Direct Brain Interface Laboratory

Published Peer Reviewed Papers

• Ma G, Kang J, Thompson DE and Huggins JE, "BCI-Utility Metric for Asynchronous P300 Brain-Computer Interface Systems," in IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, vol. 31, pp. 3968-3977, 2023, doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2023.3322125.

• Khan NN, Sweet T, Harvey CA, Warschausky S, Huggins JE, Thompson DE. P300-Based Brain-Computer Interface Speller Performance Estimation with Classifier-Based Latency Estimation. J Vis Exp. 2023 Sep 8;(199). doi: 10.3791/64959. PMID: 37747230.

• Huggins, JE, Karlsson, P, Warschausky, SA.  Challenges of Brain-Computer Interface Facilitated Cognitive Assessment for Children with Cerebral Palsy, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, section Brain-Computer Interfaces, in press, 2022.  Open Access

• Warschausky, S; Huggins, JE; Alcaide, R; Aref, AW.  Preliminary Psychometric Properties of a Standard Vocabulary Test Administered Using a Noninvasive Brain-computer Interface,  Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, section Brain-Computer Interfaces, in press, 2022.   Open Access

• Goering, Sara; Klein, Eran; Specker Sullivan, Laura; Wexler, Anna; Agüera y Arcas, Blaise; Bi, Guoqiang; Carmena, Jose M.; Fins, Joseph J.; Friesen, Phoebe; Gallant, Jack; Huggins, Jane E.; Kellmeyer, Philipp; Marblestone, Adam; Mitchell, Christine; Parens, Erik; Pham, Michelle; Rubel, Alan; Sadato, Norihiro; Teicher, Mina; Wasserman, David; Whittaker, Meredith; Wolpaw, Jonathan; Yuste, Rafael;: Recommendations for Responsible Development and Application of Neurotechnologies Neuroethics in press: in press, 2021. 

• Hill K, Huggins J, Woodworth C: Interprofessional Practitioners' Opinions on Features and Services for an Augmentative and Alternative Communication Brain‐Computer Interface Device, PM&R, (in press) 2021.  Publisher-supplied Sharable Link

• Thompson DE, Mowla MR, Dhuyvetter KJ,Tillman JW, Huggins JE: Automated artifact rejection algorithms harm P3 Speller brain-computer interface performance BCI 6(4): 141-148, 2020. Abstract

• Dutt-Mazumder A, Huggins JE: Performance comparison of a non-invasive P300-based BCI mouse to a head-mouse for people with SCI. BCI 7(1-2): 1-10, 2020. Abstract

• Huggins, JE and Slutzky, MW: Editorial: Articles from the Seventh International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting BCI 6(4): 103-105, 2019. Article

• Eddy BS, Garrett SC, Rajen S, Peters B, Wiedrick J, McLaughlin D, O'Connor A, Renda A, Huggins JE, Fried-Oken M: Trends in research participant categories and descriptions in abstracts from the International BCI Meeting series, 1999 to 2016 BCI 6(1-2): 13-24, 2019. Abstract

• Huggins JE, Guger C, Aarnoutse E, Allison B, Anderson CW, Bedrick S, Besio W, Chavarriaga R, Collinger JL, Do AH, Herff C, Hohmann M, Kinsella M, Lee K, Lotte F, Müller-Putz G, Nijholt A, Pels E, Peters B, Putze F, Rupp R, Schalk G, Scott S, Tangermann M, Tubig P, Zander T: Workshops of the seventh international brain-computer interface meeting: not getting lost in translation BCI 6(3): 71-101, 2019. Abstract

• Pham, M; Goering, S; Sample, M; Huggins, JE; Klein E.: Asilomar survey: researcher perspectives on ethical principles and guidelines for BCI research BCI 5(4): 97-111, 2018. Abstract

• Huggins JE and Kovacs TR: Brain-Computer Interfaces for Augmentative and Alternative Communication: Separating the Reality from the Hype ASHA Perspectives on AAC Vol 3, March 2018: 13-23, 2018. . Abstract

• Alcaide-Aguirre RE, Warschausky SA, Brown D, Aref A, Huggins JE: "Asynchronous brain-computer interface for cognitive assessment in people with cerebral palsy." J Neural Eng 14(6): 066001, 2017.PM28981448

• Rafael Yuste, Sara Goering, Blaise Agüera y Arcas, Guoqiang Bi, Jose M. Carmena, Adrian Carter,Joseph J. Fins, Phoebe Friesen, Jack Gallant, Jane E. Huggins, Judy Illes, Philipp Kellmeyer, Eran Klein,Adam Marblestone, Christine Mitchell, Erik Parens, Michelle Pham, Alan Rubel, Norihiro Sadato, LauraSpecker Sullivan, Mina Teicher, David Wasserman, Anna Wexler, Meredith Whittaker& JonathanWolpaw: "Four ethical priorities for neurotechnologies and AI." Nature 551(7679): 1-4, 2017.Open Access

• Huggins JE, Müller-Putz G, Wolpaw JR: "The Sixth International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting: Advances in Basic and Clinical Research." Brain Comput Interfaces (Abingdon) 4(1-2): 1-2, 2017. Article

