CM, AOE, FRSC, FSRA, IWAF, FCAE (Emeritus), FEC, FGC(Hon), PEng

New 2024 book available for free download at: https://doi.org/10.62592/MNDH2138

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 What is Safe Drinking Water?

1.2 The Nature of Contamination of Water

1.3 How Can Safe Drinking Water Be Ensured?

1.4 Do Aspects of Groundwater Affect Drinking Water Safety?

2 EXPERIENCE WITH DRINKING-WATER CONTAMINATION AFFECTING HUMAN HEALTH

2.1 History and Understanding of Safe Drinking Water

2.2 Chemical Contaminants

2.3 Microbial Pathogens

2.4 Chemical Versus Microbial Risk in Drinking Water

2.4.1 Contaminants in Groundwater

2.4.2 Chemical Contaminants in Groundwater

2.4.3 Microbial Contaminants in Groundwater

3 THE BASIC SCIENCES FOR ASSESSING PUBLIC HEALTH RISKS

3.1 How We Learn What We Believe About Public Health

3.2 Toxicology for Risk Assessment

3.2.1 Understanding Some Fundamental Aspects of Toxicology

3.2.2 Types of Toxicology Studies

3.2.3 Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion (ADME)

3.2.4 Threshold and Non-threshold Toxic Agents

3.2.5 Interpreting Toxicology Studies – Weight of Evidence

3.3 Epidemiology for Risk Assessment

3.3.1 Correlation of Outcome with Exposure

3.3.2 Confounding

3.3.3 Bias

3.3.4 Validity and Reliability

3.3.5 Study Design for Supporting Causation

3.3.6 Weighing Epidemiological Evidence for Causation

4 HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT

4.1 Comparative Human Health Risks and Environmental Health

4.2 Evolution of Environmental/Public Health Risk Assessment

4.3 Overview of Guidance on Environmental Health Risk Assessment

4.3.1 Issue/Problem Definition

4.3.2 Hazard Identification

4.3.3 Dose–Response Assessment

4.3.4 Exposure Assessment

4.3.5 Risk Characterization

4.3.6 Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA)

5 HEALTH RISK MANAGEMENT

5.1 Precautionary Bias of Public Health

5.2 Approaches to Precaution and Practical Limits to Precaution

5.3 Setting Environmental Health Criteria

5.4 Developing Drinking-Water Guidelines and Standards (WHO, EU, USA, Canada, and Australia)

5.4.1 World Health Organization Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality

5.4.2 United States Safe Drinking Water Act Regulations (US DWA)

5.4.3 Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality (GCDWQ)

5.4.4 Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG)

5.4.5 European Union Water Directive

5.4.6 Calculation of Drinking Water Guideline/Standard Concentrations

5.4.7 Threshold of Toxic Concern (TTC)

5.5 Drinking-Water Safety Plans

6 HEALTH RISK PERCEPTION AND CONSEQUENCES

6.1 Misunderstanding Health Risk Evidence and Risk Perception

6.2 Misinformation Versus Reality

6.2.1 Disinfection By-Products and Human Health

6.2.2 Other Drinking Water Health Risk Controversies

6.3 Off-Flavors, Aesthetics, and Risk Perception

6.4 Judgment and Ethical Risk Management

6.4.1 Ethical Principles to Guide Risk Management

6.5 Making More of What We Know

7 CONCLUDING THOUGHTS

7.1 Overview

7.2 Principles, Foundations and Concepts About Health Risk

7.2.1 Risk and Health Risk

7.2.2 Evidence of Causation, Epidemiology, and Toxicology

7.2.3 Exposure Assessment is Essential

7.2.4 Cancer Risk and Thresholds of Dose–Response

7.2.5 Uncertainty and Managing Risk

7.3 Summary

8 EXERCISES

9 REFERENCES

10 BOXES

BOX 1 Drinking Water Guidelines and Standards are Dominated by Chemical Contaminants

Box 2 Chloroform and THMs: A True Story of Regulatory Evolution of DBPS

Box 3 Research Needs for DBP Exposure Assessment Issues (Arbuckle et al., 2002)

11 EXERCISE SOLUTIONS

12 GLOSSARY

13 NOTATIONS

14 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Publications

Awards

Publications

Books

Hrudey, S.E. 2024. Public Health Risk Assessment and Risk Management for Safe Drinking Water. The Groundwater Project - Making Groundwater Understandable. Guelph, ON. https://doi.org/10.62592/MNDH2138

Hrudey, S.E., Gunnarsdottir, M., Contos, A. & Petersen, S. Eds.2024. Drinking Water Safety Plans. Special Issue of the Journal of Water & Health. IWA Publishing, London. https://iwaponline.com/jwh/pages/si_drinking_water_safety_plans

Hrudey, S.E. & E.J. Hrudey. 2014. Ensuring Safe Drinking Water – Learning from Frontline Experience with Contamination. American Water Works Association. Denver, CO. 269pp.

Hrudey, S.E. & J.W.A. Charrois. Eds. 2012. Disinfection By-Products and Human Health. IWA Publishing, London. May 2012. 324pp.

Hrudey, S.E. & E.J. Hrudey. 2004. Safe Drinking Water – Lessons from Recent Outbreaks in Affluent Nations. IWA Publishing, London. 514pp.

Hrudey, S.E. 2003. Ed. Drinking Water Safety – A Total Quality Management Approach. Proc. Inter. Conf. Water & Health, Ottawa, Sept 23-25, 2002, NERAM – IRR, University of Waterloo.476pp.

Thomas, S. P. & S. E. Hrudey. 1997. Risk of Death in Canada- What We Know and How We Know It. University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, 292 pp.

Hrudey, S.E., Chen, W. & C. Rousseaux. 1995. Bioavailability in Environmental Risk Assessment. Lewis Publishers, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 291 pp.

Vandermeulen, J.H. & Hrudey, S.E. 1987. Ed. Oil and Freshwater: Chemistry, Biology and Countermeasure Technology, Pergamon Press, 510 pp.

Barnes, D., Forster, C.F. & Hrudey, S.E. 1987. Ed. Surveys in Industrial Wastewater Treatment: Manufacturing and Chemical Industries, Vol.3, Longmans Ltd., London, 217 pp.

Barnes, D., Forster, C.F. & Hrudey, S.E. 1984. Eds. Surveys in Industrial Wastewater Treatment: Petroleum and Organic Chemical Industries, Vol.2, Pitmans Ltd., London, 233 pp.

Barnes, D., Forster, C.F. & Hrudey, S.E. 1984. Ed. Surveys in Industrial Wastewater Treatment: Food and Allied Industries, Vol.1, Pitmans, London, 326 pp.

Book Chapters and Specialty Proceedings Publications

Hrudey, S.E. & E.J. Hrudey. 2015. Walkerton – Systemic Flaws Allow a Fatal Outbreak. In: Bartram, J., with Baum, R., Coclanis, P.A., Gute, D. M., Kay, D., McFayden, S.,Pond, K., Robertson, W. and Rouse, M.J. (eds) Routledge Handbook of Water and Health. London and New York: Routledge. Chap 69: 675-688.

Hrudey, S.E. & E.J. Hrudey. 2013. Preventing Drinking Water Outbreaks – Operators Converting Hindsight into Foresight. 47-55. In: Water Contamination Emergencies: Managing the Threats. (Eds) U. Borchers, K.C. Thompson, J. Gray. RSC Publishing, Cambridge, U.K.

Hrudey, S.E. & J.W.A. Charrois. 2012. Overview of Disinfection By-Products as a Public Health Issue. Chapter 1. 1-10, In: Disinfection By-Products and Human Health. Hrudey, S.E. & J.W.A. Charrois (Eds), IWA Publishing, London.

I. Kristiana, J.W.A. Charrois & S.E.Hrudey. 2012. Research overview, regulatory history and current worldwide status of disinfection by-products regulations and guidelines . Chapter 2. 11-39, In: Disinfection By-Products and Human Health. Hrudey, S.E. & J.W.A. Charrois (Eds), IWA Publishing, London.

Boyd, J.M., J.W.A. Charrois, R. Hofman & S.E. Hrudey. 2012. NDMA and other N-Nitrosamines - health risk assessment and management. Chapter 7. 125-144. In: Disinfection By-Products and Human Health. Hrudey, S.E. & J.W.A. Charrois (Eds), IWA Publishing, London.

Zhao, Y., W. Wang, S.E. Hrudey and X.-F. Li. 2012. Recent novel DBPs halogenated benzoquinones. Chapter 8. 145-178, In: Disinfection By-Products and Human Health. Hrudey, S.E. & J.W.A. Charrois (Eds), IWA Publishing, London.

Hrudey, S.E. 2012. Epidemiological inference and evidence on DBPs and human health. Chapter 11. 213-282. In: Disinfection By-Products and Human Health. Hrudey, S.E. & J.W.A. Charrois (Eds), IWA Publishing, London.

Hrudey, S.E. & J.W.A. Charrois. 2012. Concluding thoughts on DBPs, water quality and public health risks. Chapter 12. 283-298. In: Disinfection By-Products and Human Health. Hrudey, S.E. & J.W.A. Charrois (Eds), IWA Publishing, London.

Hrudey, S.E. & E.J. Hrudey. 2009. Prevention is Painfully Easy in Hindsight: Fatal E. coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter outbreak in Walkerton, Canada, 2000. Global Issues in Water, Sanitation and Health. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. National Academies Press. pp. 127-152.

Bradshaw, R.A., Pollard, S.J.T., Jalba, D.I., Charrois, J.W., S.E. Hrudey and N.J. Cromar. 2009. Evaluating cause-effect relationships and impact of incidents – a learning approach for operations and asset management. In: Water Contamination Emergencies – Collective Responsibility, Gray, J. and Thompson K.C. (eds.) Royal Society of Chemistry, Special Publication No. 317, pp. 82-116.

Zhao,Y.Y., J.M. Boyd, M. Woodbeck, R. Andrews, S.E. Hrudey and X-F. Li. 2008. Analysis of N-nitrosamines formed in various source waters treated with eleven disinfection processes. 289-303. In: Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water - Occurrence, Formation, Health Effects, and Control, Ed. T. Karanfil, S.W. Krasner, P. Westerhoff, and Y. Xie. American Chemical Society Symposium Series. Vol. 995.

Hrudey, S.E. 2006. Fatal Disease Outbreak from Contaminated Drinking Water in Walkerton, Canada. In: Case Studies in Environmental Engineering and Science. Eds: A. Bhandari & M.A. Butkus, Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors, Champaign, Illinois. pp. 4-18.

Hrudey, S.E. 2006 Waterborne Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis – North Battleford, Canada. In: Case Studies in Environmental Engineering and Science. Eds: A. Bhandari & M.A. Butkus, Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors, Champaign, Illinois. pp. 19-34.

Hrudey, S.E. and S. Rizak. 2006. Preventing drinking water emergencies – water quality monitoring lessons from recent outbreak experience. In: Water Contamination Emergencies: Enhancing our Response. Eds. K.C. Thompson and J. Gray, Royal Society of Chemistry, Special Publication No. 302, pp.42-52.

Pollard, S.J.T., J.E. Strutt, B.H. MacGillivray, J.V. Sharp, S.E. Hrudey and P.D. Hamilton. 2006. Risk management capabilities – Towards ‘Mindfulness’ for the international water utility sector. In: Water Contamination Emergencies: Enhancing our Response. Eds. K.C. Thompson and J. Gray, Royal Society of Chemistry, Special Publication No. 302, pp. 70-80.

Leiss, W. and S.E. Hrudey. 2005 On Proof and Probability, Introduction to Law and Risk, Chap 1, 1-19, Law Commission of Canada. University of British Columbia Press and Les Presses de l'Universite Laval, 208pp.

Hrudey, S.E. and E.J. Hrudey. 2004. Converting Hindsight into Foresight – Understanding the Causes of Waterborne Outbreaks, Chap. 9 In: Microbial Waterborne Pathogens, Ed. Cloete, T.E., J. Rose, L.H. Nel and T. Ford. IWA Publishing, London. 205-217.

Hrudey, S.E. 2000. Limits to Science for Assessing and Managing Environmental Health Risks. Science, Truth and Justice. Canadian Institute for the Administration of Justice, Les Éditions Thémis. Faculté de Droit. Université de Montréal. ISBN 2-89400-151-7 pp. 127-150.

Jardine, C.G. and S.E. Hrudey. (1999). “What is Risk?” Chap 17. Environmental Health For All. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 205-211.

Jardine, C.G. and S.E. Hrudey. (1999). “Promoting Active Public Participation?” Chap 13. Environmental Health For All. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 157-168.

Hrudey, S.E. 1998. “Quantitative Cancer Risk Assessment - Pitfalls and Progress.” Issues in Environmental Science and Technology. Eds. R.E. Hester and R.M. Harrison 9: 57-90, Roy. Soc. Chem. Pub., Cambridge.

