Examples of vectors in nature are velocity, momentum, force, electromagnetic fields and weight. A quantity or phenomenon that exhibits magnitude only, with no specific direction, is called a scalar. Examples of scalars include speed, mass, electrical resistance and hard drive storage capacity.
Vectors are typically represented by an arrow with a beginning, or tail, and an end, or head, that is usually represented by an arrowhead. Vectors delineate the movement from point A to point B and can be defined as an entity with a designation, such as vector a.
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In mathematics, the Cartesian coordinate system depicts vectors using a number pair as shown in Figure 1. In this example, the vector is a directed line segment defined as (0,0), (7,7) using its numbered pairs. Vectors and scalars can be used in mathematical processes and vector operations, such as vector addition, vector subtraction and vector multiplication.
Vectors can be depicted graphically in two or three dimensions. The magnitude of the vector is shown as the length of a line segment. The direction of the vector is shown by the orientation of the line segment and by an arrowhead at one end.
When creating images in vector graphics, the graphics file is a sequence of vector statements describing a series of points that connect to form the image. Examples of vector graphics software include Adobe Illustrator and CorelDraw.
raster graphics map individual bits -- each of which has its own qualities, such as color -- into an image via components called pixels, or picture elements. Raster images typically have a fixed number of pixels and are less scalable than vector images. As an image gets larger, individual pixels can become visible, resulting in the image being not as sharp or high quality as an equivalent vector image.
With raster images, computers must store each pixel, rather than a series of vector points. This often results in raster files being larger than vector graphics files. Adobe Illustrator and Adobe Photoshop are examples of software that is used to convert raster images into vector graphics files and vice versa.
In cybersecurity, the pathway that a threat actor or hacker uses to deliver their payload, such as a virus or ransomware, to a system or network is called an attack vector. This is how hackers exploit vulnerabilities in a system or network.
An attack vector can also be human, in the case of social engineering, where the perpetrator uses clever communication techniques to mislead users into giving out valuable information such as passwords. Typical attack vectors include malware, email attachments, instant messages and pop-up windows.
Cyber threat detection and mitigation systems include firewalls, intrusion detection systems, intrusion prevention systems and antivirus software. Numerous products and services are available to prevent threat actors from using attack vectors and to address threats.
Each vector tries to optimize storage management by maintaining a capacity and a capacityIncrement. The capacity is always at least as large as the vector size; it is usually larger because as components are added to the vector, the vector's storage increases in chunks the size of capacityIncrement. An application can increase the capacity of a vector before inserting a large number of components; this reduces the amount of incremental reallocation. The iterators returned by this class's iterator and listIterator methods are fail-fast: if the vector is structurally modified at any time after the iterator is created, in any way except through the iterator's own remove or add methods, the iterator will throw a ConcurrentModificationException. Thus, in the face of concurrent modification, the iterator fails quickly and cleanly, rather than risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at an undetermined time in the future. The Enumerations returned by the elements method are not fail-fast. Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification. Fail-fast iterators throw ConcurrentModificationException on a best-effort basis. Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this exception for its correctness: the fail-fast behavior of iterators should be used only to detect bugs. As of the Java 2 platform v1.2, this class was retrofitted to implement the List interface, making it a member of the Java Collections Framework. Unlike the new collection implementations, Vector is synchronized. If a thread-safe implementation is not needed, it is recommended to use ArrayList in place of Vector.Since:JDK1.0See Also:Collection, LinkedList, Serialized FormField SummaryFields Modifier and TypeField and Descriptionprotected intcapacityIncrementThe amount by which the capacity of the vector is automatically incremented when its size becomes greater than its capacity.protected intelementCountThe number of valid components in this Vector object.protected Object[]elementDataThe array buffer into which the components of the vector are stored.Fields inherited from class java.util.AbstractListmodCountConstructor SummaryConstructors Constructor and DescriptionVector()Constructs an empty vector so that its internal data array has size 10 and its standard capacity increment is zero.Vector(Collection c)Returns true if this Vector contains all of the elements in the specified Collection.voidcopyInto(Object[] anArray)Copies the components of this vector into the specified array.EelementAt(int index)Returns the component at the specified index.Enumerationelements()Returns an enumeration of the components of this vector.voidensureCapacity(int minCapacity)Increases the capacity of this vector, if necessary, to ensure that it can hold at least the number of components specified by the minimum capacity argument.booleanequals(Object o)Compares the specified Object with this Vector for equality.EfirstElement()Returns the first component (the item at index 0) of this vector.voidforEach(Consumer c)Removes from this Vector all of its elements that are contained in the specified Collection.voidremoveAllElements()Removes all components from this vector and sets its size to zero.booleanremoveElement(Object obj)Removes the first (lowest-indexed) occurrence of the argument from this vector.voidremoveElementAt(int index)Deletes the component at the specified index.booleanremoveIf(Predicate c)Retains only the elements in this Vector that are contained in the specified Collection.Eset(int index, E element)Replaces the element at the specified position in this Vector with the specified element.voidsetElementAt(E obj, int index)Sets the component at the specified index of this vector to be the specified object.voidsetSize(int newSize)Sets the size of this vector.intsize()Returns the number of components in this vector.voidsort(Comparator c)Removes from this Vector all of its elements that are contained in the specified Collection.Specified by:removeAll in interface CollectionSpecified by:removeAll in interface ListOverrides:removeAll in class AbstractCollectionParameters:c - a collection of elements to be removed from the VectorReturns:true if this Vector changed as a result of the callThrows:ClassCastException - if the types of one or more elements in this vector are incompatible with the specified collection (optional)NullPointerException - if this vector contains one or more null elements and the specified collection does not support null elements (optional), or if the specified collection is nullSince:1.2See Also:AbstractCollection.remove(Object), AbstractCollection.contains(Object)retainAllpublic boolean retainAll(Collection c)Retains only the elements in this Vector that are contained in the specified Collection. In other words, removes from this Vector all of its elements that are not contained in the specified Collection.Specified by:retainAll in interface CollectionSpecified by:retainAll in interface ListOverrides:retainAll in class AbstractCollectionParameters:c - a collection of elements to be retained in this Vector (all other elements are removed)Returns:true if this Vector changed as a result of the callThrows:ClassCastException - if the types of one or more elements in this vector are incompatible with the specified collection (optional)NullPointerException - if this vector contains one or more null elements and the specified collection does not support null elements (optional), or if the specified collection is nullSince:1.2See Also:AbstractCollection.remove(Object), AbstractCollection.contains(Object)addAllpublic boolean addAll(int index, Collection
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