Fionnuala Curran - ICFO

Unambiguous randomness from a quantum state

Intrinsic randomness is generated when a quantum state is measured in any basis in which it is not diagonal. In an adversarial scenario, we quantify this randomness by the probability that a correlated eavesdropper could correctly guess the measurement outcomes. Often, a trade-off arises in cryptography between information gain and disturbance, motivating the following question: what if the eavesdropper is never wrong, but can sometimes return an inconclusive outcome? Inspired by analogous concepts in quantum state discrimination, we introduce the unambiguous randomness of a quantum state and measurement, and, relaxing the assumption of perfect accuracy, randomness with a fixed rate of inconclusive outcomes. We solve the maximal unambiguous randomness of any quantum state, optimised over all projective measurements, and find that it's proportional to the smallest eigenvalue of the state. We also solve both problems for any state and projective measurement in dimension two, and for an isotropically noisy state measured in an unbiased basis of any dimension. In the former case, when the set-up is used to generate random bases for a prepare-and-measure quantum key distribution protocol, the unambiguous randomness quantifies the knowledge gained by an eavesdropper about the secret key, without causing any disturbance. In the latter, we find that, while experimental noise is typically ascribed to a single device, an eavesdropper correlated only to a noisy state is outperformed by an eavesdropper with joint correlations to both a noisy state and a noisy measurement. In fact, we identify a critical noise parameter beyond which the joint eavesdropper achieves perfect guessing probability, ending all hopes of private randomness.