• Mowla MR, Huggins JE, Thompson DE: "Enhancing P300-BCI performance using latency estimation." BCI 4(3): 137-145, 2017.Limited Open Access

• Huggins JE, Guger C, Ziat M, Zander TO, Taylor D, Tangermann M, Soria-Frisch A, Simeral J, Scherer R, Rupp R, Ruffini G, Robinson DKR, Ramsey NF, Nijholt A, Müller-Putz G, McFarland DJ, Mattia D, Lance BJ, Kindermans PJ, Iturrate I, Herff C, Gupta D, Do AH, Collinger JL, Chavarriaga R, Chase SM, Bleichner MG, Batista A, Anderson CW, Aarnoutse EJ: Workshops of the Sixth International BrainComputer Interface Meeting: Brain-Computer Interfaces Past, Present, and Future BCI 4(1-2): 3-36, 2017. PM29152523 /PMC5693371.  Open Access

• Huggins JE; Alcaide-Aguirre RE; Hill K: "Effects of text generation on P300 brain-computer interface performance." Brain-Computer Interface Journal 3(2): 112-120, 2016. Abstract

• Huggins JE, Moinuddin AA, Chiodo AE, Wren PA: "What would brain-computer interface users want: opinions and priorities of potential users with spinal cord injury." Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 96(3 Suppl): S38-S45.e5, 2015. PM25721546

• Daly JJ, Huggins JE: "Brain-computer interface: current and emerging rehabilitation applications. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation." 96(3 Suppl): S1-7, 2015. Article

• Peters B, Bieker G, Heckman SM, Huggins JE, Wolf C, Zeitlin D, Fried-Oken M: "Brain-computer interface users speak up: the virtual users' forum at the 2013 international brain-computer interface meeting." Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 96(3 Suppl): S33-7, 2015. PMC4383178

• Huggins JE, Alcaide-Aguirre RE, Aref AW, Brown D, Warschausky SA: "Brain-Computer Interface Administration of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-IV 7th International IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering", April 22-24, Montpellier, France 2015: 29-32, 2015. Abstract

• Alcaide-Aguirre RE, Huggins JE: "Novel hold-release functionality in a P300 brain-computer interface." Journal of neural engineering 11(6): 066010 (8pp), 2014.PM25380071 PMC4843815

• Huggins JE, Wolpaw JR: "Papers from the fifth international brain-computer interface meeting." Preface. Journal of neural engineering 11(3): 030301, 2014. PM24837824 PMC4438077

• Thompson DE, Quitadamo LR, Mainardi L, Laghari KuR, Gao S, Kindermans PJ, Simeral JD, Fazel-Rezai R, Matteucci M, Falk TH, Bianchi L, Chestek CA, Huggins JE. "Performance Measurement for Brain-Computer or Brain-Machine Interfaces: A Tutorial." J Neural Eng. 2014 Jun;11(3):035001. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/11/3/035001 PMC in process NIHMS 600063. Abstract

• Huggins JE, Guger C, Allison B, Anderson CW, Batista A, Brouwer A-M, Brunner C, Chavarriaga R, Fried-Oken M, Gunduz A, Gupta D, Kubler A, Leeb R, Lotte F, Miller LE, Muller-Putz G, Rutkowski T, Tangermann M, Thompson DE. "Workshops of the Fifth International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting: Defining the Future." Brain-Computer Interface Journal, 1(1):27-49, 2014. Open Access.

• McCann M, Thompson DE, Syed Z, Huggins JE. "Electrode subset selection methods for an EEG-based P300 brain-computer interface." Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, Early-On-line February 10, 2014. (doi:10.3109/17483107.2014.884174). Open Access

• DE Thompson, S Blain-Moraes, JE Huggins. "Performance assessment in brain-computer interface-based augmentative and alternative communication." BioMedical Engineering OnLine, 2013 May 16;12(1):43, PMC3662584

• S Blain-Moraes, GA Mashour, H Lee, JE Huggins & U Lee. "Altered Cortical Communication in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis." Neuroscience Letters. 543 (2013) 172-176. PMC3716378

• DE Thompson, KL Gruis, JE Huggins: "A plug-and-play brain-computer interface to operate commercial assistive technology." Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology 2013 Apr 16. Open Access

• DE Thompson, S Warschausky and JE Huggins: "Classifier-based latency estimation: a novel way to estimate and predict BCI accuracy." Journal of Neural Engineering 10(1):016006, 2012. Open Access

• S. Blain-Moraes, R. Shaff, KL Gruis, JE Huggins, PA Wren: "Barriers to and mediators of brain-computer interface user acceptance: focus group findings." Ergonomics 55:5, 516-525, 2012. Abstract

• D.E Thompson and J.E Huggins, "A multi-purpose brain-computer interface output device." Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 2011, Oct;42(4):230-5. Open Access

• Jane E Huggins, Patricia A Wren, and Kirsten L Gruis, "What would brain-computer interface users want? Opinions and priorities of potential users with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis." Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, 2011, Sep;12(5):318-24. Open Access

• Kirsten L Gruis, Patricia A Wren, Jane E Huggins, "ALS Patients' Self-Reported Satisfaction with Assistive Technology." Muscle and Nerve, 2011 2011 May;43(5):643-7. PMC3114042

