Abalone Game Download

Abalones live all over the world. They can be seen along the waters of every continent, except the Atlantic coast of South America, the Caribbean, and the East Coast of the United States. Most abalones are found in cold waters, along the coasts of New Zealand, South Africa and Australia, and Western North America and Japan in the Northern Hemisphere. On the Chilean Pacific coast, the species called loco ("Concholepas concholepas") has a hard, black shell and is eaten by many people.

The shell of the abalone is known for being very strong. It is made of very tiny calcium carbonate tiles stacked like bricks. Between the layers of tiles is a sticky protein substance. Allergic skin reactions and asthma attacks can happen when breathing the dust made when these tiles are broken down.

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Sport harvesting of red abalone is allowed with a California fishing license and an abalone stamp card. Abalone may only be taken using breath-hold techniques: freediving or shore picking. SCUBA diving for abalone is strictly not allowed. Abalone harvesting is not allowed south of the mouth of the San Francisco Bay. There is a size minimum of seven inches measured across the shell and a limit of three per day and 24 per year that can be taken. Abalone may only be taken in April, May, June, August, September, October, and November, but they may not be taken in July, December, January, February, or March. Transportation of abalone is only legal while the abalone is still attached to the shell. The sale of sport-caught abalone is illegal, including the shell. Only red abalone may be taken; black, white, pink, and flat abalone are protected by law.

Abalone divers normally wear a thick wetsuit, including a hood, booties, and gloves. They also wear a mask, snorkel, weight belt, abalone iron, and abalone gauge. It is common to take abalone in the water a few inches up to 10 m/28' deep. Fewer freedivers can work deeper than that. Abalone is usually found on rocks near food sources (kelp). An abalone iron is used to pry the abalone from the stone before it can fully clamp down. Visibility usually is five to ten feet. Divers commonly dive out of boats, kayaks, tube floats, or directly off the shore. An eight-inch abalone is considered a good catch, a nine-inch would be very good, and a ten-inch plus (250mm) abalone would be an excellent catch. Rock- or shore-picking is different from diving, where the rock picker feels below rocks during low tides for abalone.

There has been a trade-in diving to catch abalones off parts of the United States coast before 1939. In World War II, many of these abalone divers were recruited into the United States armed forces and trained as divers who can perform military combat and operations underwater. There are also known as frogman.

There is a worldwide black market in abalone meat collection and export. In New Zealand, where abalone is called pua in the Mori language, this can be a particular problem. The right to harvest pua can be granted legally under Mori customary rights. When such permits are overused, it is difficult to police. The legal daily limit is ten pua per diver with a minimum shell length of 125 mm. Many Ministry of Fisheries officers strictly enforce the limit with the help of the police. Pua' poaching' is a major industry in New Zealand, with many thousands of abalones being stolen, mostly undersized. Convictions have caused the removal of diving gear, boats, and motor vehicles, fines, and, in rare cases, imprisonment. The Ministry of Fisheries expects in the year 2004/05, nearly 1000 tons of pua will be poached, with 75% of that being undersized.[4]

The largest abalone in South Africa, "Haliotis midae," can be found along about two-thirds of the country's coastline. Abalone-diving has been a recreational activity for many years, but stocks are currently being threatened by illegal commercial harvesting.

California's coastal waters are home to a multitude of invertebrates (species lacking a bony skeleton). A small fraction of these, including abalone, are actually targeted by California's recreational fisheries. This page contains information about abalone species identification, biology, habitat, geographic range, fishing methods, and more.

The poor condition of red abalone populations led the California Fish and Game Commission to close the fishery in 2018. California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) surveys in 2018 found lower densities of abalone and numerous fresh empty shells which indicated continued high mortality. The Commission extended the closure until 2021 at their December, 2018 meeting. Subsequent surveys found red abalone populations remained in poor condition and the closure was extended to 2026 at the December, 2020 Commission meeting.