Leiss, W. and S. E. Hrudey. (1997). “Dioxins or Chemical Stigmata.” Chapter 3. Mad Cows and Mother’s Milk: The Perils of Poor Risk Communication, Eds: D. Powell and W. Leiss. McGill-Queens University Press, pp 41-76.

Hrudey, S.E., Whitfield, F.B. & McGuire, M.J. (1995). Ed. “Off-Flavours in Drinking Water and Aquatic Organisms” International Association on Water Quality, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England., 280 pp.

Hrudey, S.E. (1991). "Specific problems in risk analysis and environmental monitoring" In: Hazardous Waste Incineration Calculations.Eds. Reynolds, J.P., Dupont, R.R. and Theodore, L., Wiley Interscience, pp 31-37, 131-142.

Fedorak, P.M. & Hrudey, S.E. (1988). "Anaerobic Degradation of Phenolic Compounds with Applications to Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters" In: Biotechnology Applied to Environmental Problems: A. Bioenvironmental Systems Ed. Wise, D.L., CRC Press, pp 169-225.

Vernick, A.S., Langer, B.S., Lanik, P.D. & Hrudey, S.E. (1984). "Petroleum Refining Industry Wastewater Management." Chapter 1. Surveys in Industrial Wastewater Treatment: Petroleum and Organic Chemical Industries,, Vol. 2, Eds. Barnes, Forster & Hrudey, Pitmans Ltd., London, pp 1-64.

Hrudey, S.E. (1984). "Meat and Poultry Products Industry Wastewater Management." Chapter 3. Surveys in Industrial Wastewater Treatment: Food Processing Industries, Vol.1, Eds: Barnes, Forster & Hrudey, Pitmans Ltd., London, pp 128-208.

Smith D.W. and Hrudey, S.E.(1981), Eds. "Design of Water and Wastewater Services for Cold Climate Communities", In: Water Science and Technology. 13(supp.) 184 pp., Pergamon Press Ltd., London.

Hrudey, S.E. (1977). General Sampling Techniques, Chapter 1. Handbook of Air Pollution Analysis, Eds: R. Perry & R. Young. pp.1-83, Chapman and Hall Ltd., London, J. Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.

Expert Panel Reports

Hrudey, S.E. (Chair), Bischel, H.N., Charrois, J., Chik, A.H.S., Conant, B., Dorner, S., Graber, T., Huber, C., Isaac-Renton, J., Pons, W., Safford, H, Servos, M., Sikora, C. 2022. Wastewater Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Canada - An RSC Policy Briefing. Royal Society of Canada. https://rsc-src.ca/en/covid-19-policy-briefing/wastewater-surveillance-for-sars-cov-2-rna-in-canada

Hrudey, S.E. (Chair), D. Deere and J. Kaye. 2021. New Zealand Safe Drinking Water –Taumata Arowai - Regulatory Review. Wellington, New Zealand. March 2021.

Pollard, S. (Chair), C. Mauelshagen, S. Jude, S.E. Hrudey, D. Owen, P. Fesko and R. Pritchard. 2019. Achieving Value By Aligning Risk Governance With Other Business Functions. Water Research Foundation, Denver, CO.

Hrudey, S.E. (Chair), Backer, L., Humpage, A., Krasner, S. Singer, P. Stanford, B., Michaud, D., and L. Moore. 2015. Evidence for Association of Human Bladder Cancer With Chlorination Disinfection By-Products. Web Report #4530. Water Research Foundation, Denver, CO.

Keller, W. (Chair), D. Danyluk, R. Gibbons, E. Hargesheimer and S.E. Hrudey. 2014. Calgary’s Flood Resilient Future – Report of the Expert Management Panel on River Flood Mitigation. City of Calgary. June 2014.

Merritt, J., (Chair), A.H.S. Chik, N.J. Ashbolt, M.B. Emelko, G. Gagnon, S.E. Hrudey, M. LeChevallier and E. Nieminski. 2014. Expert Review of Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development’s 2012 Standards & Guidelines for Municipal Water Works – Parts 1 & 2. Canadian Water Network. February, 2014.

Pollard, S. (Chair), A. Gormley, C. Mauelshagen, H. Shaw, S.E. Hrudey, D. Owen, G. Miller, P. Fesko and R. Pritchard. 2013. Risk Governance: An Implementation Guide for Water Utilities. Water Research Foundation, Denver, CO.

Hrudey, S.E. (Chair), J. Fawell, W. Leiss, J.B. Rose and M. Sinclair. 2012. Managing Uncertainty in the Provision of Safe Drinking Water. Canadian Municipal Water Consortium. Canadian Water Network. University of Waterloo. https://cwn-rce.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/managing-uncertainty-in-the-provision-of-safe-drinking-water.pdf

Singer, P. (Chair), J. Bluestein, P. Chen, M. Hotaling, S.E. Hrudey, K.L. Jones, A. Levine, A. Obelinsky, V. Snoeyink & S. Summers. 2011. Expert Panel to the Washington Aqueduct Future Treatment Alternatives Study. Report to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers regarding the safety of the drinking water supply for Washington, D.C.

Hrudey, S.E. (Chair), P. Gosselin, A. Naeth, A. Plourde, R. Therrien, G. Van Der Kraak & Z. Xu. 2010. Environmental and Public Health Impacts of Canada’s Oil Sands Industry. Expert Panel of the Royal Society of Canada. Ottawa. https://rsc-src.ca/en/environmental-and-health-impacts-canadas-oil-sands-industry

Heath, L., S.J.T. Pollard (Chair), S.E. Hrudey & G. Smith. 2010. Engaging the Community: a handbook for professionals managing contaminated land. Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment. CRC Care, Adelaide, Australia.

Bruce , J.P. (Chair), W. Cunningham, A. Freeze, R. Gillham, S. Gordon, S. Holysh, S.E. Hrudey, W. Logan, K. MacQuarrie, P. Muldoon, L. Nowlan, J. Pomeroy, S. Renzetti, B. Sherwood Lollar & R. Therrien. (Expert Panel on Groundwater) 2009. Sustainable Management of Groundwater in Canada. Council of Canadian Academies. Ottawa.

Hrudey, S.E. (Chair), M.J. Allen, R.W. Brecher, R. Copes & P. Payment. 2008. Turbidity and microbial risk in drinking water. Ministerial Technical Advisory Committee for the Minister of Health pursuant to Section 5 of the Drinking Water Act (S.B.C. 2001).

Swain, H. (Chair), Louttit, S. & S.E. Hrudey. 2006. Report of the Expert Panel on Safe Drinking Water for First Nations. Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs, Ottawa, November 2006 (Vol. 1 and 2)

www.eps-sdw.gc.ca/rprt/index_e.asp

Colledge, B. (Chair), R.J. Clissold, D. Holloway, S.E. Hrudey, R.W. Kozak, D.J. McCutcheon, S.A. Nagy, M.A. Nessim, and B.E. Novak. 2006. Guideline for Management of Risk in Professional Practice. Association of Professional Engineers, Geologists and Geophysicists of Alberta. Edmonton.

Brawner, C.O. (Chair), L.H.M. Chan, L.J. Connell, S.E. Hrudey, J.-M. Konrad, R.R.J. Leech, M.A.J. Matich, C. Nowakowski & K.G. Raven. 2005. Progress Review Comments by the Independent Peer Review Panel (IRPP) of the Giant Mine Remediation Plan. Yellowknife, NT.

Fazil, A. (Chair), Paoli, G., Lammerding, A.M., Davidson, V., Hrudey, S.E., Isaac-Renton, J. & M. Griffiths. 2005. Microbial Risk Assessment as a Foundation for Informed Decision-Making. Microbial Food Safety Assessment Unit, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON.

Hrudey, S.E. (Chair), Bathija, A., Bull, R.J., Dodds, L., Jenkins, G., King, W., Murphy, P., Narotsky, M., Reif, J., Savitz, D. and B. Thomas. 2003. Executive Summary. International Expert Workshop for Health Canada to Identify Critical Endpoints for Assessment of Health Risks Related to Trihalomethanes (THMs) in Drinking Water. March 2003.

Langley, A. (Chair) et al. 2002. Environmental Health Risk Assessment – Guidelines for Assessing Human Health Risks from Environmental Hazards. En Health: Department of Health and Ageing. Canberra, Australia.

Callan, P. (Chair), Cunliffe, D., Howard, J., Hrudey, S.E., Rizak, S., Sinclair, M. & R. Vulcano. 2002. Framework for Management of Drinking Water Quality – A Total Quality Management Approach from Catchment to Consumer. (Incorporated into the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines) Working Party to the National Health and Medical Research Council. Canberra, Australia.

Sinclair, M. (Chair), Bull, R., Froese, K., Hrudey, S.E., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. & S. Rizak. 2002. Disinfection By-Products and Health Effects. Summary of an International Expert Workshop. CRC for Water Quality and Treatment. Occasional Paper No. 5. Salisbury, South Australia.

Hrudey, S.E. (Chair), V. Adamowicz, R. Dales, B.A. Hale, A. Krupnick, M. Lippmann, J. McConnell & P. Renzi. 2001. Expert Panel to Review the Socio-Economic Models and Related Components Supporting the Development of Canada-Wide Standards for Particulate Matter and Ozone. The Royal Society of Canada. Ottawa. 240pp.

WHO. 2001. Effective Approaches to Regulating Microbial Drinking-Water Quality. Meeting of the WHO Working Group on Microbial Risks with the Working Party of the National Health and Medical Research Council on a Framework for Management of Drinking Water Quality for the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. Adelaide, Australia, 14-18 May 2001.

Hrudey, S.E., M. Burch, M. Drikas and R. Gregory. 1999. Remedial Measures. Chapter 9. In: Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water – A Guide to Public Health Consequences and their Management in Water Resources and Supplies. Eds: I. Chorus and J. Bartram, World Health Organization. E & F.N. Spon. London. 275-312. A WHO Expert Panel addressing management of health risks from cyanobacterial toxins in drinking water supplies 1997-1999.

Mills, C.J. (Chair), R. Bull, K. Cantor, J. Reif, S.E. Hrudey, P. Huston & an Expert Working Group. 1998. Published as: “Health risks of drinking water chlorination byproducts: Report of an expert working group. Chronic Dis. Canada. 19(3): 91-102.

Yoo, R.S. (Chair), Carmichael, W.W., Hoehn, R.C. & S.E. Hrudey. 1995. Cyanobacterial (Blue-Green Algal) Toxins: A Resource Guide. American Water Works Association Research Foundation. Denver.

Hrudey, S.E. (Chair), Coutts, R.T., Kratochvil, B., Bernhardt, H., Foley, P.D., Huck, P.M., Logsdon, G.S., Smith, D.W., Snoeyink, V.L., Trussell, A.R., Bull, R.J., Munro, I.C., Payment, P., Rogers, R.E., Tobin, R.S., & P. Toft. 1986. A Critical Assessment of Drinking Water in Edmonton. Report to the Edmonton Board of Health, City of Edmonton and Alberta Environment.

Hrudey, S.E. (Chair), Kratochvil, B.G., Markham, J.W., Orford, R.R. and R.K. Shaw. 1983. Scientific Methodology Assessment Committee Report to the Honourable Fred D. Bradley, Minister of the Environment, Government of Alberta. Edmonton. 42 pp.