• Thompson DE, Baker JJ, Sarnacki WA, Huggins JE: "Plug-and-play Brain-Computer Interface Keyboard Performance Proceedings of the IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering." 4: 433 - 435, 2009. Abstract

• Fatourechi M, Ward RK, Mason SG, Huggins J, Schlögl A, and Birch GE: "Comparison of Evaluation Metrics in Classification Applications with Imbalanced Datasets." IEEE Int. Conf. on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA08) 2008: 777-782, 2008. Abstract

• Clemens Brunner, Bernhard Graimann, Jane E. Huggins, Simon P. Levine, Gert Pfurtscheller, "Phase relationships between different subdural electrode recordings in man," Neuroscience Letters, 2005 Feb, 28; 375(2):69-74. Abstract

• Fessler JA, Chun SY, Huggins JE, Levine SP: "Detection of Event-Related Spectral Changes in Electrocorticograms." 2nd International IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering March 16-19, Washington, DC, USA: 269-272, 2005. Abstract

• J.E. Huggins, R.C. Welsh, V. Swaminathan, D.N. Minecan, B. Graimann, Y. Jin, S.P. Levine, "fMRI for the prediction of direct brain interface recording location," Proceedings of the 2nd International Brain-Computer Interface Workshop and Training Course, Biomedizinische Technik, Supplement (Erganzungsband) 1, Band 49, pp. 5-10, 2004.

• G. Pfurtscheller, B. Graimann, J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, "Brain-computer communication based on the dynamics of brain oscillations." Suppl Clin Neurophysiol., 57:583-91, 2004. PM16106660

• B. Graimann, J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, G. Pfurtscheller: "Towards a direct brain interface based on human subdural recordings and wavelet packet analysis," IEEE Trans BME, 51(6):954-962, 2004. Abstract

• G. Pfurtscheller, B. Graimann, J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, L.A. Schuh, Spatiotemporal patterns of beta desynchronization and gamma synchronization in corticographic data during self-paced movement", Clinical Neurophysiology, 114(7):1226-36, Jul 2003. Abstract

• Huggins JE, Levine SP, Fessler JA, Sowers WM, Pfurtscheller G, Graimann B, Schlögl A, Minecan DN, Kushwaha RK, BeMent SL, Sagher O, Schuh LA: Electrocorticogram as the Basis for a Direct Brain Interface: Opportunities for Improved Detection Accuracy The First International IEEE EMB Conference on Neural Engineering March 20-22, 2003: 587-590, 2003. Abstract

• B. Graimann, J.E. Huggins, A. Schloegl, S.P. Levine, G. Pfurtscheller: "Detection Of Movement-Related Desynchronization Patterns In Ongoing Single Channel Electrocorticogram." IEEE Trans Neural Sys. Rehab. Eng. 11(3):276-281, 2003. Abstract

• R. Scherer, B. Graimann, J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, and G. Pfurtscheller, "Frequency Component Selection for an ECoG-based Brain Computer Interface," Biomed. Technik., Vol 48, p. 31-36 2003. Abstract

• M. M. Rohde, S. L. BeMent, J. E. Huggins, S. P. Levine, R. K. Kushwaha, L. A. Schuh, "Quality Estimation of Subdurally Recorded, Event Related Potentials Based on Signal to Noise Ratio." IEEE Transactions Biomed. Eng., Vol 49:1 p. 31-40, 2002. Abstract

• S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, S.L. BeMent, R. K. Kushwaha, L.A. Schuh, M.M. Rohde, E.A. Passaro, D.A. Ross K.V. Elisevich, B.J. Smith: "A Direct Brain Interface Based on Event-Related Potentials." IEEE Transactions on Rehab. Eng., Vol. 8:2 p. 180-185, 2000. Abstract

• B. Graimann, J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, G. Pfurtscheller: "Visualization of significant ERD/ERS patterns in multichannel EEG and ECoG data", Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol 113:1 p. 43-47, 2002. Abstract

• J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, S.L. BeMEnt, R.K. Kushwaha, L.A. Schuh, D.A. Ross, M.M. Rohde: "Detection of Event-Related Potentials for Development of a Direct Brain Interface." Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 16:5, p. 448-455, 1999. Abstract

• S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins,S.L. BeMEnt, R.K. Kushwaha, L.A. Schuh, D.A. Ross, M.M. Rohde: "Identification of Electrocorticogram Patterns as the Basis for a Direct Brain Interface." Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 16:5, p. 439-447, 1999. Abstract

• Rohde MM, Huggins JE, BeMent SL, Levine SP, Kushwaha RK, Schuh LA, Ross DA: Use of a Running Signal to Noise Ratio to Identify Voluntary Event Related Cortical Potentials Conference Proceedings: IEEE Conference on Engineering in Medicine & Biology 1997: 1500-1503, 1997. Abstract

• Levine SP, Huggins JE, BeMent SL, Schuh LA, Kushwaha RK, Ross DA, Rohde MM: Intracranial Detection of Movement-Related Potentials for Operation of a Direct Brain Interface Conference Proceedings: IEEE Conference on Engineering in Medicine & Biology 1996(Paper 2.7.1-3): 512-513, 1996. Abstract

Papers Published in Conference Proceedings

• Fried-Oken M, Hochberg L, Huggins J, Romski MA, Vaughan T: Challenges in creating synergy between AAC and brain-computer interfaces, International Society for Augmentative and Alternative Communication, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Proceedings of the 2016 ISAAC Conference, 2016.

