4 Hour Work Week Epub Torrent

There are predictions that in future rapid technological development could result in a significant shortage of paid work. A possible option currently debated by academics, policy makers, trade unions, employers and mass media, is a shorter working week for everyone. In this context, two important research questions that have not been asked so far are: what is the minimum amount of paid employment needed to deliver some or all of the well-being and mental health benefits that employment has been shown to bring? And what is the optimum number of working hours at which the mental health of workers is at its highest? To answer these questions, this study used the UK Household Longitudinal Study (2009-2018) data from individuals aged between 16 and 64. The analytical sample was 156,734 person-wave observations from 84,993 unique persons of whom 71,113 had two or more measurement times. Fixed effects regressions were applied to examine how changes in work hours were linked to changes in mental well-being within each individual over time. This study found that even a small number of working hours (between one and 8 h a week) generates significant mental health and well-being benefits for previously unemployed or economically inactive individuals. The findings suggest there is no single optimum number of working hours at which well-being and mental health are at their highest - for most groups of workers there was little variation in wellbeing between the lowest (1-8 h) through to the highest (44-48 h) category of working hours. These findings provide important and timely empirical evidence for future of work planning, shorter working week policies and have implications for theorising the future models of organising work in society.

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Objectives: Many studies have investigated the association between long working hours and health. By focusing on differences in the definition of long working hours and the influence of shift work, we attempt to explain why the results of these studies remain inconclusive.

Methods: We defined long working hours as working time greater than around 40 hours per week or 8 hours per day. Since previous studies have indicated that shift work is detrimental to health, we minimized the influence of shift work in the studies. We also placed importance on the existence of reference groups since this made the results clearer. Based on these points, we analyzed previous studies to clarify the epidemiological evidence regarding the association between long working hours and health. We established inclusion criteria and carried out a systematic search for articles published in the Medline and PsycINFO databases between 1995-2012.

Results: We identified a total of 17 articles and 19 studies (12 prospective cohort and 7 cross-sectional studies). The outcomes were all-cause mortality, circulatory disease, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, depressive state, anxiety, other psychological disorders, sleep condition, cognitive function, and health-related behavior. Long working hours had significant adverse effects on most health outcomes.

Conclusions: We concluded that working long hours is associated with depressive state, anxiety, sleep condition, and coronary heart disease. However, further studies that appropriately deal with the definition of long working hours and shift work are needed.

Participants should expect to participate in regular (up to weekly frequency) meetings as well as email and other electronic communication and collaboration means. Several hours per week of time commitment is expected to be a minimum for effective participation.

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To be successful, this Working Group is expected to have 6 or more active participants for its duration, including representatives from the key implementors of this specification, and active Editors and Test Leads for each specification. The Chairs, specification Editors, and Test Leads are expected to contribute half of a working day per week towards the Working Group. There is no minimum requirement for other Participants.

We typically meet on Zoom for one hour every other week. We ask questions, develop ideas and post resources on our Slack workspace. We also have a mailing list and deliver conference sessions, workshops, and webinars.

Working Group members are also expected to volunteer additional time for technical research, specification drafting and other activities pursued by the Working Group. This off-call, and off-face-to-face time investment should range from 3-10+ hours per week during the height of specification design and drafting.

The Normal Hours are a general set of working hours to be followed in a typical week. This set of hours is applied to every week in the project, thus determining how many hours of effort can be completed in each day. Resources inherit their work week schedules from the project, but you can customize them individually if they work different hours. To set up exceptions to the work week, for events such as half-days, holidays, and overtime, read on.

The green block represents a block of working time. You can drag the edges of the block to set a day and time range; in the above case, the resource is a piece of developer hardware that can be left running 24 hours a day.

Drag or double-click in an empty area to create a new time block, and Shift-drag anywhere to draw a red block that erases working hours. These techniques are useful for breaking up blocks that span several days, so that you can adjust them individually.

The Extra & Off Hours are a calendar of the working hours for specific days. You can set up holidays, half-days, overtime, and other such exceptions to the normal work week. Just like the normal work week, there is a work schedule for the whole project, which the resources follow, but you can also customize resources individually.

An altered normal hours schedule is represented by a green "equals sign" in the Custom Work Week column; click it to view the customized work week of the selected resource. A resource with an upcoming schedule exception is flagged with a staggered pair of zigzag lines in the Schedule Exception column; clicking the icon will likewise bring you to the schedule change in question.

Many other countries have reduced resident duty hours ahead of Canada. In the United States, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) enforces nationwide restrictions on duty hours for all accredited postgraduate training programs.7 In 2003, the ACGME instituted a limit of 80 hours of work per week for residents, with a maximum shift length of 30 hours. In 2011, the ACGME modified its regulations, limiting first-year residents to a maximum of 16 consecutive work hours with an extra four hours for handover, with no further changes to the hours of more senior residents.

Although the notion that physicians will make fatigue-related errors if they work continuously for longer than 24 hours has obvious face validity, the evidence that reducing work hours improves patient safety in real-world settings is conflicting. In one oft-cited randomized trial, Landrigan and colleagues9 assigned first-year residents working in an intensive care unit or a coronary care unit to either a call schedule of 24-hour shifts every third day or an intervention schedule with call periods no longer than 16 hours. First-year residents working under the traditional schedule made about four more errors for every 100 patient-days, most of them related to medication management, than residents in the intervention group. Although this trial merits recognition for its rigorous design and high degree of internal validity, its generalizability is limited in large part because of its implementation in two high-acuity units in a single hospital that were extraordinarily well-staffed in the intervention arm.

Most of the evidence assessing the link between resident duty hours and patient safety has been obtained from observational studies. Some studies have suggested that patients have worse outcomes when residents work fewer hours,11,12 and another study has provided some evidence of improved patient outcomes.13 Whereas much of the evidence comes from the US, a survey conducted after the implementation of the European Working Time Directive in the United Kingdom indicates a consensus among surgeons that the quality of care worsened as a result of reduced duty hours.14

This provocative book makes a compelling case for reducing the number of workdays in a week to four. Globalization has brought with it fiercer competition and greater worker mobility, and as organizations compete for top talent, they are becoming more open to unconventional worker arrangements, such as remote working and flextime.

Utopia for Realists: The Case for a Universal Basic Income, Open Borders, and a 15-hour Workweek (alternatively subtitled And How We Can Get There and How We Can Build the Ideal World) is a book by Dutch popular historian Rutger Bregman.[1] It was originally written as articles in Dutch for a virtual journal, De Correspondent, and was since compiled and published,[2] and translated into several languages. It offers a critical proposal that it claims is a practical approach to reconstructing modern society to promote a more productive and equitable life based on three core ideas: be457b7860