Refereed Journal Articles

Pang, X., Lee, B.E., Gao, T., Rosychuk, R.J., Immaraj, L., Qiu, J.Y., Wen, J. , Zelyas, N., Howden, K., Wallace, J., Risling, E., Little, L.A., Kim, J., Wood, H., Robinso, A., Parkins, M., Hubert, C,R,J., Frankowski, K., Hrudey, S.E., Sikora, C. 2024. Early warning COVID-19 outbreak in long-term care facilities using wastewater surveillance: correlation, prediction, and interaction with clinical and serological statuses. The Lancet Microbe, 5 (10) 100894

Kumblathan, T., Liu, Y., Crisol, M., Pang, X., Hrudey, S.E., X., Le, C., Li, X.-F. 2024. Advances in wastewater analysis revealing the co-circulating viral trends of noroviruses and Omicron subvariants. Sci. Total Environ. 920: 10 April 2024, 170887

Hrudey, S.E. 2024. EPA Proposes Prohibiting Water Utilities From Describing Their Drinking Water as “Safe”. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. January / February: 51-53. doi.org/10.1002/awwa.2216

Lane, K., Hrudey, S.E. 2023. A critical review of risk matrices used in water safety planning: improving risk matrix construction. J. Water Health. 21(12): 1795-1811. doi.org/10.2166/wh.2023.129

Parkins, M., Lee, B., Acosta, N., Bautista, M., Hubert, C., Hrudey, S., Frankowski, K., Pang X.-L. 2023. Wastewater-based surveillance as a tool for public health action: SARS-CoV-2 and beyond. Clinic. Microbiol. Rev. ahead of print, doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00103-22

Craven, C., Wawryk, N., Carroll, K., James, W., Shu, T., Charrois, J., Hrudey, S.E., Xing-Fang Li, X.F. 2023. Amino acids as potential precursors to odorous compounds in tap water during spring runoff events. Environmental Science & Technology. 57: 18765−18774 doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c00719

Dai, X., Acosta, N., Lu, X., Hubert, C., Lee, J., Frankowski, K., Bautista, M., Waddell, B., Du, K., McCalder, J., Meddings, J., Ruecker, N., Williamson, T., Southern, D., Hollman, J., Achari, G., Ryan, C., Hrudey, S.E. Lee, B., Pang, X., Clark, R., Parkins, M., Chekouo, T. 2024. A Bayesian framework for modeling COVID-19 case numbers through longitudinal monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater. Stat. Med. 2024: 1-17. doi.org/10.1002/sim.10009

Hasing, M.E., Lee, B.E., Gao, T., Li, Q., Qiu, Y., Ellehoj, E., Graber, T.E., Fuzzen, M., Servos,, M., Landgraff, C., Delatolla, R., Tipples, G., Zelyas, N., Hinshaw, D., Maal-Bared, R., Sikora, C., Parkins, M., Hubert, C.R.J., Frankowski, K., Hrudey, S.E., Pang, X.L. 2023.Wastewater surveillance monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and dynamics of transmission and community burden of COVID-19. Emerging Microbes and Infections. 12: 2233638. doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2023.2233638

Acosta, N., Dai, X, Bautista, M.A., Waddell, B.J., Lee, J., Du, K., McCalder, J. , Pradhan, P., Papparis, C., Lu, X., Chekouo, T., Krusina, A., Southern, D., Williamson, T., Clark, R,G., Patterson, R.A., Westlund, P., Meddings, J., Ruecker, N., Lammiman, C., Duerr, C., Achari, G., Hrudey, S.E., Lee, B.E., Pang, V., Frankowski, K., Hubert, C.R.J., Parkins M.D. 2023.Wastewater-based surveillance can be used to model COVID-19-associated workforce absenteeism. Sci. Total Environ. 900: 165172. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165172

Acosta, N., Bautista, M.A., Waddell, B.J., Du, K., McCalder, J., Pradhan, P., Sedaghat, N., Papparis, C., Beaudet, A.B., Chen, J., Van Doorn, J., Xiang, K., Chan, L., Vivas, L., Low, K., Lu, X., Lee, J., Westlund, P., Chekouo, T., Dai, X., Cabaj, J., Bhatnagar, S., Ruecker, N., Achari, G., Clark, R.G., Pearce, C., Harrison, J.J., Meddings, J., Leal, J., Ellison, J., Missaghi, B., Kanji, J.N., Larios, O., Rennert-May, E., Kim, J., Hrudey, S.E., Lee, B.E., Pang, X., Frankowski, K., Conly, J., Hubert, C.R.J., Parkins, M.D. 2023. Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in wastewater of tertiary care hospitals correlates with increasing case burden and outbreaks. J. Med. Virol. 95: e28442. doi.org/10.1002/jmv.28442

Kumblathan, T., Liu, Y., Qiu, Y., Pang, L., Hrudey, S.E., Le, X.C., Li, X.-F. 2023. An Efficient Method to Enhance Recovery and Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Wastewater. J. Environ.Sci. 130: 139-148. doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2022.10.006

Hrudey, S.E., Bischel, H.N., Charrois, J., Chik, A.H.S., Conant, B., Delatolla, R., Dorner, S., Graber, T., Hubert, C., Isaac-Renton, J., Pons, W., Safford, H., Servos, M., Sikora, C. 2022. Wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Canada. FACETS. 7: 1–105. doi.org/10.1139/facets-2022-0148

Maal-Bared, R., Qiu, Y., Li, Q., Gao, T., Hrudey, S.E., Bhavanam, S., Ruecker, N.J., Ellehoj, E., Lee, B.E., Pang, X. 2023. Does normalization of SARS-CoV-2 concentrations by Pepper Mild Mottle Virus improve correlations and lead time between wastewater surveillance and clinical data in Alberta (Canada): comparing twelve SARS-CoV-2 normalization approaches. Sci. Total Environ. 856: 158964. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158964

Pang, X., Gao, T., Ellehoj, E., Li, Q., Qiu, Y., Maal-Bared, R, Sikora , C., Tipples, G., Diggle, M., Hinshaw, D., Ashbolt, N., Talbot, J., Hrudey, S.E., Lee, B.E. 2022. Wastewater-based surveillance is an effective tool for trending COVID-19 prevalence in communities – A study of 10 major communities for 17 months in Alberta. ACS ES&T Water. 2(11): 2243–2254. doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.2c00143

Hubert, C.R.J., Acosta, N., Waddell, B.J., Hasing, M.E., Qiu, Y., Fuzzen, M., Harper, N.B.J., Bautista, M.A., Gao, T., Papparis, C., Van Doorn, J., Du, K., Xiang, K., Chan, L., Vivas, L., Pradhan, P., McCalder, J., Low, K., England, W.E., Kuzma, D., Conly, J., Ryan, M.C., Achari, G., Hu, J., Cabaj, J.L., Sikora, C., Svenson, L., Zelyas, N., Servos, M.,Meddings, J., Hrudey, S.E., Frankowski, K., Parkins, M.D., Pang, X., Lee, B.E. 2022. Emergence and spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in large and small communities revealed by wastewater monitoring, Alberta, Canada. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 28(9): 1770-1776. doi.org/10.3201/eid2809.220476

MacDonald, A.M., Gabos, S., Braakman, S., Cheperdak, L., Lee, B., Hrudey, S.E., Le, X.C., Li, X.-F., Mandal, R., Martin, J.W., Schopflocher, D., Lyon, M.E., Cheung, P.-Y., Ackah, F., Graydon, J.A., Reichert, M.,Lyon, A.W., Jarrell, J., Benadé, J.G., Charlton, C., Huang, D., Bennett, M.J., David W. Kinniburgh, D.W. 2022. Maternal and Child Biomonitoring Strategies and Levels of Exposure in Western Canada During the Past FifteenYears: The Alberta Biomonitoring Program 2005–2021. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. 244: 113990.

doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113990

Hrudey, S.E., B. Conant. 2022. The devil is in the details: Emerging insights on the relevance of wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 to public health. J. Water & Health. 20(1): 246-270. doi.org/10.2166/wh.2021.186.

Hrudey, S.E., Silva, D., Shelley, J., Pons, W., Isaac-Renton, J., Chik, A.H.S., Conant, B. 2021. Ethics guidance for environmental scientists engaged in surveillance of wastewater for SARS-CoV-2. Environ. Sci. Technol. 55: 8484-8491. doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c00308

Chik, A.H.S., Glier, M.B., Servos, M., Mangat, C.S., Pang, X.L., Qiu, Y., D’Aoust, P.M., Burnet, J.-B., Delatolla, R., Dorner, S., Giesy Jr., J.P., McKay, R. M., Prystajecky, N., Srikanthan, N., Xie, Y.-W., Conant, B., Hrudey, S.E., & Canadian SARS-CoV-2 Inter-Laboratory Consortium. 2021. Comparison of approaches to quantify SARS-CoV-2 using RT-qPCR in wastewater: Results and implications from a collaborative inter-laboratory study in Canada. J. Environ. Sci. 107: 218-229. doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2021.01.029

Kumblathan, T., Piroddi, T., Hrudey, S.E., Li, X.-F. 2022 Wastewater Based Surveillance of SARSCoV-2: Challenges and Perspective from a Canadian Inter-laboratory Study, J. Environ. Sci. doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2022.01.039

Kumblathan, T., Liu, Y., Uppal, G., Hrudey, S.E., Li, X-F. 2021. Wastewater-based epidemiology for community monitoring of SARS-CoV-2: Progress and challenges. ACS Environ. Au.1(1): 18-31. doi.org/10.1021/acsenvironau.1c00015

Qiu, Y., Yu, J., Pabbaraju, K., Lee, B.E., Gao, T., Ashbolt, N.J., Hrudey, S.E., Diggle, M., Tipples, Maal-Bared, G.R., Ruecker, N.J., Hinshaw, D., Neumann, N.F., Gyurek1, L., Pang, X. 2022.Validating and optimizing the method for molecular detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. Sci. Total Environ., 812, 151434. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151434.

Hasing, M.E., Yu, J., Qiu, Y., Maal-Bared, R., Bhavanam, S., Lee, B., Hrudey, S.E., Pang, X. 2021. Comparison of detecting and quantitating SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater using moderate-speed centrifuged solids versus an ultrafiltration method. Water. 13, 2166. doi.org/10.3390/w13162166.

Lee, B.E., Sikora, C., Faulder, D., Risling, E., Little, L.A., Qiu, Y., Gao, T., Bulat, R., Craik, S., Hrudey, S.E., Ohinmaa, A., Estabrooks, C., Gingras, A.-C., Charlton, C., Kim, J., Wood, H., Robinson, A., Kanji, J., Zelyas, N., O’Brien, S.F., Drews, S.J., Pang, X.-L. 2021. Early Warning and Rapid Public Health Response to Prevent COVID-19 outbreaks in long-term care facilities (LTCF) by Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 RNA in LTCF site-specific Sewage Samples and Assessment of Antibodies Response in this Population – Prospective Study Protocol. BMJ Open.11:e052282. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052282

Howard, G., Bartram, J., Brocklehurst, C., Colford, J.M., Costa, F., Cunliffe, D., Dreibelbis, R., Eisenberg, J.N.S., Evans, B., Girones, R., Hrudey, S.E., Willetts, J. and C.Y. Wright. 2020. Covid-19: Urgent actions, critical reflections and future relevance of “WaSH”: Lessons for second waves and future pandemics. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. 10 (3): 379–396. doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.162

Liu,Y., Kumblathan, T., Uppal, G.K., Zhou, A., Moe, B., Hrudey, S.E.a and X.-F. Li. 2020. A hidden risk: Survival and resuscitation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the viable but nonculturable state after boiling or microwaving. Water Res. 183: 116102 online.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116102

Vander Meulen, I.J. Jiang, P. Wu, D., Hrudey, S.E., X.-F. Li. 2020. N-Nitrosamine formation from chloramination of two common ionic liquids. J. Environ. Sci. 87: 341-348.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2019.07.018

Hrudey, S.E. and E.J. Hrudey. 2019. Common Themes Contributing to Recent Drinking Water Disease Outbreaks in Affluent Nations. Water Supply. 19(6): 1767-1777. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.051

Jmaiff Blackstock, L.K., N.J. P. Wawryk, P. Jiang, S.E. Hrudey and X.-F. Li. 2019. Recent Applications and Critical Evaluation of Using Artificial Sweeteners to Assess Wastewater Impact. Current Opin. Environ. Sci & Health. 7: 26-33. doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2018.09.002

Tang, Y.,Y. Xu, F. Li, L. Jmaiff, S.E. Hrudey and X-F. Li.. 2016. Non-targeted identification of peptides and disinfection byproducts in water. J. Environ. Sci. 42: 259–266.

Hrudey, S.E., Backer, L., Humpage, A., Krasner, S. Singer, P. Stanford, B., Michaud, D., and L. Moore. 2015. Evaluating evidence for association of human bladder cancer with drinking water chlorination disinfection by-products. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health – Part B. 18(5): 213-241. doi.org/ 10.1080/10937404.2015.1067661.

Wang, W., Y. Qian, L.K. Jmaiff, S.W. Krasner, S.E. Hrudey and X.-F. Li. 2015. Precursors of halobenzoquinones and their removal during drinking water treatment processes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49 (16), pp 9898–9904, doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02308

Vatanpour, S. S.E. Hrudey and I. Dinu. 2015. Can public health risk assessment using risk matrices be misleading? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 12(8), 9575-9588.

Hrudey, S.E. and J. Fawell. 2015. 40 Years On - What do we know about drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs) and human health? Water Sci & Technol. – Water Supply. 15(4): 667-674.

Qian, Y., W. Wei, X.-F. Li & S.E. Hrudey. 2015. Evaluation of approaches for consumers to eliminate chlorine off-flavors from drinking water at point-of-use. Water Sci & Technol. – Water Supply. 15(1): 84-93.

Qian, Y., Wu, M., Wang, W., Chen, B-B., Zheng, H., Krasner, S. Hrudey, S. and X.-F. Li. 2015. Determination of fourteen nitrosamines at ng/L levels in drinking water. Anal. Chem. 87 (2): 1330–1336.

Wang, W.; Qian, Y.; Li, J.; Moe, B.; Huang, R.; Zhang, H.; Hrudey, S.E.; Li, X-F. 2014. Analytical and toxicity characterization of halo-hydroxyl-benzoquinones as stable halobenzoquinone disinfection byproducts in treated water. Anal. Chem. 86(10): 4982-4988.