• Alcaide-Aguirre RE, Huggins JE, Warschausky SA: Creating an Integrated Confirmation Step in an Event-Related Potential Brain-Computer Interface, 7th International IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, Montpellier, France, Proceedings of the 7th International IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, Abstract WeCT3.55, 1, 2015.

• Allison B, Huggins J, Pineda J. Survey Results Regarding BCI Terminology, Sixth International Brain-Computer Interface Conference 2014 The Future of Brain-Computer Interaction: Basics, Shortcomings, Users, Graz, Austria, submission 123, Sep 16-19, 2014.

• Alcaide RE, Brown D, Ma X, Aref A, Winter B, Huggins J. Google Glass Display for a Brain-Computer Interface, Neuroscience Conference, Abstract number 13377, Washington DC, USA, Nov 15-19, 2014.

• Ramsey N, Allison B, Donchin E, Sellers E, Huggins JE, Millan JdR, Guger C, Gao S, Wolpaw J. The Emerging Brain-Computer Interface Society, 6th International Brain-Computer Interface Conference 2014, Graz, Austria, September 16-19, 2014.

• Blain-Moraes S, Connolly J, Huggins J, Young C, Warschausky S, Event-related brain potentials as alternative cognitive test access for children with cerebral palsy, International Neuropsychological Society, Waikoloa, HI, Feb 6-9, 2013.

• AA Moinuddin, PA Wren, J Hornyak, AE Chiodo, JE Huggins: Preliminary design and performance standards for Brain-Computer Interfaces desired by potential users with neuromuscular disease. Proceedings of the 5th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, June 3-7, 2013, Pacific Grove, California, Article 184, DOI 10.3217/978-3-85125-260-6-184, 2013.

• R Alcaide, Jane E. Huggins: Evaluating hold-release functionality in a P300 BCI. Proceedings of the 5th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, June 3-7, 2013, Pacific Grove, California, Article 69, DOI 10.3217/978-3-85125-260-6-69, 2013.

• AA Moinuddin, PA Wren, AE Chiodo, JE Huggins: Brain-computer interface design and performance standards desired by potential users with spinal cord injury, Neuroscience Conference, 2012.

• AW Aref, MT McCann, JE Huggins: The P300-Certainty Algorithm: Improving accuracy by withholding erroneous selections, ECNS Conference, Bristol, TN, 12-16 September 2012.

• JE Huggins, RT Trotter, JE Hornyak: Plug-And-Play Brain-Computer Interface Use By People With Muscular Dystrophy, International Society on Augmentative and Alternative Communication Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, July 30- August 2, 2012.

• J Hoellerbauer, JE Huggins: Exploring subject-independent P300 brain-computer interface configurations, Neuroscience Conference, Washington, DC, Nov 12-16, 2011.

• PA Wren, S Blain, R Schaff, KL Gruis, JE Huggins: Perspectives of persons with ALS on the design of brain-computer interface (BCI) communication technology, 139th APHA Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, (October 29 - November 2, 2011).

• S Blain, JE Huggins: Toward a Practical Brain-Computer Interface for Individuals with Severe Motor Disabilities, American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine annual conference, Atlanta, Georgia, October 11-15, 2011.

• JE Huggins, DE Thompson, KL Gruis: Plug-And-Play Brain-Computer Interface Use By People With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. RESNA Conference within Festival of International Conferences on Caregiving, Disability, Aging, and Technology (FICCDAT), paper 69677, 2011.

• David E. Thompson, Michael T. McCann, Carmela C. Lee, Jane E. Huggins, "Impact of wheelchair tilt on P300 brain-computer interface accuracy," Neuroscience, San Diego, CA, Nov 13-17, 2010.

• Jane E. Huggins, Patricia A. Wren, Kirsten L. Gruis, 'Brain-computer interface performance standards desired by potential users with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis," Neuroscience, San Diego, CA, Nov 13-17, 2010.

• D.E. Thompson, M.T. McCann, J.E. Huggins, "Controlling wheelchair tilt with a brain-computer interface", BCI Meeting 2010, May 31- June 4, 2010.  Abstract

• M.T. McCann, D.E. Thompson, J.E. Huggins, "A brute force investigation of electrode subsets for a P300 BCI", BCI Meeting 2010, May 31- June 4, 2010.  Abstract

• Huggins JE, Lee CC: Configuring Assistive Technology for a Brain-computer Interface. TOBI Workshop: Integrating Brain-Computer Interfaces with Conventional Assistive Technology, Graz, Austria, 3-4 Feb 2010.

• Huggins JE: No-control Performance, an Essential BCI Metric. TOBI Workshop: Integrating Brain-Computer Interfaces with Conventional Assistive Technology, Graz, Austria, 3-4 Feb 2010.