The CDFW does not have an estimate of when the red abalone fishery will reopen, but it is likely that sales of abalone cards will be limited when the fishery resumes. The condition of abalone populations is very poor, and it will probably take a long time before abalone populations could support past levels of fishing. Recent reports of abalone or fresh shells washing ashore during winter storm wave events indicate that mortality is still high. It is very unlikely a fishery would be reopened while abalone populations continue to decline. The circumstances under which the fishery can be reopened will be determined through action of the Fish and Game Commission, pursuant to a new Red Abalone Fishery Management Plan (RAFMP) currently being developed by the CDFW. Information on the RAFMP, including opportunities for public comment, can be found on the RAFMP webpage.

The sexes are separate but have similar external appearance. The gonads are the prominent, crescent-shaped end of the internal organs. Ovaries are dark green and testes can be cream, light brown, light green or pinkish in color. Abalone release eggs or sperm through the open holes in their shells. For effective fertilization, abalone need to be within a meter of each other. When abalone are too far apart, their eggs do not become fertilized. Fertilized eggs develop into larvae which can be carried by currents for about a week. The larvae settle to the bottom and develop into very small versions of adults.

Most male red abalone start to reproduce when they are 4 inches in length and 5 years in age. Most females are reproducing at 5 inches in length and 6 years of age. Small females produce far fewer eggs than larger females; a 5 inch female produces about 300,000 eggs while females larger than 7 inches produce about 2,500,000 eggs. Although abalone produce large numbers of eggs and sperm, reproductive success is very sporadic. The last major successful reproductive period for northern California red abalone was probably in the late 1980s.

In recent years, purple sea urchin populations have greatly increased along the northern California coast and have made the main foods for abalone (kelp and other seaweeds) so scarce that many abalone have starved to death. The increased number of shells washing ashore indicates the extent to which abalone populations are being impacted by lack of food. It has also been common to find abalone which have very shrunken bodies due to lack of food rather than a disease (see abalone disease question in FAQ). The shrunken abalone are weaker than healthy abalone and are more likely to be dislodged and killed by large waves.

Abalone are relatively slow growing. Tagging studies indicate northern California red abalone take about 12 years to reach 7 inches but growth rates are highly variable. Abalone grow nearly one inch per year for the first few years and much more slowly after that. It takes about 5 years for red abalone to grow from 7 inches to 8 inches. At 8 inches, growth rates are so slow it takes about 13 years to grow another inch. Slow growth makes abalone populations vulnerable to overfishing since many years are needed to replace each abalone taken.

Withering Syndrome (WS) was very significant in reducing black abalone populations in Southern California during the 1980s-1990s. The rickettisal bacterium that causes WS can infect all California abalone species but each reacts differently to infection. Green abalone appear to be more resistant to the disease than red or black abalone. CDFW biologists found that WS is much more pronounced at higher temperatures such as those experienced in Southern California during the summer. The agent of WS is now present as far north as southern Sonoma County, but the disease has not occurred there because cold water temperatures keep the bacterium in check. Elevated water temperatures associated with global climate change could make WS a threat for northern California red abalone in the future.The CDFW pathology laboratory has determined that all the shrunken northern California red abalone examined were not affected by WS and the shrinkage was due to starvation and the lack of food.

Abalone hatchery efforts in Southern California were not economically feasible. Caring for young abalone is expensive and abalone released from hatcheries had very poor survival rates. Some studies indicated that hatchery-reared abalone did not develop behaviors needed to avoid predators. Abalone from hatcheries can also pose a danger by spreading diseases or parasites. Abalone hatcheries are carefully regulated to eliminate infestations of several known diseases (including Withering Syndrome) and parasites. Out-planting hatchery-reared abalone to enhance abalone stocks is more conducive for recovering severely depleted wild abalone populations to prevent species extinction. The federal and California recovery programs for the endangered white abalone are currently using this technique to save the species from extinction.

The development of Fishery Management Plans (FMPs) is governed by the Marine Life Management Act (MLMA). The MLMA guides CDFW in the conservation and sustainable use of California's living marine resources. The MLMA states that FMPs "shall form the primary basis for managing California's sport and commercial marine fisheries." CDFW is currently in the process of transitioning current abalone fishery management from the Abalone Recovery and Management Plan (ARMP) to a FMP under MLMA guidelines. 2351a5e196