Wu, M., Y. Qian, J.M. Boyd, S. Leavey, S.E. Hrudey, S.W. Krasner, X.-F. Li. 2014. Identification of tobacco-specific nitrosamines as disinfection byproducts in chloraminated water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48(3): 1828−1834.

Wu, M., Y. Qian, J.M. Boyd, X.C. Le; S.E. Hrudey & X.-F. Li. 2014. Direct large volume injection ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of artificial sweeteners sucralose and acesulfame in well water. J. Chromatog. A. 1359: 156-161.

Hrudey, S.E., R.J. Bull, J.A. Cotruvo, M.W. Wilson & G. Paoli. 2013. Drinking water as a proportion of total human exposure to volatile N-nitrosamines. Risk Anal. 33(12): 2179-2208. Response to Letter to the Editor: Chowdhury, S. 2014. On exposure analysis for volatile N-nitrosamines. Risk Anal. 34(5):791-793; Hrudey, S.E., R.J. Bull, J.A. Cotruvo, M.W. Wilson & G. Paoli. 2014. Reply to Chowdhury. Risk Anal. 34(5):791-793.

Jalba, D.I., N. Cromar, S.J. Pollard, J.W. Charrois, R. Bradshaw & S.E. Hrudey. 2014. Effective drinking water collaborations are not accidental: a study and critique of inter-agency preparedness. Sci. Total Environ. 470-471: 934-944.

Y. Qian, W. Wang, J. Boyd, M. Wu, S.E. Hrudey, & X.-F. Li. 2013. UV-induced transformation of four halobenzoquinones in drinking water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47(9): 4426-4433.

Wang, W., Y. Qian, J. Boyd, M. Wu, S.E. Hrudey, & X.-F. Li. 2013. Halobenzoquinones in swimming pool waters and formation from personal care products. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47(7): 3275-3282.

Tang, Y., S. Wu, X. Miao, S.J.T. Pollard , S.E. Hrudey 2013. Resilience to evolving drinking water contamination risks: a human error prevention perspective. J. Cleaner Product. 57: 228-237.

Zhao, Y., J. Anichina, X.-F. Li, R.J. Bull, S.W. Krasner, S.E. Hrudey & X.-F. Li. 2012. Occurrence and formation of chloro- and bromo-benzoquinones during drinking water disinfection. Water Res. 46(14): 4351-4360.

Muro, M., S.E. Hrudey, S. Jude, L. Heath & S. Pollard. 2012. Making it real: What risk managers should know about community engagement. J. Environ. Assess. Policy Manage. 14(2): 12500010-21pp. DOI: 10.10.114Z/S146433321350010X

Bradshaw, R., Gormely, Á., Charrois, J.W., Hrudey, S.E., Cromar, N.J., Jalba, D., Pollard, S.J.T. 2011. Managing incidents in the water utility sector – towards high reliability? Wat. Sci. Technol: Water Supply 11(5): 631-641.

Anichina, J., Y. Zhao, S.E. Hrudey, A. Schreiber & X.-F.Li. 2011. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the reactivity of structurally related bromo-methyl-benzoquinones towards oligonucleotides. Anal. Chem. 83: 8145–8151.

Hrudey, S.E., B. Conant, I.P. Douglas, J. Fawell, T. Gillespie, D. Hill, W. Leiss, J.B. Rose & M. Sinclair. 2011. Managing uncertainty in the provision of safe drinking water. Water Sci. Technol.: Water Supply. 11(6): 675-681.

Boyd, J.M. S.E. Hrudey, S.D. Richardson & X.F. Li. 2011. Solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of nitrosamines in treated drinking water. Trends Anal. Chem. 30(9): 1410-1421.

Bull, R.J., D.A. Reckhow, Xingfang Li, A.R. Humpage, C. Joll, S.E. Hrudey. 2011. Potential carcinogenic hazards of non-regulated disinfection by-products: haloquinones, halo-cyclopentene and cyclohexene derivatives, N-halamines, halonitriles and heterocyclic amines. Toxicology. 286: 1– 19.

Anichina, J.; Zhao, Y.; Hrudey, S.E.; Le, X.C.; Li, X.F. 2010. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry characterization of interactions of newly identified water disinfection byproducts halobenzoquinones with oligodeoxynucleotides. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44: 9557-9563.

Jalba, D.I., Cromar, N.J., Pollard, S.J.T., Charrois, J.W.A., Bradshaw, R. & S.E. Hrudey. 2010. Safe drinking water: critical components of effective interagency relationships. Environ. Int. 36: 51-59.

Hrudey, S.E. 2009. Chlorination disinfection by-products, public health risk tradeoffs and me. [Invited career perspective – peer reviewed] Water Res. 43: 2057-2092.

Zhou, W.J., J.M. Boyd, F. Qin, S.E. Hrudey & X.F. Li. 2009. Formation of N-nitrosodiphenylamine and two new N-containing disinfection byproducts from chloramination of water containing diphenylamine. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43: 8443–8448.

Hrudey, S. 2009. Public health wonder or unwitting vector of disease: the challenge of delivering safe water supplies. Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 8: 235-237.

Zhang, W., Gabos, S. Schopflocher, D., Li, X.F., Gati, W.P. & S.E. Hrudey. 2009. Validation of Urinary Trichloroacetic Acid as a Biomarker of Exposure to Drinking Water Disinfection By-Products. J. Water Health. 7(3): 359-371.

Zhang, W., Gabos, S. Schopflocher, D., Li, X.F., Gati, W.P. & S.E. Hrudey. 2009. Reliability in using urinary and blood trichloroacetic acid as a biomarker of exposure to chlorinated drinking water disinfection by-products. Biomarkers. 14(6): 355-365.

Wu, S., Hrudey, S.E., French, S., Bedford, T., Soane, E. and Pollard, S. 2009. A role for human reliability analysis in preventing drinking water incidents and securing safe drinking water, Water Res. 43: 3227-3238.

Liu, Y., Wang, C., Tyrrell, G., Hrudey, S.E. and X.-F. Li. 2009. Induction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 into the viable but non-culturable state by chloraminated water and river water and subsequent resuscitation. Environ. Microbiol. Rep. 1(2): 155-161.

Rizak, S. & S.E. Hrudey. 2008. Drinking water safety – challenges for community-managed systems. J. Water Health. 6(S1): 33-41.

Hrudey, S.E. 2008. Safe drinking water ? Depends on where you live. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 178(8): 975.

Zhao,Y.-Y., Boyd, J.M., Woodbeck, M., Andrews, R.C., Qin, F. Hrudey, S.E., and X.-F. Li. 2008. Formation of N-nitrosamines from eleven disinfection treatments of seven different surface waters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42(13): 4857-4862.

Rizak, S & S.E. Hrudey. 2007. Achieving safe drinking water. Risk management based on experience and reality. Environ. Rev. 15: 169-174.

Rizak, S & S.E. Hrudey. 2007. Strategic water quality monitoring for drinking water safety. Water – Journal of the Australian Water Association. 34(4): 52-56.

Liu, X.; Zhao, Y.; Chan, K.; Hrudey, S.E.; Li, X.-F.; Li, J. 2007. Analysis of nitrosamines by capillary electrospray- high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry with programmed CV. Electrophoresis 28: 1327-1334.

Rizak, S. & S.E. Hrudey. 2007. Evidence of water quality monitoring: limitations for outbreak detection. Environmental Health – Journal of the Australian Institute of Environmental Health. 7(1): 11- 21.

Hrudey, S.E. & E.J. Hrudey. 2007. A nose for trouble – The role of off-flavours in assuring safe drinking water. Water Sci. Technol. 55(5): 239-247.

Charrois, J.W.A & S.E. Hrudey. 2007. Breakpoint chlorination and free-chlorine contact time: Implications for drinking water N-nitrosodimethylamine concentrations. Water Res. 41: 674-682.

Charrois, J.W.A., Boyd, J.M., Froese, K.L. & S.E. Hrudey. 2007. Occurrence of N-nitrosamines in Alberta public drinking water distribution systems. J. Environ. Eng. Sci. 6: 103-114.

Hrudey, S.E. & E.J. Hrudey. 2007. Waterborne disease outbreaks – Risk of the past or recurrent threat. Water Environ. Res. 79(3): 233-245.

Zhao, Y.Y., Boyd, J.M., S.E. Hrudey & X.F. Li. 2006. Characterization of new nitrosamines in drinking water using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40: 7636-7641.

Rizak, S. and S.E. Hrudey. 2006. Misinterpretation of Drinking Water Quality Monitoring Data with Implications for Risk Management. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40(17) pp 5244 – 5250. Comment by S. Qi Environ. Sci. Technol. 41(9) 3388. Response Environ. Sci. Technol. 41(9) 3389 – 3390.

Zhao, Y.; Hrudey, S.; Li, X.F. 2006. Determination of microcystins in water using integrated solid phase microextraction (SPME) with microbore high performance liquid chromatography -electrospray quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. Sci.44: 359-365.

Reynolds, L.A. & S.E. Hrudey. 2006. Managing uncertainty in environmental decision-making: the risky business of establishing a relationship between science and law. Int. J. Risk Assessment and Management, 6(1-3): 1-249.

Hrudey, S.E., E.J. Hrudey & S.J.T. Pollard. 2006. Risk management for assuring safe drinking water. Environment International.32: 948-957.

McAuley C. and S.E. Hrudey. 2006. Towards meaningful stakeholder comprehension of sour gas facility risk assessments. J. Environ. Eng. Sci. 5: 1-11.

Jalba, D., S. Rizak & S.E. Hrudey. 2005. Interpretation of drinking water monitoring data for environmental health professionals. Environmental Health – Journal of the Australian Institute of Environmental Health. 5(3): 40-49.

Wenger, I.I., C.A. Ouellette, J.J.R. Feddes, and S.E. Hrudey. 2005. The design and use of the personal environmental sampling backpack (PESBII) for activity-specific exposure monitoring of career pig barn workers. J. Agric. Safety Health. 11(3): 315-324.

Hrudey, S.E. and R. Walker. 2005. Walkerton – 5 years later. Tragedy could have been prevented. Opflow. 31(6): 1, 4-7.

Rizak, S. and S.E. Hrudey. 2005. Interdisciplinary comparison of expert risk beliefs. J. Environ. Eng. Science 4: 173-185.

Hrudey, S.E. and S. Rizak. 2004. Discussion of rapid analytical techniques for drinking water security investigations. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 96(9):110-113.

Pollard, S.J.T., J.E. Strutt, B.H. MacGillivray, P.D. Hamilton and S.E. Hrudey. 2004. Risk analysis and management in the water utility sector – a review of drivers, tools and techniques. Trans. IChemE. Process Safety Environ. Protect. 82(B6): 453-462.

Pollard, S.J.T., S.E. Hrudey, Marv Rawluk and Bryan J. Fuhr. 2004. Characterisation of weathered hydrocarbon wastes at contaminated sites by GC-simulated distillation and nitrous oxide chemical ionisation GC-MS, with implications for bioremediation. J. Environ. Monitor., 6: 713-718.

Charrois, J.W., M.W. Arend, K.L. Froese and S.E. Hrudey. 2004. Detecting N-nitrosamines in drinking water at ng/L levels using ammonia positive chemical ionisation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38: 4835-4841.

Bader, E.L., S.E. Hrudey and K.L. Froese. 2004. Urinary excretion half life of trichloroacetic acid as a biomarker of exposure to chlorinated drinking water disinfection by-products. Occup. Environ. Med. 61: 715-716.

Hrudey, S.E. 2004. Drinking water risk management principles for a total quality management framework. J. Toxicol. Environ. HealthPart A. 67: 1555-1566.

Charrois, J.W., D. Graham, S.E. Hrudey and K.L. Froese. 2004. Disinfection by-products in small Alberta community water supplies. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A, 67: 1797-1803.

Hrudey, S.E. and W. Leiss. 2003. Risk management and precaution – insights on the cautious use of evidence. Environ. Health Persp. 111(13): 1577-1581.

Rizak, S. D. Cunliffe, M. Sinclair, R. Vulcano, J. Howard, S. Hrudey and P. Callan. 2003. Drinking water quality management: a holistic approach. Water Sci. Technol. 47(9): 31-36.

Hrudey, S.E., P.M. Huck, P. Payment, R.W. Gillham and E.J. Hrudey. 2003. A fatal waterborne disease outbreak in Walkerton, Ontario: comparison with other waterborne outbreaks in the developed world. Water Sci. Technol. 47(3): 7-14.

Jardine, C.G., S.E. Hrudey, J.H. Shortreed , D. Krewski, C. Furgal, L. Craig, S. McColl. 2003. Risk management frameworks for environmental, human health and occupational health risk, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part B, 6(6): 569-718.

Arbuckle, T.E., S.E. Hrudey, S.W. Krasner, J.R. Nuckols, S.D. Richardson, P. Singer, P. Mendola, L. Dodds, C. Weisel, D.L. Ashley, K.L. Froese, R.A. Pegram, I.R. Schulz, J. Reif, A.M. Bachand, F.M. Benoit, M. Lynberg, C. Poole and K. Waller. 2002. Assessing exposure in epidemiologic studies to disinfection by-products in drinking water: Report from an International Workshop. Environ. Health Persp. 110 Supp.1: 53-60.