• D.E. Thompson, J.J. Baker, W.A. Sarnacki, J.E. Huggins, "Plug-and-play Brain-Computer Interface Keyboard Performance," Neural Engineering, 2009. NER '09. 4th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on April 29, 2009-May 2, 2009 Page(s): 433-435 

• M. Fatourechi, R.K. Ward, S.G. Mason, J. Huggins, A. Schlgl, and G.E. Birch, Comparison of Evaluation Metrics in Classification Applications with Imbalanced Datasets, IEEE Int. Conf. on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA08), San Diego, California, Dec.2008, pp.777-782.

• J.E. Huggins, C. Damannagari, "Quadratic Detector Robustness to ECoG Containing Untrained Events" Neural Interfaces Conference, Cleveland, OH, June 16-18, 2008.

• J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, V. Solo, J.A. Fessler, D.M. Minecan, S.Y.Chun, R. K. Kushwaha, S.L. BeMent, O. Sagher, L.A. Schuh, B.J. Smith, K.V. Elisevich, G. Pfurtscheller, B. Graimann, "University of Michigan Direct Brain Interface: 2005 Update," Brain-Computer Interface Technology: Third International Meeting, Rensselaerville, NY, June 14-19, 2005.

• B. Graimann, J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, G. Pfurtscheller, "An Assessment of ECoG Signals for Direct Brain Communication," Brain-Computer Interface Technology: Third International Meeting, Rensselaerville, NY, June 14-19, 2005.

• J.A. Fessler, S.Y. Chun, J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, "Detection of Event-Related Spectral Changes in Electrocorticograms," 2nd International IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, March 16-19, p.269-272, 2005.

• J.A. Fessler, S.Y. Chun, J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, "Detection of Event-Related Spectral Changes in Electrocorticograms," 2nd International IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, March 16-19, p.269-272, 2005.

• B. Graimann, J. E. Huggins, S. P. Levine, G. Pfurtscheller, "Detection of ERP and ERD/ERS Patterns in Single ECoG Channels." The First International IEEE EMB Conference on Neural Engineering, pp. 614-617, March 20-22, 2003.

• J. E. Huggins, S. P. Levine, J. A. Fessler, W. M. Sowers, G. Pfurtscheller, B. Graimann, A. Schloegl, D. N. Minecan, R. K. Kushwaha, S. L. BeMent, O. Sagher, L. A. Schuh, "Electrocorticogram as the Basis for a Direct Brain Interface: Opportunities for Improved Detection Accuracy," The First International IEEE EMB Conference on Neural Engineering, pp. 587-590, March 20-22, 2003.

• W.M. Sowers, J.A. Fessler, S.P.Levine, J.E. Huggins, "Detection of Event-Related Signals in Electrocorticogram," Brain-Computer Interfaces for Communication and Control: Second International Meeting: Moving Beyond Demonstration Program and Abstracts, The Rensselaerville Institute, p. 105, 2002.

• S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, J.A. Fessler, W.M. Sowers, R.K.Kushwaha, S.L.BeMent, D.N. Minecan, O. Sagher, K.J. Leneway, J.J.Choi, S.J. Grikschat , L.A. Schuh, B.J. Smith, K.V. Elisevich, "University of Michigan Direct Brain Interface: 2002 Update," Brain-Computer Interfaces for Communication and Control: Second International Meeting: Moving Beyond Demonstration Program and Abstracts, The Rensselaerville Institute, p. 54, 2002.

• J.E. Huggins, M.M. Rohde, S.P. Levine, R.K. Kushwaha, S.L.BeMent, E.A. Passaro, K.J. Leneway, "Feedback to Improve Detection of Event-Related Potentials in Electrocorticogram," Brain-Computer Interfaces for Communication and Control: Second International Meeting: Moving Beyond Demonstration Program and Abstracts, The Rensselaerville Institute, p. 90-91, 2002.

• S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, E.A. Passaro, R.K. Kushwaha, O. Sagher, J.A. Fessler, S.L. BeMent, J.B. Carneal, W.M. Sowers, "An Approach to a Direct Brain Interface Using Intracortical Recordings," American Paraplegic Society, 48th Annual Conference Program and Abstracts, p., 29, September 2002

• B. Graimann, J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, G. Pfurtscheller: "Detection of movement-related Patterns in single ECoG channels." Proc. Europ. Med. Bio. Eng. Conference EMBEC 02, pp. 1312-1313, 2002.

• Parkinson MB, Huggins JE: A Method for the Rapid Prototyping of Custom Contoured Cushions, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Biomedical Engineering Conference, New York, NY, Proceedings American Society of Mechanical Engineers Biomedical Engineering Conference, 2001, 2001.

• U.H. Balbale, J.E. Huggins, S.L.BeMent, S.P. Levine: "Multi-Channel Analysis of Human Event-Related Cortical Potentials for the Development of a Direct Brain Interface. Proceedings of the First Joint Biomedical Engineering Society/Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Conference, 1999, p. 447.

• G.G. Ferrise, J.E. Huggins, J.A. Fessler, S.P. Levine: "Triggerless Movement Specific Template Development for Use in Detecting Event Related Potentials." Chicago 2000, World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, paper TU-FXH-131, 2000.

