy (Malden: 2003).
• J.H. McClendon III and S.C. Ferguson II, African American Philosophers and Philosophy: An Introduction to the History, Concepts, and Contemporary Issues (New York: 2019).
• J. McDade (ed.), The Philosophical Forum: Special Issue: Philosophy and Black Experience 9 (Winter-Spring 1977-1978).
• J.A. Montmarquet and W.H. Hardy (eds), Reflections: An Anthology of African American Philosophy (Belmont: 2000).
• L.T. Outlaw, Jr., On Race and Philosophy (New York: 1996).
• J.P. Pittman (ed.), African-American Perspectives and Philosophical Traditions (New York: 1996).
• R. Rabaka, Africana Critical Theory: Reconstructing the Black Radical Tradition, from W.E.B. Du Bois and C.L.R. James to Frantz Fanon and Amilcar Cabral (Lanham: 2009).
• C.J. Robinson, Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition (London: 1983).
• T. Serequeberhan, Our Heritage: The Past in the Present of African-American and African Existence (Lanham: 2000).
• T. Shelby, We Who Are Dark: the Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity (Cambridge MA: 2005)
• N.P. Singh, Black is a Country: Race and the Unfinished Struggle for Democracy (Cambridge, MA: 2005).
• P. Von Eschen, Race Against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937-1957 (Ithaca: 1997).
• G. Yancy (ed.), African-American Philosophers: 17 Conversations (New York: 1998).
==
68. The Problem of the Color Line: Introducing the Twentieth Century
69. The Best We Have: The American Negro Academy
70. Tommy Curry on the Early 20th Century
71. In Blyden’s Wake: West African Intellectuals of the Early Twentieth Century
72. In A Class of Their Own: Early African American Socialism
73. Vanessa Wills on Africana Marxism
75. Now I Have a Rival: the Two Amy Garveys
76. Michael Dawson on Garvey and Black Nationalism
77. A Race Capital: the Harlem Renaissance
78. Freedom Through Art: Alain Locke
79. Leonard Harris on Alain Locke
80. Scholarly Contributions: African American Professional Philosophers
81. Making History: Carter G. Woodson
82. The Florida Project: Zora Neale Hurston
83. Songs of the People: Paul Robeson and the Negro Spiritual
84. Live Long and Protest: W.E.B. Du Bois, 1920-1963
85. Liam Kofi Bright on Du Bois' Philosophy of Science
86. French Connection: The Negritude Movement
87. Call It Intuition: Leopold Senghor
88. The Surreal Deal: Aimé and Suzanne Césaire
89. Separate but Unequal: E. Franklin Frazier
90. Move Fast and Break Things: C.L.R. James
91. Massa Day Done: Oliver Cox and Eric Williams
92. Half the World: Claudia Jones
93. Carole Boyce Davies on Claudia Jones
94. How Did You Happen? Richard Wright
95. Black and Blue: Ralph Ellison
96. A Lover’s War: James Baldwin
97. American Dream: Martin Luther King Jr.
98. Meena Krishnamurthy on Martin Luther King Jr
99. American Nightmare: Malcolm X
100. Chike Jeffers on the First Half of the Twentieth Century
101. Crossing Paths: the Last Years of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr
102. From Cuba with Love: Juan Rene Betancourt
103. A Federal Case: Nnamdi Azikiwe and Obafemi Awolowo
104. In Unity Lies Strength: Kwame Nkrumah
105. Meeting the Gaze: Frantz Fanon’s Black Skin White Masks
106. Combat Literature: Franz Fanon’s Wretched of the Earth
107. Lewis Gordon on Frantz Fanon
108. Or Does It Explode? Lorraine Hansberry
110. Politics with Bloodshed: the Black Panthers
111. A Kwanzaa Story: Maulana Karenga
112. Poems That Kill: the Black Arts Movement
113. A Fighting God: Black Theology
114. Teacher Taught Me: Julius Nyerere
115. Weapon of Choice: Amílcar Cabral
116. Olúfẹ́mi Táíwò and Olúfẹ́mi Táíwò on Cabral
117. Spear of the Nation: Nelson Mandela and the ANC
118. African Survivals: Abdias do Nascimento
119. The Space Race: Afrofuturism
120. Redemption Songs: Reggae and Rastafari
121. No Agreement: Fela Kuti and Wole Soyinka
122. A More Human Face: Steve Biko
123. History Teaches Us: Walter Rodney
124. Double Jeopardy: Black Feminism
125. Phenomenal Woman: The Black Women’s Literary Renaissance
126. Fugitive for Justice: Angela Davis
127. Knowing the Difference: Audre Lorde
128. Marginal Comments: bell hooks and Patricia Hill Collins
129. Afrophone Home: Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o
130. Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o on... Himself!
131. Mixed Messages: Black British Cultural Studies
132. French Creolizing: Edouard Glissant and the Créolité Movement
133. John Drabinski on Edouard Glissant
134. The Marx Brothers: Cedric J. Robinson
135. Mastering Ceremonies: Sylvia Wynter
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