Hrudey, S.E. and E.J. Hrudey. 2002. Walkerton and North Battleford – Key Lessons for Public Health Professionals. Can. J. Public Health. 93(5): 332-333.

Froese, K.L., M. Sinclair and S.E. Hrudey. 2002. Trichloroacetic acid as a biomarker of exposure to disinfection by-products in drinking water: A human exposure trial in Adelaide, Australia. Environ. Health Persp. 110(7): 679-687.

Hrudey, S.E., P.M. Huck, P. Payment, R.W. Gillham and E.J. Hrudey. 2002. Walkerton: Lessons learned in comparison with waterborne outbreaks in the developed world. J. Environ. Eng. Sci.1(6): 397-407.

Hrudey, S.E. 2001. “Drinking Water Quality – A Risk Management Approach. Water. 26(1): 29-32.

Dosman, D.M. Adamowicz, W.L. and S.E. Hrudey. 2001. “Socio-economic determinants of health and food safety related risk perceptions.” Risk Anal. 21(2): 307-317.

Ells, B., K.L. Froese, S.E. Hrudey, R.W. Purves, R. Guevremont, D. Barnett. 2000. “Detection of microcystins using electrospray ionization – high field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry – mass spectrometry”, Rapid Commun. Mass Spec. 14: 1538 - 1542.

Kotak, B.G., Lam A.K.-Y., Prepas, E.E. and S.E. Hrudey. 2000. Role of chemical and physical variables in regulating microcystin-LR concentration in phytoplankton of eutrophic lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57: 1584-1593.

Ells, B., Barnett, D., Froese, K., Purves, R.W., Hrudey, S.E. and R. Guervremont. 1999. “Detection of chlorinated and brominated by-products of drinking water disinfection using electro-spray ionization – high field asymmetric waveform ion mobililty spectrometry – mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 71: 4747-4752.

Hilderman, T.L., Hrudey, S.E. and D.J. Wilson. 1999. “A Model for Effective Toxic Load from Fluctuating Gas Concentrations”. J. Hazard. Mater. A. 64: 115-134.

Froese, K., Wolanski, A. and S.E. Hrudey. 1999. Factors governing odorous aldehyde formation as disinfection by-products in drinking water. Water Res. 33: 1355 – 1364.

Jardine, C.G., Gibson, N. and S.E. Hrudey. 1999. “Detection of Odour and Health Risk Perception of Drinking Water. Water Sci. Technol. 40(6): 91-98.

Jardine, C.G. and S.E. Hrudey. 1999. “Characterizing Response Variability and Method Uncertainty in Odour Perception Research. Water Sci. Technol. 40(6): 99-105.

Gibson, V., Higgs, E. and S.E. Hrudey. 1998. “Sour Gas - Bitter Relations.” Alternatives J. 24(2), 26-31.

Mills, C.J., Bull, R.,Cantor, K., Reif, J., Hrudey, S.E., P. Huston and an Expert Working Group. 1998. “Health risks of drinking water chlorination byproducts: Report of an expert working group. Chronic Dis. Can. 19(3): 91-102.

Saunders, L.D., Chen, W. and S.E. Hrudey. 1997. Studies of hazardous waste sites and human health: evaluation of internal validity. Environ. Rev. 5: 167-180.

Hrudey, S.E. 1997. “Current needs in environmental risk management.” Environ. Rev. 5: 121-129.

Jardine, C.G. and S.E. Hrudey. 1997. “Mixed messages in risk communication.” Risk Analysis 17: 489-498.

Seymour, D.T., Verbeek, A., Hrudey, S.E. and P.M. Fedorak. 1997. “Acute toxicity and aqueous solubility of some condenses thiophenes and their microbial metabolites.” Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16: 659-665.

Zemanek, M.G., Pollard, S.J., Kenefick, S.L. and S.E. Hrudey. 1997 “Toxicity and mutagenicity of component classes isolated from soils at petroleum- and creosote-contaminated site.” J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 47: 1250-1258.

Zemanek, M.G., Pollard, S.J., Kenefick, S.L. and S.E. Hrudey. 1997. “Multiphase partitioning and co-solvent effects for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in petroleum- and creosote-contaminated soils.” Environ. Pollut. 98(2): 239-252.

Prepas, E.E., Kotak, B.G., Campbell, L.M., Evans, J.C., Holmes, C.F.B. and S.E. Hrudey. 1997. “Accumulation and elimination of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins by the freshwater clam (Anadonta grandis simpsoniana).” Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54: 41-46.

Wanke, M.I., Saunders, L.D., Hrudey, S.E. and T.L. Guidotti. 1996 “Considerations for Regional Health Authorities in the Provision of Environmental Health Services.” Healthcare Manage. Forum 9(2): 5-14.

Lambert, T.L., Holmes, C.F.B. and S.E. Hrudey. 1996 “Adsorption of microcystin-LR by activated carbon and removal in full scale water treatment” Water Res. 30(6): 1411-1422.

Saunders, L.D., Wanke, M.I., Pelton, J.M., Hrudey, S.E. and T.L. Guidotti. 1996. “Redesigning local environmental health programs.” J. Environ. Health 58(9): 6-12.

Kotak, B.G., S. Semalulu, Fritz, D.L., Prepas, E.E., and S.E. Hrudey. 1996 “Comparative pathology of intraperitoneally-administered microcystin-LR in mice (Mus musculus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).” Toxicon 34(5): 517-525.

Saunders, L.D., Wanke, M.I., Guidotti, T.L. and S.E. Hrudey, 1996 “Measurable objectives for local environmental health programs.” J. Environ. Health 58(6): 6-12.

Hrudey, S.E and D. Krewski. 1995. "Is there a safe level of exposure to a carcinogen?" Environ. Sci. Technol. 29(8): 370A-375A.

Hrudey, S.E. 1995. “Major concerns with quantitative cancer risk assessment for environmental risk management: North American experience.” Process Safety Environ. Protect. - Trans. I. Chem. E. 73: Part B, S24-S27.

Kotak, B.G., Lam, A.K.-Y., Prepas, E.E., Kenefick, S.L. and S.E. Hrudey. 1995. "Variability of the Hepatotoxin Microcystin-LR in Hypereutrophic Drinking Water Lakes.” J. Phycol. 31: 248-263.

Kenefick, S.L., Brownlee, B.G., Perley, T.R. and S.E. Hrudey. 1995. "A Chemical and Sensory Study of Odour Compounds in the Athabasca River, Alberta, Canada." Water Sci. Technol. 31: (11), 15-21.

Huck, P.M., Kenefick, S.L., Hrudey, S.E. and S. Zhang. 1995. "Bench Scale Study of the Removal of Odour Compounds with Biological Treatment Process Trains" Water Sci. Technol. 31: (11), 203-209.

Hrudey, S.E., Huck, P.M., Mitton, M.J. and S.L. Kenefick. 1995. "Evaluation of Odour Removal by Pilot Scale Biological Treatment Process Trains During Spring Runoff in an Ice-Covered River." Water Sci. Technol. 31: (11), 195-201.

Kenefick, S.L., Low, N.J., Hrudey, S.E. and B.G. Brownlee. 1995. "A Review of Off-Flavour Tainting of Water and Fish Caused by Pulp Mill Effluents." Water Sci. Technol. 31(11): 55-61.

Brownlee, B.G., Kenefick, S.L., MacInnis, G.A. and S.E. Hrudey. 1995. "Characterization of Odorous Compounds from Bleached Kraft Pulp Mill Effluent." Water Sci. Technol. 31: (11), 35-40.

Lam, A.K.-Y., Prepas, E.E., Spink, D. and Hrudey, S.E. 1995. "Chemical Control of Hepatotoxic Phytoplankton Blooms: Implications for Human Health." Water Res. 29: (8), 1845-1854.

Kindzierski, W.B., Fedorak, P.M., Gray, M.R. and Hrudey, S.E. 1995."Activated Carbon and Synthetic Resins as Support Material for Methanogenic Phenol Degrading Consortia - Comparison of Phenol-Degrading Activities". Water Environ. Res. 67: (1), 108-117.

Peterson, H.G., Hrudey, S.E., Cantin, I.A., Perley, T.R. and S.L. Kenefick. 1995. “Physiological Toxicity, Damage and Release of Dissolved Organic Carbon and Geosmin by Aphanizomen flos-aquae after Exposure to Water Treatment Chemicals.” Water Res. 29: (6), 1515-1523.

Lambert, T.W., Holmes, C.F.B., and Hrudey, S.E. 1994. “Microcystin Class of Toxins: Health Effects and Safety of Drinking Water Supplies.” Environ. Rev. 2: (2), 167-186.

Lambert, T.W., Boland, M.P., Holmes, C.F.B., and Hrudey, S.E. 1994. “Quantitation of the Microcystin Hepatotoxins in Water at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations with the Protein Phosphatase Bioassay.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 28: 753-755.

Pollard, S.J.T., Hrudey, S.E. and Fedorak, P.M. 1994. “Bioremediation of Petroleum- and Creosote-Contaminated Soils: A Review of Constraints.” Waste Manage. Res. 12: 173-194.

Jensen, S.E., Anders, C.L., Goatcher, L.J., Perley, T., Kenefick, S. and S.E. Hrudey. 1994. “Actinomycetes as a Factor in Odour Problems affecting Drinking Water from the North Saskatchewan River.” Water Res. 28: 1393-1401.

Hrudey, S.E. and Pollard, S.J. 1993. “The Challenge of Contaminated Sites: Remediation Approaches in North America.” Environ. Rev. 1: 55-72.

Pollard, S.J.T., Hoffmann, R.E. and Hrudey, S.E. 1993. “Screening of Risk Management Options for Abandoned Wood-Preserving Plant Sites in Alberta.” Can J. Civil Eng. 20: 787-800.

Peterson, H., Milos, J., Spink, D., Hrudey, S.E. and Sketchell, J. 1993. “Trihalomethanes in Finished Drinking Water in Relation to Dissolved Organic Carbon and Treatment Process for Alberta Surface Waters”. Environ. Technol. 14: 877-884.

Kenefick, S.L., Hrudey, S.E., Peterson, H.G. and Prepas, E.E. 1993. "Toxin Release from Microcystis aeruginosa after Chemical Treatment." Water Sci. Technol. 27: (3/4), 433-440.

Kotak, B.G., Kenefick, S.L., Fritz, D.L., Rousseaux, C.G., Prepas, E.E. and Hrudey, S.E. 1993. "Occurrence and Toxicological Evaluation of Cyanobacterial Toxins in Alberta Lakes and Farm Dugouts". Water Res. 27: 495-506.

Pollard, S.L., Hrudey, S.E., Fuhr, B.J., Alex, R.F., Holloway, L.R. and Tosto, F. 1992. "Hydrocarbon Wastes at Petroleum and Creosote-Contaminated Sites: Rapid Characterization of Component Classes by Thin Layer Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection." Environ. Sci. Technol. 26: 2528-2534.

Craik, S.A., Fedorak, P.M., Hrudey, S.E. and Gray, M.R. 1992. "Kinetics of Methanogenic Degradation of Phenol by Activated Carbon Supported and Granular Biomass." Biotechnol. Bioeng. 40: 777-786.

Hrudey, S.E., Hrudey, E.J. & N.J. Low. 1992. "Health Effects Associated with Waste Treatment, Disposal and Reuse."Water Environ. Res. 64: 593-599.

Morales, A., Birkholz, D.A. and S.E. Hrudey. 1992. "Analysis of Pulp Mill Effluent Contaminants in Water, Sediment and Fish Muscle. Fatty and Resin Acids." Water Environ. Res. 64: (5), 660-668.

Morales, A., Birkholz, D.A. and S.E. Hrudey. 1992. "Analysis of Pulp Mill Effluent Contaminants in Water, Sediment and Fish Muscle. Chlorophenols and Related Compounds." Water Environ. Res. 64: (5), 669-681.

Kindzierski, W.B., Gray, M.R., Fedorak, P.M. and Hrudey, S.E. 1992. "Activated Carbon and Synthetic Resins as Support Material for Methanogenic Phenol Degrading Consortia - Comparison of Surface Characteristics and Initial Colonization". Water Environ. Res. 64: (6), 766-775.

Hrudey, S.E. 1992. "Hazardous Waste Management Approaches in Canada". Water Sci. Technol. 26: (1-2), 1-10.

Emde, K.M.E., Best, N. and S.E. Hrudey. 1992. "Production of the Potent Odour Agent, Isopropylmethoxypyrazine by Lysobacter enzymogenes. Environ. Technol. 13: 201-206.

Hrudey, S.E., Rector, D. & N. Motkosky. 1992. Characterization of Drinking Water Odour Arising from Spring Thaw for an Ice-Covered Upland River Source. Water Sci. Technol. 25: (2), 65-72.