• S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, S.L. Bement, M.M. Rohde, E.A. Passaro, R.K. Kushwa, L.A. Schuh, D.A. Ross, K.V. Elisevich, B.J. Smith: "A Direct Brain Interface Based Upon Detection of Event Related Potentials in an Electrocorticogram." Brain-computer Interface Technology: Theory and Practice - First International Meeting Program and Papers, Wadsworth Center Brain-Computer Interface Project, p. 74-75, 1999.

• M.M. Rohde, J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, R.K. Kushwaha, E.A. Passaro: "Event Related Potential Acquisition, Analysis, and Training System." Proceedings of the First Joint Biomedical Engineering Society/Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Conference, 1999, p.376.

• Rohde MM, BeMent SL, Huggins JE, Levine SP, Kushwaha RK, Ross DA: Real Time ERP Analyzer for a Rehabilitative 'Direct Brain Interface', Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation Conference Proceedings, 60, 1998.

• M.M. Rohde, S.L. BeMent, J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, R.K. Kushwaha, D.A. Ross: "Real Time ERP Analyzer for a Rehabilitative Direct Brain Interface." Proc. of the AAMI's 33rd Annual Meeting and Expo, AAMI, p. 60-61, 1998.

• M.M. Rohde, S.L. BeMent, S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, R.K. Kushwaha: "Signal to Noise Ratio Based Sorting of Voluntary Event Related Potential Averages for Assistive Technology Applications," Proc of the RESNA 98 Annual Conf, pp. 381-383, 1998.

• J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, M.M. Rhode, R.K. Kushwaha, S.L. BeMent, L.A. Schuh, D.A. Ross: "Identification of Event-Related Potentials for a Direct Brain Interface to Control Assistive Technology," 28th Neural Prosthesis Workshop, NIH, Oct 15-17, 1997.

• J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, D.A. Ross, R.K. Kushwaha, L.A. Schuh, M.M. Rohde, S.L. BeMent: "Intra-Operative Recording Of Electrocorticogram For The Development Of A Direct Brain Interface," Proc of the RESNA 97 Annual Conf, pp. 552-554, 1997.

• M.M. Rohde, J.E. Huggins, S.L. BeMent, S.P. Levine, R.K. Kushwaha, L.A. Schuh, D.A. Ross: "Use of a Running Signal to Noise Ratio to Identify Voluntary Event Related Cortical Potentials," Conf. Proc.: IEEE Conf. Eng. Med. & Bio., pp.1500-1503, 1997.

• S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, S.L. BeMent, L.A. Schuh, R.K. Kushwaha, D.A. Ross, M.M. Rohde: "Intracranial Detection of Movement-Related Potentials for Operation of a Direct Brain Interface," Conf. Proc.: IEEE Conf. Eng. Med. & Bio., 1996, Paper #350, 2.7.1-3.

• J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, S.L. BeMent, R.K. Kushwaha, L.A. Schuh, M.M. Rohde: "Detection of Event-Related Potentials as the Basis for a Direct Brain Interface," Proc of the RESNA'96 Annual Conf, pp. 489-491, 1996. 

• J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, R. Kushwaha, S. BeMent, L.A. Schuh, D.A. Ross: "Identification of Cortical Signal Patterns Related to Human Tongue Protrusion," Proc. of the RESNA'95 Annual. Conf., pp. 670-672, 1995.

• Horner JE [maiden name of Huggins JE], Feyen RG, Ashlock G, Levine SP: Specialized Approach to Teaching Voice Recognition Computer Interfaces Proceedings of the RESNA '93 Annual Conference 1993: 449-451, 1993.

Book Chapters

• Huggins JE, Zeitlin D, Applications, in Brain-Computer Interfaces: Principles and Practice, J.R. Wolpaw and L. Wolpaw, Eds., Oxford Press, 2011.

• Jane E. Huggins, "BCIs Based on Signals from Between the Brain and Skull," Brain-Computer Interfaces: Revolutionizing Human-Computer Interaction, B. Graimann, B. Allison, G. Pfurtscheller, Eds., Springer, pp. 221-240, 2010.

• A Schlogl, J Kronegg, JE Huggins, S Mason. "Title of contribution: Evaluation Criteria in BCI research," in Towards Brain-Computer Interfacing, edited by G Dornhege, JdR Millan, T Hinterberger, D McFarland, and KR Meuller, MIT Press, pp. 327-342, 2007.

• JE Huggins, B Graimann, SY Chun, JA Fessler, SP Levine. "Electrocorticogram as a Brain Computer Interface Signal Source," in Towards Brain-Computer Interfacing, edited by G Dornhege, JdR Millan, T Hinterberger, D McFarland, and KR Meuller, MIT Press, pp. 129-145, 2007.

Doctoral Dissertations

• Evaluating a Novel Brain-Computer Interface and EEG Biomarkers for Cognitive Assessment in Children with Cerebral Palsy, Ramses Alcaide, 2016.

• Unlocking Possibilities While Preserving Performance: Putting the "Interface" Back in Brain-Computer Interface, David Edward Thompson, 2012.

• Voluntary Control of Cortical Event Related Potentials, Mitchell Max Rohde, 2000.

• Event-Related Potentials From the Human Cortex as the Basis of a Direct Brain Interface for the Operation of Assistive Technology, Jane Elizabeth Huggins, 1997.

