Terms and Definitions
Attrition: the process of slowly losing knowledge of elements of a language previously known, often in reference to one's L1
Attrition: the process of slowly losing knowledge of elements of a language previously known, often in reference to one's L1
Competency/fluency/proficiency: standards put in place to determine who "can" speak or sign the language in question. In this case, this ideology is surrounding who can claim to be a 'native speaker' and who can claim native proficiency of a language
Competency/fluency/proficiency: standards put in place to determine who "can" speak or sign the language in question. In this case, this ideology is surrounding who can claim to be a 'native speaker' and who can claim native proficiency of a language
Creole exceptionalism: assumption that Creole languages are linguistically different and form differently from all other languages, often perpetuating ideas that devalue Creole languages as 'broken' or 'less advanced'
Creole exceptionalism: assumption that Creole languages are linguistically different and form differently from all other languages, often perpetuating ideas that devalue Creole languages as 'broken' or 'less advanced'
Critical Period Hypothesis: hypothesis that claims there is a period of brain development where it is easiest to acquire language. After this time passes, learning additional language(s) is thought to be much harder
Critical Period Hypothesis: hypothesis that claims there is a period of brain development where it is easiest to acquire language. After this time passes, learning additional language(s) is thought to be much harder
Deficit models: models that posits specific speakers, languages, and/or language varieties as having deficits or shortcomings in how they speak
Deficit models: models that posits specific speakers, languages, and/or language varieties as having deficits or shortcomings in how they speak
Heritage speakers: bilingual speakers of an ethnic or immigrant minority language, whose first language often does not reach 'native-like' attainment in adulthood
Heritage speakers: bilingual speakers of an ethnic or immigrant minority language, whose first language often does not reach 'native-like' attainment in adulthood
Inequality regimes: ideas and practices that further marginalization and inequality in organizations. In the case of language education, this is perpetuated through white English speakers being seen and valued as the ideal language teacher far more than their nonwhite counterparts
Inequality regimes: ideas and practices that further marginalization and inequality in organizations. In the case of language education, this is perpetuated through white English speakers being seen and valued as the ideal language teacher far more than their nonwhite counterparts
Languagelessness: idea that identified 'language deficits' cause individuals or entire language communities to lack any language
Languagelessness: idea that identified 'language deficits' cause individuals or entire language communities to lack any language
Language dominance: unequal usage and proficiency in the languages one speaks and/or signs
Language dominance: unequal usage and proficiency in the languages one speaks and/or signs
Language as a gradient: viewing language as collection of cognitive abilities operating at different levels dependent on development stage, rather than viewing language as a 'faculty'
Language as a gradient: viewing language as collection of cognitive abilities operating at different levels dependent on development stage, rather than viewing language as a 'faculty'
Monoglot standardization: promotion of a single language and a standardized variety over other languages and varieties of languages that may be spoken or signed in the community
Monoglot standardization: promotion of a single language and a standardized variety over other languages and varieties of languages that may be spoken or signed in the community
Monolingualism: the ability to speak or sign in only one language
Monolingualism: the ability to speak or sign in only one language
Multilingualism: the ability to speak and/or sign in multiple languages
Multilingualism: the ability to speak and/or sign in multiple languages
Native speakerism: a widespread ideology that espouses the “belief that ‘native-speaker’ teachers represent a ‘Western culture’ from which spring the ideals both of the English language and of English language teaching methodology" (Holliday, 2006)
Native speakerism: a widespread ideology that espouses the “belief that ‘native-speaker’ teachers represent a ‘Western culture’ from which spring the ideals both of the English language and of English language teaching methodology" (Holliday, 2006)
Potential fluent speakers: viewpoint to see passive speakers (i.e. those who can understand a language but have less competence with speaking/signing) as speakers who have the potential to become fluent, rather than framing them as non-speakers
Potential fluent speakers: viewpoint to see passive speakers (i.e. those who can understand a language but have less competence with speaking/signing) as speakers who have the potential to become fluent, rather than framing them as non-speakers
Raciolinguistic perspective: perspective on linguistics research that asks researchers to “[refuse] to take racialized assessments of linguistic deficiency at face value as claims that can be disproved if we provide sufficient scientific evidence” (Rosa & Flores, 2017)
Raciolinguistic perspective: perspective on linguistics research that asks researchers to “[refuse] to take racialized assessments of linguistic deficiency at face value as claims that can be disproved if we provide sufficient scientific evidence” (Rosa & Flores, 2017)
Translanguaging: being able to use one’s full idiolect, full linguistic repertoire without regard for its adherence to the political and social boundaries set by named languages
Translanguaging: being able to use one’s full idiolect, full linguistic repertoire without regard for its adherence to the political and social boundaries set by named languages
The 'Global North': geographic centers of academic wealth and/or power
The 'Global North': geographic centers of academic wealth and/or power
Attrition
Competency/fluency/proficiency
Creole exceptionalism
Critical Period Hypothesis
Deficit Models
Heritage Speakers
Inequality regimes
Languagelessness
Language dominance
Language as a gradient
Monolingualism
Monoglot standardization
Multilingualism
Native speakerism
Potential fluent speakers?
Raciolinguistic Perspective
Semi-speakers
Translanguaging
The 'Global North'