Kenefick, S.L., Hrudey, S.E., Prepas, E.E., Motkosky, N. and H.G. Peterson. 1992. "Odorous Substances and Cyanobacterial Toxins in Prairie Drinking Water Sources. Water Sci. Technol. 25: (2), 147-154.

Koning, C.W. and S.E. Hrudey. 1992. "Sensory and Chemical Characterization of Fish Tainted by Exposure to Oil Sand Wastewaters." Water Sci. Technol. 25: (2), 27-34.

Craik, S.A., Gray, M.R., Hrudey, S.E. & P.M. Fedorak. 1991. "Thermogravimetric Determination of Biomass on Activated Carbon." Environ. Technol. 12: 489-496.

Hrudey, S.E., Hrudey, E.J. & N.J. Shaw. 1991. "Health Effects Associated with Waste Treatment, Disposal and Reuse." J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 63: 437-444.

Kindzierski, W.B., Fedorak, P.M. & S.E. Hrudey. 1991. "Anaerobic Treatability of a Phenolic Coal Conversion Wastewater after Diisopropylether Extraction." Water Res. 25: 479-484.

Hrudey, S.E. , Soskolne, C.L., Berkel, J. & S. Fincham. 1990. "Drinking Water Fluoridation and Osteosarcoma." Can. J. Pub. Health. 81: 415-416.

Fedorak, P.M., W.B. Kindzierski & S.E. Hrudey. 1990. " Effects of Anilines and Hydantoins on the Methanogenic Degradation of Selected Phenols." Water Res. 24: 921-925.

Hrudey, S.E. & E.J. Hrudey. 1990. "Health Effects Associated with Waste Treatment, Disposal and Reuse." J. Water Pollut. Control Fed.62: 452-460.

Roberts, D.J., P.M. Fedorak & S.E. Hrudey. 1990. "CO2 -Incorporation and 4-Hydroxy-2-Methylbenzoic Acid Formation during the Anaerobic Metabolism of m-Cresol by a Methanogenic Consortium." Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56: 472-478.

Birkholz, D.A., R.T. Coutts, S.E. Hrudey, R.W. Danell and W.L. Lockhart. 1990. Comparative Aquatic Toxicology of Alkyl-Quinolines" Water Res., 24: 67-73.

Birkholz, D.A., R.T. Coutts and S.E. Hrudey. (1989). "Uptake and Biotransformation of 6,7-Dimethylquinoline and 6,8-Dimethylquinoline by Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)." Xenobiotica, 19: 695-710.

Hrudey, S.E. & E.J. Hrudey. 1989. "Health Effects Associated with Wastewater Treatment, Disposal and Reuse." J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 61: 849-854.

Fedorak, P.M. & S.E. Hrudey. 1988. "Cyanide Transformation in Anaerobic Phenol-Degrading Methanogenic Cultures." Water Sci. Technol. 21: 67-76.

Daignault, S.A., A. Gac & S.E. Hrudey. 1988. "Analysis of Low Molecular Weight Aldehydes Causing Odor in Drinking Water." Environ. Technol. Lett. 9: 583-588.

Birkholz, D.A., R.T. Coutts & S.E. Hrudey. 1988. "Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Fish Tissue." J. Chromatog. 449: 251-260.

Hrudey, S.E. 1988. "Taste and Odor Problems in Drinking Water from a Parkland River Source." Water Qual. Bull. 13: 52-55.

Hettiaratchi, J.P.A., Hrudey, S.E., Smith, D.W. & D.C.C. Sego. 1988. "Shrinkage Behaviour of Clay Liner Material Exposed to Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate." Can. J. Civil Eng. 15: 500-508.

Roberts, D.J., Fedorak, P.M. & S.E. Hrudey. 1988. "Culture Methods for Obtaining m-Cresol Degrading Methanogenic Consortia." Current Microbiol. 17: 83-87.

Hrudey, S.E., Gac, A. & S.A. Daignault. 1988. "Potent Odour-Causing Chemicals Arising from Drinking Water Disinfection." Water Sci. Technol. 20: (8/9), 55-61.

Jardine, C.G. & S.E. Hrudey. 1988. "Threshold Detection Values of Potential Fish Tainting Substances from Oil Sands Wastewaters." Water Sci. Technol. 20: (8/9), 19-25.

Hettiaratchi, J.P.A., Hrudey, S.E., Smith, D.W. & D.C.C. Sego. 1988. "A Procedure for Evaluating Municipal Solid Waste Leachate Components Capable of Causing Volume Shrinkage in Compacted Clay Soils." Environ. Technol. Lett. 9: 23-34.

Hrudey, S.E. & E.J. Hrudey. 1988. "Health Effects Associated with Wastewater Treatment, Disposal and Reuse." J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 60: 858-864.

Hettiaratchi, J.P.A. & S.E. Hrudey. 1987. "Influence of Contaminant Organic - Water Mixtures on Shrinkage of Impermeable Clay Soils with Regard to Hazardous Waste Landfill Liners." Hazard. Wastes & Hazard. Mater. 4: 377-388.

Hrudey, S.E., Knettig, E., Fedorak, P.M. & S.A. Daignault. 1987. "Anaerobic Semi-Continuous Culture Biodegradation of Dichlorophenols Containing an Ortho Chlorine." Can. J. Water Pollut. Res. 22: 427-436.

Roberts, D.J., Fedorak, P.M. & S.E. Hrudey. 1987. "Comparison of the Fates of the Methyl Carbons of m-Cresol and p-Cresol in the Methanogenic Consortia." Can. J. Microbiol. 33: 335-338.

Hrudey, S.E., E. Knettig, S.A. Daignault and P.M. Fedorak 1987. "Anaerobic Biodegradation of Monochlorophenols" Environ. Technol. Lett. 8: 65-76.

Fedorak, P.M. and Hrudey, S.E. 1987. "Inhibition of Anaerobic Degradation of Phenolics and Methanogenesis by Coal Coking Wastewater." Water Sci. Tech. 19: 219-228.

Nielsen, J.S., Hrudey, S.E. & Cantwell, F.F. 1987. "Prediction of Soluble Nickel Removal by Activated Sludge using Free Metal Ion Concentrations." Water Sci. Tech. 19: 439-448.

Fedorak, P.M., Roberts, D.J. & Hrudey, S.E. 1986. "The Effects of Cyanide on the Methanogenic Degradation of Phenolic Compounds." Water Res. 20: 1315-1320.

Fedorak, P.M. & Hrudey, S.E. 1986. "Nutrient Requirements for the Methanogenic Degradation of Phenol and p-Cresol in Anaerobic Draw and Feed Cultures" Water Res. 20: 929-933.

Knettig, E., Thomson, B. & Hrudey, S.E. 1986. "Competitive Activated Carbon Adsorption of Phenolic Compounds." Environ. Pollut. Ser.B, 12: 281-289.

Fedorak, P.M. & Hrudey, S.E. 1986. "Anaerobic Treatment of Phenolic Coal Conversion Wastewater in Semicontinuous Cultures." Water Res. 20: 113-122.

Kindzierski, W. & Hrudey, S.E. 1986. "Effects of Phosphorus Removal Chemicals upon Methane Production during Anaerobic Sludge Digestion." Can. J. Civ. Eng. 13: 33-38.

Hrudey, S.E. & Finch, G. 1985. "Water Reclamation and Reuse - 1984." J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 57: 557-560.

Fedorak, P.M., Knettig, E. & Hrudey, S.E. 1985. "The Effects of Activated Carbon on the Methanogenic Degradation of Phenolics in H-Coal Wastewater" Environ. Technol. Lett. 6: 181-187.

Hrudey, S.E. 1985. "Residues from Hazardous Waste Treatment" Effl. Water Treat. J. 25: (1), 7-12.

Nelson, L.R. & Hrudey, S.E. 1985. "Fish Ladders in Alberta." Prairie Forum: J. Plains Res. Cen. 10: (1), 205-213.

Nielsen, J.S., Hrudey, S.E. & Cantwell, F.F. 1984. "Role of the Free Metal Ion Species in Soluble Nickel Removal by Activated Sludge" Environ. Sci. Technol. 18: 883-886.

Fedorak, P.M. & Hrudey, S.E. 1984. "Batch Anaerobic Methanogenesis of Phenolic Coal Conversion Wastewater" Water Sci. Technol.17: 143-154.

Hrudey, S.E. & Putz, G. 1984. "Water Reclamation and Reuse - 1983" J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 56: 616-620.

Fedorak, P.M. & Hrudey, S.E. 1984. "The Effects of Phenol and Some Alkyl Phenolics on Batch Anaerobic Methanogenesis." Water Res.18: 361-367.

Nielsen, J.S. & Hrudey, S.E. 1984. "A Rapid Method for the Digestion of Sewage and Sludge for Metal Analyses." Environ. Sci. Technol.18: 130-132.

Fedorak, P.M. & Hrudey, S.E. 1983. "A Simple Apparatus for Measuring Gas Production by Methanogenic Cultures in Serum Bottles." Environ. Technol. Lett. 4: 425-432.

Hrudey, S.E. 1983. "Hazardous Waste Management in Canada."Water Qual. Bull. 8: 226-230, 247, 248.

Nielsen, J.S. & Hrudey, S.E. 1983. "Metal Loadings and Removal at a Municipal Activated Sludge Plant" Water Res. 17: 1041-1052.

Hrudey, S.E. & Smith, D.W. 1983. "Water Reclamation and Reuse - 1982." J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 55: 662-674.

Cantwell, F.F., Nielsen, J.S. & Hrudey, S.E. 1982. "Free Nickel Ion Speciation in Sewage by an Ion Exchange Column - Equilibration Method." Anal. Chem. 54: 1498-1503.

Hrudey, S.E. 1982. "Factors Limiting Emulsified Lipid Treatment Capacity of Activated Sludge." J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 54: 1207-1214.

Hrudey, S.E. 1982. "Water Reclamation and Reuse - 1981." J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 54: 654-673.

Hrudey, S.E. 1981. "Evaluation of Procedures for Measuring Fats, Oils and Greases (FOG) in Wastewaters." Environ. Technol. Lett. 2: 503-510.

Hrudey, S.E. 1982. "Advances in Water Reuse: Issues for Water Management in Alberta." Prairie Forum: J. Plains Res. Cen. 7: 1-13.

Hrudey, S.E. & S. Raniga .1981. "Greywater Characteristics, Health Concerns and Treatment Technology.", Water Sci. Technol. 13:(supp), 137-154.

Hrudey, S.E. 1981. "Activated Sludge Response to Emulsified Lipid Loading." Water Res. 15: 361-373.

Hrudey, S.E. 1981. "Water Reclamation and Reuse -1980", J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 53: 751-767.

Bouthillier, P.H. & S.E. Hrudey 1980. "Dissolved Oxygen Depletion Problems in Ice Covered Alberta Rivers.", Prairie Forum: J. Can. Plains Res. Cen. 4, 221-236.

Penttinen, S.E., P.H. Bouthillier & S.E. Hrudey 1979."Investigation of the Contribution of Natural Organic Runoff to Dissolved Oxygen Depletion in the Red Deer River.", Water Pollut. Res. J. Can. 14: 71-83.

Hrudey, S.E. 1979. "Sources and Characteristics of Liquid Process Wastes from Arctic Offshore Hydrocarbon Exploration." Arctic 32: 3-21.

Hrudey, S.E., G. Sergy & T. Thackeray 1976. "Toxicity of Oil Sands Plant Wastewaters and Associated Organic Contaminants.", Water Pollut. Res. J. Can. 11: 34-45.

Hrudey, S.E., R. Perry & D.D. Ratnayaka. 1975. "Waste Discharges Arising from Municipal Refuse Incinerators", Environ. Pollut. Man. 5: 33-36.

Hrudey, S.E., R. Perry & R. Wellings. 1974. "The Composition of Residues from Municipal Refuse Incinerators.", Environ. Res. 7: 294-302.

Hrudey, S.E. & R. Perry. 1973. "Assessment of Organic Content of Incinerator Residues.", Environ. Sci. Technol. 7: 1140-1147.

Discussions, Editorials and Refereed* and Non-Refereed Professional Commentaries

Hrudey, S.E. 2024. EPA Proposes Prohibiting Water Utilities From Describing Their Drinking Water as “Safe”. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. January / February: 51-53. doi.org/10.1002/awwa.2216

Hrudey, S.E. 2021. Settlement agreement unlikely to ensure safe drinking water for First Nations. Successive Conservative and Liberal governments have not acted to create regulations for First Nations drinking water despite the Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Act, which became law in 2013. The Hill Times. p.13, September 6.

Cotruvo, J.A., Hrudey, S.E. and J. Fawell. 2020. Misleading research attempts to quantify bladder cancer attributable to drinking water. J Am Water Works Assoc. 112(7): 78-80.