Other Presentations

• Huggins, JE, Edlinger G, Report from the 5th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting - Varieties of Brain-computer Interfaces, Bellevue, WA, June 20-24, 2013.

• Huggins JE: At the Limits of the Possible: Thoughts on Priorities from Brain-Computer Interface Research, Learning FROM Disability Workshop, Wright State University, May 31-Jun 1, 2012.

• Hill K; Huggins J: Brain-Computer Interfaces, Ready or Not, RESNA 2011, Toronto, June 6, 2011.

• J.E. Huggins, "Brain-computer interface research at the University of Michigan." BCI Meeting 2010, May 31- June 4, 2010. 

• J.E. Huggins, "Configuring Assistive Technology for a Brain-Computer Interface." Tools for Brain-Computer Interaction, February 3, 2010. 

• Huggins JE, Vaughan T, Moore MM, Hochberg LR: Brain Computer Interfaces: Moving Closer to the Clinic. RESNA 2006: Thriving in Challenging Times, Atlanta, GA June 22-26, 2006.

• Jeffrey Fessler, Simon P.Levine, "Model-Based Detection Of Event-Related Signals In Electrocorticogram," part of the workshop "Towards Brain-Computer Interfacing" at the 18th Annual on Neural Information Processing Systems, 2004.

• S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins: "Direct Brain Interfaces: Present, Future, and Science Fiction". Naval War College, November, 2002

• S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, J.A. Fessler, W.M. Sowers, D.N. Minecan, R.K. Kushwaha, S.L. BeMent, O.Sagher, L.A. Schuh, B.J. Smith, K.V. Elisevich, G. Pfurtscheller, B. Graimann, A. Schlvgl, R. Scherer: "An ECoG Based BCI: The University of Michigan Direct Brain Interface." Graz International BCI Workshop, September, 2002.

• J.E. Huggins, T. Vaughan, S.P. Levine, P. Kennedy, M. Moore: "Direct Brain Interfaces: Current Status and Clinical Considerations." RESNA Annual Conference, June, 2002.

• S.P. Levine: "Direct Brain Interface: Will Rehabilitation Research and Science Fiction Meet?" Fourth Annual Visiting Scholar Lecture, Dept. of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, May 2001.

• S.P. Levine: "Direct Brain Interface Based on detection of Event Related Potentials in Elecrocorticogram." NP 2000 Neural Prosthesis: Motor Systems, Tversted, Denmark, June, 2000.

• S.P. Levine & J.E. Huggins: "Humans Research Participants: Direct Brain Interface Development - A Case Study in Ethical Complexities." NIH/Whitaker Workshop on Assistive Technology Research and Development, Chicago, June, 2000.

• S.P. Levine: "Direct Brain Interface Based on Event Detection in ECoG", 31st Neural Prosthesis Workshop, NINDS/NIH, Oct 25-27, 2000.

Other Publications

• Tou SLJ, Alcaide-Aguirre RE, Aref AE, and Huggins JE: Subject-Specific Electrode Subsets for P300 BCI: Typically Developing and Cerebral Palsy Populations, 6th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, Pacific Grove, California, United States, Proceedings of the 6th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, 2016, 2016.

• Huggins JE and Thompson DE: P300 Latency Jitter More Likely for People with ALS, 6th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, Pacific Grove, California, United States, Proceedings of the 6th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, 2016, 2016.

• Alcaide R, Warschausky S, and Huggins J: Intelligence and Brain Dynamics in Children with Cerebral Palsy, 6th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, Pacific Grove, California, United States, Proceedings of the 6th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, 2016, 2016.

• Aref A and Huggins J: Combining Methods To Predict Accuracy of Individual Brain-Computer Interface Selections, 6th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, Pacific Grove, California, Proceedings of the 6th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, 2016, 2016.

• Mowla MR, Huggins J, Thompson D: Boosting BCI accuracy using wavelet enhanced CBLE scores as a classifier feature, 6th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, Pacific Grove, California, Proceedings of the 6th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, 2016, 2016.

• Tillman J, Huggins JE, Thompson DE: Blink Artifact Rejection Reduces P3 Speller Accuracy but May Prevent Unintended Blink-Based Control, 6th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, Pacific Grove, California, United States, Proceedings of the 6th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, 2016, 2016.

• Aref AW, Huggins JE: Predicting BCI accuracy with alpha band analysis, Society for Neuroscience, Chicago, IL, Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting Abstracts, 1, 2015.

• Alcaide RE, Huggins JE, Warschausky S: Intelligence and functional connectivity in people with cerebral palsy, Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting, Chicago, Society for Neuroscience, Abstracts, 1, 2015.

• Huggins JE, Alcaide-Aguirre RE, Aref AW, Brown D, Warschausky SA: Brain-Computer Interface Administration of a Standardized Vocabulary Test, 2014 MICHR Symposium, Coloring Outside the Lines: Innovating and Collaborating in the Changing World of Health Research, Ann Arbor, MI, 2014.

• S. G. Mason, J. Kronegg, J. Huggins, M. Fatourechi, and A. Schloegl, "Evaluating the Performance of Self-Paced BCI Technology".