Hrudey, S.E., Ashbolt, N.J., Isaac-Renton, J.L., McKay, R.M., Servos, M.R. 2020. Wastewater-Based Epidemiology for SARS-CoV-2. Policy Paper #23. Royal Society of Canada COVID-19 Task Force.

Hrudey, S.E. 2020. Canada needs all hands on deck for future waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Globe and Mail. June 14, 2020.

Baum, R., J. Bartram, and S. Hrudey. 2016. The Flint Water Crisis Confirms That U.S. Drinking Water Needs Improved Risk Management. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50: 5436−5437.

Hrudey, S.E. 2013. Valuable oil sands environmental research raises several questions. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110(30): E2748.

Hrudey, S.E., P. Gosselin, M. A. Naeth, A. Plourde, R. Therrien, G. Van Der Kraak, Z. Xu. 2012. Response to Timoney Critique of Royal Society of Canada Expert Panel on Oil Sands. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46: 4257−4258.*

Hrudey. S.E. 2012. Dousing inflammatory rhetoric with cool reason – an analysis of: Throwing petrol on a fire: the human and environmental cost of tar sands production by Huseman and Short. Commonwealth Advisory Bureau, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London, U.K.

Bull, R.J., J. Fawell, J. Cotruvo & S.E. Hrudey. 2012. Critique of Chowdhury et al. - Disinfection byproducts in Canadian provinces: Associated cancer risks and medical expenses. J. Hazard Mat. 187:574-584. J. Hazard Mat. 237-238: 382-383, doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.07.040*

Hrudey, S.E. 2011. Safe Drinking Water Policy for Canada – Turning Hindsight into Foresight. C.D. Howe Institute. Commentary - The Water Series. No. 323, February 2011. 29pp.

Hrudey. S.E. 2011. Oil Sands Contaminants. Critique of R. Weinhold. 2011. Alberta’s Oil Sands: Hard Evidence, Missing Data, New Promises. Environ. Health Persp. 119: A126-A131, at Environ. Health Persp. A330.

Hrudey, S.E. 2008. Water Safety Plans – Essential to Safe Drinking Water. Drinking Water Safety International. 1(2): 3-4.

Rizak, S. and S. E. Hrudey. 2007. Distinction needed between “detection” and “accurate detection”. Comment on “On-line water quality parameters as indicators of distribution system contamination.” J Am Water Works Assoc. 99(7): 62, 63, 121.

Williams, T. and S. Hrudey. 2007. Public health protection demands effective communication. Water 21. February 2007: 50-51.

Jalba, D. I. and S.E. Hrudey. 2006. Drinking water safety and risk management for public health agencies. Environ. Health Rev. 50(2): 37-44.

Hrudey, S.E. and E.J. Hrudey 2004. Global lessons from disease outbreaks. [Cover story]. Water 21. August 2004: 16-17.

Hrudey, S.E. and E. J. Hrudey 2003. Reliability Eng. System Safety.82: 343-345. Response to: Woo, D.M. and K.J. Vicente, 2003. Sociotechnical systems, risk management, and public health: comparing the North Battleford and Walketon Outbreaks. Reliability Eng. System Safety 80: 253-269.

Hrudey, S.E. 2003. Walkerton inquiry article raises questions and concerns. West. Can. Water 55(3); 35-38, Response to: Eryou, D.W. and C.S. Laughton. 2003. High reliability organizations and legal liability. West. Can. Water 55: (1), 12-17.

Hrudey, S.E. and Lambert, T.W. 1994. "Mythology Cannot Expose Myths in Risk Communication. J. Environ. Health. 52: (2), 19-20

Hrudey, S.E. 1992. “Environmental Risk: What Do We Mean?" Water Environ. Res. 64: 755.

Hrudey, S.E. and Low, N. 1992. Discussion of: “The Effect of Disinfectants on a Geosmin-Producing Strain of Streptomyces griseus” by Whitmore, T.N. and Denny, S. 1992. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 72: 160-165. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 73: 445-446.

Hrudey, S.E. 1990. Principles and Misconceptions in Environmental Health." J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 62: 211.

Hrudey, S.E. 1983. Reply to discussion of: "Factors Limiting Emulsified Lipid Treatment Capacity of Activated Sludge." by Dick, R.I. & Christensen, G.L. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 55: 1024-1025.

Hrudey, S.E. 1982. "Fear of Hazardous Wastes: A Self Fulfilling Prophecy?" Environ. Sci. Technol., 16: p537A. & Reprinted in: Ecolibrium (1983) 12: (2), 14.

Selected Published Conference Proceedings - Refereed marked (R)

Hrudey, S.E. & E.J. Hrudey. 2017. Evidence review for a fatal waterborne outbreak in New Zealand. Water Quality Technology Conference. AWWA. Portland, Oregon.

Hrudey, S.E. 2014. Evaluating evidence for chlorination disinfection by-products with human health outcomes. Water Quality Technology Conference. AWWA. New Orleans, Louisiana.

Hrudey, S.E., R.J. Bull, J.A. Cotruvo, G. Paoli & M. Wilson. 2012. Total nitrosamine risk cup. Water Quality Technology Conference. AWWA. Toronto.

Hrudey, S.E. & J.W. Charrois. 2012. An overview of disinfection by-products and human health risks. Proc. 15th Nat.Conf. on Drinking Water. Kelowna, B.C., October 2012.

Hrudey, S.E. & E.J.Hrudey. 2012. A case study approach to assuring safe drinking water. Proc. 15th Nat.Conf. on Drinking Water. Kelowna, B.C., October 2012.

Norlin, J.I., G. DeBruin Hrudey, & S.E. Hrudey. 2012. Interior Health 2011 drinking water program audit. Proc. 15th Nat.Conf. on Drinking Water. Kelowna, B.C., October 2012.

Allen, M.J. S.C. Edberg, J. Clancy & S.E. Hrudey 2012. Drinking water microbial myths – A primer for utility managers, engineers and non-microbiologists. Proc. 15th Nat.Conf. on Drinking Water. Kelowna, B.C., October 2012.

Charrois, J.W., M.W. Arend, K.L. Froese and S.E. Hrudey. 2003. Detection of n-nitrosamines in water using solid phase extraction with GC/MCD ammonia positive chemical ionisation. Water Quality Technology Conference. AWWA. Philadelphia.

(R) Rizak, S. and S.E. Hrudey. 2003. Abstract only. Understanding of environmental monitoring evidence for risk management decision-making. 15th Conf. Int. Soc. Environ. Epidemiol., 23-26 September, Perth. Australia.

(R) Chen, W., Gabos, S., Froese, K. and S.E. Hrudey. 2003. Abstract only. Validating urinary trichloroacetic acid as a biomarker of exposure for disinfection by-products in drinking water – a third human trial. 15th Conf. Int. Soc. Environ. Epidemiol., 23-26 September, Perth. Australia.

Hrudey, S.E. 2003. Quality management recommendations from the Walkerton Inquiry. Proc.WHO Water Safety – Risk Management Strategies for Drinking Water. Berlin.

(R) Bader, E. S.E. Hrudey and K.L. Froese. 2003. Validating Trichloroacetic Acid for Time Intregration of Exposure to Drinking Water Disinfection By-Products. Ozwater 2003 Biannual Conference of the Australian Water Association. Perth, WA. April 2003. published on CD.

(R) Hrudey, S.E. 2003. Key messages for drinking water providers from Walkerton, North Battleford and other major outbreaks. Ozwater 2003 Biannual Conference of the Australian Water Association. Perth, WA. April 2003. published on CD.

(R) Hrudey, S.E., P.M. Huck, P. Payment, R.W. Gillham and E.J. Hrudey. 2002. Walkerton: Lessons learned in comparison with waterborne outbreaks in the developed world. Proc. 10th Nat.Conf. on Drinking Water.

Froese, K.L., W. Gabryelski,, B. Ells, F. Wu, S.E. Hrudey, D.A. Barnett, R.W. Purves and R. Guevremont. 2002. The use of ESI-FAIMS-MS for the analysis of haloacetic acids in drinking water. Water Quality Technology Conference. AWWA.

(R) Froese, K., M. Sinclair and S. Hrudey. 2001.Trichloroacetic acid as a biomarker of human exposure for non-volatile disinfection by-products. Proc. 9th Nat.Conf. on Drinking Water. 40-49.

(R) Bodo, K., S. Hrudey and K. Froese. 2001. “Experimental determination of the n-octanol-water partition coefficient for dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and chloral hydrate (CH). Proc. 9th Nat. Conf. on Drinking Water. 301-308.

(R) Rizak, S. S. Hrudey, K. Kjartanson, T. Satchwill and K. Froese. 2001. Distribution system monitoring data as a basis to estimate human exposure to halogenated disinfection by-products. Proc. 9th Nat.Conf. on Drinking Water. 205-223.

(R) Hrudey, S.E. 1999. Health Risk Assessment – What We Know and How We Know It. Proc Australian Water and Wastewater Conference. Adelaide, published on CD.

(R) Hrudey, S.E. 1999. “Drinking Water and Health Risk: Balancing Risk and Reason” Keynote Address. Proc. 7th National Conference on Drinking Water. Canadian Water and Wastewater Association. 1-11.

(R) Rizak, S., S.E. Hrudey and C. G. Jardine, 1997. Expert Judgments of Environmental Risks. Proc. CSCE - ASCE Environmental Engineering Conference, 1, 3-14.

(R). Thomas, S.P. and S.E. Hrudey. 1997. Uncertainty in Knowledge of Health Risks. Proc. CSCE-ASCE Environmental Engineering Conference, 1, 15-26.

Hrudey, S.E. and W.B. Kindzierski. 1997. Environmental Risk Assessment: Informing Decision-Making or Rolling the Dice? Proc. Risk Based Priorities for Managing Environmental Issues for the Oil and Gas Industry. Air and Waste Management Association, April, 1997.

Hilderman, T.L., D.J. Wilson and S.E. Hrudey. 1997. Uncertainty and Predicting Fatalities from Toxic Gas Releases. Proc. Risk Based Priorities for Managing Environmental Issues for the Oil and Gas Industry. Air and Waste Management Association, April, 1997.

Arulanandam, S.J., D.J. Wilson and S.E. Hrudey. 1997. Gas Pipeline Failure - Analyzing the Data. Proc. Risk Based Priorities for Managing Environmental Issues for the Oil and Gas Industry. Air and Waste Management Association, April, 1997.

Kindzierski, W.B. and S.E. Hrudey. 1997. Health Risks from Flaring of Gases in Alberta - When to Model and When to Sample in Assessing Exposures. Proc. Risk Based Priorities for Managing Environmental Issues for the Oil and Gas Industry. Air and Waste Management Association, April, 1997.

Hrudey, S.E. 1997. “Normas de calidad de aire para cancerigenos podemos definir niveles seguros?” In: Calidad de Aire de Interiores – Contaminantes y sus Effectos en las Salud Humana. Ed. L. Gil and M. Adonis, Serie HCT/AIEPI-7, Santiago, Chile, Organicion Panamerica de la Salud, Organizacion Mundial de la Salud.

Scott, H.M., Ellahoj, E., Wilson, D.J., Martin, S.W., Soskolne, C.L., Coppock, R.W., Guidotti, T.L., Hrudey, S.E., Lissemore, K.D. 1997. “Geographical information systems for integrating air pollution modelling with outcomes and confounders: Effects of sour gas processing plant emissions on the health and productivity of cattle.” Epidemiologie et Sante Animale, Proceedings VIII International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (ISVEE), Paris, no. 31-32, 12.14.1 to 12.14.3.

(R) Kindzierski, W.B., Rector, D.W. and S.E. Hrudey. 1996.“Balancing risk and reason: Public consultation for drinking water resource planning in Edmonton.” Proc. 6th National Drinking Water Conference, Victoria, B.C., 25-38.

(R) Hrudey, S.E. 1996. “Strengths and Limitations of Risk Assessment.” In: Regulatory Efficiency and the Role of Risk Assessment, Proc. from the First Annual Policy Forum of the Eco-Research Program in Environmental Policy and the School of Policy Studies at Queen’s University, October 26-27, 1995, Ottawa, 136-139.

Seymour, D.T., Hrudey, S.E. and Fedorak, P.M. 1995. “Solubilities and Toxicities of Condensed Thiophenes and Their Microbial Metabolites.” In: Proc. Fifth Annual Symposium on Groundwater and Soil Remediation, Toronto, 279-292.

Hrudey, S.E., Lambert, T.W. and Kenefick, S.L. 1994. “Health Risk Assessment of Microcystins in Drinking Water Supplies.” In: Proc. Toxic Cyanobacteria - A Global Perspective. Australian Centre for Water Quality Research. Adelaide, Australia, 7-16.

(R) Hrudey, S.E., Kenefick, S.L., Lambert, T.W., Kotak, B.G., Prepas, E.E. and Holmes, C.F.B. 1994. “Sources of Uncertainty in Assessing the Health Risk of Cyanobacterial Blooms in Drinking Water.” In: Detection Methods for Cyanobacterial Toxins. Ed. G. Codd., Royal Soc. Chemistry, Cambridge, U.K., 122-126.