• J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, V. Solo, J.A. Fessler, D.M. Minecan, S.Y.Chun, R. K. Kushwaha, S.L. BeMent, O. Sagher, L.A. Schuh, B.J. Smith, K.V. Elisevich, G. Pfurtscheller, B. Graimann, "University of Michigan Direct Brain Interface: 2005 Update," Brain-Computer Interface Technology: Third International Meeting, Rensselaerville, NY, June 14-19, 2005.

• B. Graimann, J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, G. Pfurtscheller, "An Assessment of ECoG Signals for Direct Brain Communication," Brain-Computer Interface Technology: Third International Meeting, Rensselaerville, NY, June 14-19, 2005.

• S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, J.A. Fessler, D.M. Minecan, S.L. BeMent, R. K. Kushwaha, O. Sagher, J. Vaideeswaran, Y. Jin, L.A. Schuh, B.J. Smith, K.V. Elisevich, G. Pfurtscheller, B. Graimann, "2003 Progress on a Direct Brain Interface Based on Detection of ERPs in ECoG", 34th Neural Prosthesis Workshop, Oct. 21-23, 2003.

• W.M. Sowers, J.A. Fessler, S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins: "Combinations of Event-Related Potentials and Spectral Changes for Event Detection in Electrocorticogram." 33rd Neural Prosthesis Workshop, National Institute of Health, October, 2002.

• J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, R.K. Kushwaha, O. Sagher, S.L. BeMent, D.N. Minecan, J. Vaideeswaran, L.A. Schuh, H. Parikh, "2002 Progress on a Direct Brain Interface Based on Detection of ERPs in ECoG: Feedback Experiments", 33rd Neural Prosthesis Workshop, NIH, Oct. 16-18, 2002.

• W.M. Sowers, J.A. Fessler, S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, "Detection of Event-Related Signals in Electrocorticogram," Brain-Computer Interfaces for Communication and Control: Second International Meeting: Moving Beyond Demonstration Program and Abstracts, The Rensselaerville Institute, p. 105, 2002.

• S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, J.A. Fessler, W.M. Sowers, R.K. Kushwaha, S.L. BeMent, D.N. Minecan, O. Sagher, K.J. Leneway, J.J. Choi, S.J. Grikschat, L.A. Schuh, B.J. Smith, K.V. Elisevich, "University of Michigan Direct Brain Interface: 2002 Update," Brain-Computer Interfaces for Communication and Control: Second International Meeting: Moving Beyond Demonstration Program and Abstracts, The Rensselaerville Institute, p. 54, 2002.

• J.E. Huggins, M.M. Rohde, S.P. Levine, R.K. Kushwaha, S.L. BeMent, E.A. Passaro, K.J. Leneway, "Feedback to Improve Detection of Event-Related Potentials in Electrocorticogram," Brain-Computer Interfaces for Communication and Control: Second International Meeting: Moving Beyond Demonstration Program and Abstracts, The Rensselaerville Institute, p. 90-91, 2002.

• S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, J.A. Fessler, E.A. Passaro, S.L. BeMent, R. K. Kushwaha, O. Sagher, S.M. Laux, W.M. Sowers, J.B. Carneal, L.A. Schuh, B.J. Smith, K.V. Elisevich, G. Pfurtscheller, B. Graimann, "2001 Progress on a Direct Brain Interface Based on Detection of ERPs in ECoG," 32th Neural Prosthesis Workshop, NIH, Oct 2001.

• S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, M.M. Rohde, R.K. Kushwaha, U.H. Balbale, S.L. BeMent, E.A. Passaro, D.A. Ross, L.A. Schuh, B.J. Smith, K.V. Elisevich,: "1999 Progress on a Direct Brain Interface Based on Event Detection in Electrocorticogram," 30th Neural Prosthesis Workshop, NINDS/NIH, Oct 1999.

• S.P. Levine, Ph.D., S.L. BeMent, Ph.D., J.E. Huggins, Ph.d., M.M. Rohde, M.S., R.K. Kushwaha, Ph.D., E.A. Passaro, M.D., D.A. Ross, M.D., "Continuing Efforts Towards Development of a Direct Brain Interface Based on Event-Related Potentials," 29th Neural Prosthesis Workshop, NINDS/NIH, Oct 28-30, 1998.

• J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, M.M. Rohde, R.K. Kushwaha, S.L. BeMent, L.A. Schuh, D.A. Ross, "Identification of Event-Related Potentials for a Direct Brain Interface to Control Assistive Technology," 28th Neural Prosthesis Workshop, NIH, Oct 15-17, 1997.

• S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, S.L. BeMent, M. Rohde, R. Kushwaha, L. Schuh, D. Ross: "Direct Brain Interface for Control of Assistive Technologies." 27th Annual Neural Prosthesis Workshop, NINDS/NIH, October, 1996.

• J.E. Huggins, M.S.E., S.P. Levine, Ph.D., S.L. BeMent, Ph.D., L.A. Schuh, M.D., R.K. Kushwaha, Ph.D., M.M. Rohde, B.S.E., "Toward a Direct Brain Interface Using ECoGs", 26th Neural Prosthesis Workshop, NINDS/NIH, 1995.