(R) Holmes, C.F.B., McCready, T.L., Craig, M., Lambert, T.W. and Hrudey, S.E. 1994. “A Sensitive Bioscreen for Detection of Cyclic Peptide Toxins of the Microcystin Class.” In: Detection Methods for Cyanobacterial Toxins. Ed. G. Codd., Royal Soc. Chemistry, Cambridge, U.K., 85-89.

(R) Pollard, S.J.T., Kenefick, S.L., Hrudey, S.E., Fuhr, B.J., Holloway, L.R. and Rawluk, M. 1994. “A Tiered Analytical Protocol for the Characterization of Heavy Oil Residues at Petroleum-Contaminated Hazardous Waste Sites.” In: Analysis of Soil Contaminated with Petroleum Constituents, ASTM STP 1221. T.A. O’Shay and K.B. Hoddinott (editors). American Society of Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 38-52.

(R) Hrudey, S.E. , Kenefick, S.L., Best, N., Gillespie, T., Kotak, B.G., Prepas, E.E. and H.G. Peterson. 1993. “Liver Toxins and Odour Agents in Cyanobacterial Blooms in Alberta Surface Water Supplies.” In: Disinfection Dilemma: Microbiological Control Versus By-Products. Proc. 5th National Conference on Drinking Water. Winnipeg. American Water Works Association, 383-390.

(R) Kotak, B.G., Hrudey, S.E., Kenefick, S.L. and Prepas, E.E. 1993. “Toxicity of Cyanobacterial Blooms in Alberta Lakes.” In: Proc. 19th Aquatic Toxicity Workshop, Can. Tech. Rep. Fisheries and Aquatic Science 1942, 172-179.

Kindzierski, W.B. and Hrudey, S.E. 1993. “Estimating Action Levels for Surface Soil at an Urban Residential Development in British Columbia. Proc. Specialty Conf. on Developing Cleanup Standards for Contaminated Soil, Sediment and Groundwater - How Clean is Clean? Water Environment Federation / U.S. Environmental Protection Agency / Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.

Pollard, S.J., Hrudey, S.E., Fuhr, B.J., Alex, R.F. and L.R. Holloway. 1992. “The Characterization of Petroleum and Creosote-Contaminated Soils: Component Class Analysis by Thin Layer Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection.” Proc. Second Bi-annual Environmental Specialty Conference. Can. Soc. Civil Eng. Québec, May, 207-216.

Kindzierski, W.B. and S.E. Hrudey. 1991. “Implications of the Upper Bound and Average Exposure Scenario on Risk Management Decisions for Contaminated Site Remediation.” Proc. 84th Air Waste Manage. Assoc. Conf., Vancouver, paper 91-170.7 (15pp).

Hoffmann, R.E. and S.E. Hrudey. 1990. “Enhanced Land Treatment of Soil Contaminated with Wood Preserving Chemicals.” Proc. First Biennial Environmental Specialty Conference. Can. Soc. Civil Eng. Hamilton, May, I-837-I-853.

Mercer, S. M. and S.E. Hrudey. 1990. Demonstration of Quantitative Risk Assessment for a Municipal Water Treatment Plant Chlorination Process. Proc. First Biennial Environmental Specialty Conference. Can. Soc. Civil Eng. Hamilton, May, I-120-I-139.

Hrudey, S.E. 1990."Electotechnologies for Hazardous Waste Processing." Electrotechnologies and Industry - Congress 90, Calgary, April, 4.0-4.14.

Hrudey, S.E., P.M. Fedorak and W.B. Kindzierski. 1990. “Anaerobic Biological Treatment of Coal Conversion Wastewaters.” Proc. 1990 Fundamental Coal Science Workshop, 51-66.

Hrudey, S.E. 1989. "Protection of Public Health as a Basis for Environmental Protection Criteria." In: Hazardous Waste Management for the 90s. Proc. International Specialty Conference of the Air and Waste Management Association, SP-70, 247-259.

Hrudey, S.E., S.A. Daignault, A.J. Gac, D. Poole, G. Walker and D.A. Birkholz. 1989. "Swampy or Swimming Pool Odours Caused by Chlorination and Chloramination" AWWA Seminar Proc. Identification of Taste and Odor Compounds. 1989 Annual Conf. Am. Water Works Assoc. Los Angeles, June 18-23, 143-156.

Hettiaratchi, J.P.A. and S.E. Hrudey. 1989. "An Alternative Method of Designing Clay Liners for Waste Storage and Disposal Facilities." Proc. 2nd Inter. Symp. Environmental Geotechnology.

Hrudey, S.E. & P.M. Fedorak. 1988. "Anaerobic Biological Treatment of Synfuels Wastewaters."Proc. Symp. Opportunities in the Synfuels Industry. Bismarck, North Dakota. August 27-31.

Hrudey, S.E., Gac, A. & S.A. Daignault. 1988. "Odorous Aldehydes Produced by Disinfectant Reactions with Common Amino Acids." Proc. 1988 Annual Conf. Am. Water Works Assoc. Orlando, June 19-23, 1803-1812.

Birkholz, D.A., D.G. Erickson & S.E. Hrudey. 1988. "What Every Environmental Engineer Should Know about Trace Organic Contaminant Analyses." Proc. 1988 Can. Soc. Civ. Eng. Annual Conf. Calgary, May 23-25, 598-612.

Kindzierski, W.B., Hrudey, S.E. & P.M. Fedorak. 1988. "Solvent Extraction and Anaerobic Biological Treatment of High Strength Phenolic Wastewater." Proc. 1988 Joint CSCE-ASCE National Conference on Environmental Engineering. Vancouver, July 13-15, 719.

Hettiaratchi, J.P.A. & S.E. Hrudey. 1987. "Considerations of Soil Shrinkage in Designing Clay Liners for Municipal Solid Waste Landfills." Proc. 9th Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conf., Bangkok, December, 3-121 to 3-136.

Hettiaratchi, J.P.A., Hrudey, S.E., Sego, D.C.C. & D.W. Smith. 1987. "Consideration of Clay Soil and Leachate Interactions in Landfill Liner Design.", Proc. 9th Can. Conf. Waste Man., Edmonton, October, 1987.

Hrudey, S.E. & W.B. Kindzierski 1987. "Emerging Physical/Chemical Treatment Technologies for Hazardous Wastes Treatment." Proc. Hazardous Waste Management - Getting the Job Done. Canadian Prairie and Northern Section, Air Pollution Control Association. Edmonton, May.

Koning, W. & S.E. Hrudey 1987. "Fish Tainting by Oil Sands Tailings Pond Wastewaters." Proc. 2nd Applied Aquatic Studies Workshop.U. of Alberta. February.

Birkholz, D.A., Hrudey, S.E. & D.G. Erickson 1987. "Degradation Products Formed in Alkanolamine Sour Gas Treaters" Proc. 22nd Workshop for Pesticide and Trace Organic Residue Analysts (Western Canada). Calgary, May.

Hrudey, S.E. 1986. "The Edmonton Drinking Water Study." Proc. 1986 Am. Water Works Assoc. Water Quality Technology Conf., 1091-1097.

(R) Hrudey, S.E. & Kok, S. 1987. "Environmentally Relevant Characteristics of Oil-in-Water Emulsions" In: Oil and Freshwater: Chemistry, Biology and Countermeasure Technology. Ed. Vandermeulen, J.H. and Hrudey, S.E., Pergamon Press, 58-71.

(R) Birkholz, D., Hrudey, S.E., Kimble, B., Gray, M. and Rawluk, M. 1987. "Characterization of Water Soluble Components of a Wastewater Oil Sample from an Oil Sands Bitumen Upgrading Plant" In: Oil and Freshwater: Chemistry, Biology and Countermeasure Technology. Ed. Vandermeulen, J.H. and Hrudey, S.E., Pergamon Press, 42-57.

Hrudey, S.E. 1986. "Public Perception of Technical Issues - Problems in Siting and Operating Hazardous Waste Management Facilities."Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Operating European Hazardous Waste Management Facilities. Odense, Denmark. Sept. 1986.

Hrudey, S.E. & K.J. Simpson 1986. "Management of Residues from Centralized Hazardous Waste Treatment Facilities." Toxic Contamination in Large Lakes - Vol. III Sources, Fate, and Controls of Toxic Contaminants.Lewis Publishers, 177-190.

Hrudey, S.E. & Fedorak, P.M. 1986. "Potential for Anaerobic Biological Treatment of Petroleum Industry Wastes."Proc. Conf. "Petroleum Waste Management: A Western Perspective" Calgary, Jan. 1986.

Hrudey, S.E. 1985. "Siting Hazardous Waste Management Facilities" Proc. Conf. "National Strategies for Managing Hazardous Wastes" Melbourne, Australia, Nov. 1985.

Kindzierski, W. & Hrudey, S.E. 1985. "Effects of Phosphorus Removal Chemicals upon Methane Production during Anaerobic Sludge Digestion." Proc. 1985 Annual Conf., Can. Soc. Civ. Eng., III, 227-242.

Fedorak P.M. & Hrudey, S.E. 1983. "Assessment of Anaerobic Treatability of Industrial Wastewaters" Water & Pollut. Control, 122, 1, 32-33.

Hrudey, S.E. 1983. "Current Practices in Hazardous Waste Management: Europe and North America" Proc. 35th Western Canada Water & Sew. Conf., 73-77.

Hrudey, S.E. 1983. "Survey of Operating Hazardous Waste Facilities in Europe and North America" Proc. 1983 Nat.Conf. Environ. Eng. A.S.C.E., 210-217.

Hrudey, S.E. 1983. "Management of Residuals from Hazardous Waste Facilities" Proc. 38th Purdue Industrial Waste Conf. Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., 233-241.

(R) Hrudey, S.E and Tookwinas, S. 1982. "Influence of Dilution Water pH upon Acute Lethality of Oleic Acid and Linoleic Acid to Rainbow Trout. Proc. 9th Aquatic Toxicity Workshop; Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquatic Sci. 1163, 89-96.

Nielsen, J.S., Hrudey, S.E. & Cantwell, F.F. 1982. "Mechanisms of Nickel Removal by Activated Sludge" Proc. Annual Conf. Can. Soc. Civ. Eng., 1459-1474.

Hrudey, S.E. & J.D. Scott 1982. "Water Reuse Needs of the Oil Sands Industry in Alberta" Water Reuse Symp. II., Conf. Proc. Washington.

Nielsen, J.S., S.E. Hrudey & F.F. Cantwell 1981. "Significance of Speciation to Nickel Removal by Activated Sludge" Heavy Metals in the Environment. Conf. Proc. Amsterdam, 114-117.

Hrudey, S.E. 1981. "Biochemistry of Activated Sludge: Role of Lipids", Water Industry 81, Conf. Proc., Brighton, 191-196.

(R) Hrudey, S.E. & S. Raniga. 1981. "Greywater Management for Isolated Northern Communities", Proc. Amer. Soc. Civ. Eng. Specialty Conf.: The Northern Community - Search for a Quality Environment, Seattle, 471-481.

(R) Nagendran, J. & S.E. Hrudey. 1981. "Oil Recovery and Recycle Water Treatment for In-Situ Oil Sand Production", Environmental and Economic Considerations in Energy Utilization, Proc. 7th. Nat. Conf. Energy & Environ., pp.66-74, Ann Arbor Sci. Pub., Ann Arbor, Mich.

(R) Hrudey, S.E. 1980. "Surface and Subsurface Water Quality Implications of Waste Drilling Fluid Sump Abandonment in Permafrost Regions", Proc. Symp. Research on Environmental Fate and Effects of Drilling Fluids and Cuttings, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, 191-222.

Hrudey, S.E. 1980. "Factors Limiting Emulsified Lipid Treatment Capacity of Activated Sludge", Proc. Res. Symp., 53rd Water Pollut. Control Fed. Conf., Las Vegas, 1-15.

Hrudey, S.E. 1978. "Pretreatment of Meat and Poultry Products Plant Wastewaters", Proc. Technology Transfer Seminar on Meat and Poultry Products Plant Regulations and Guidelines, Environment Canada, Ottawa.

Hrudey, S.E. 1977. "Municipal Sewage Sludge - Types and Quantities", Proc. Technology Transfer Seminar on Sludge Management, Alberta Environment and Environment Canada, Edmonton.

Bryant, W.J., J. Goldburn & S.E. Hrudey. 1974. "Water Pollution Aspects from Waste Drilling Mud Disposal in Canada's Arctic", Proc. 1974 Offshore Technol. Conf.,OTC 2044, Houston, pp.95-102.

Competitive Awards

International

2017 Hermes Creative Awards. 2017 Gold Winner - Category 65. Publication Column. “President’s Notebook – We Must Honour the Privilege of Self-Regulation – or Risk Losing It.” Written for the Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Alberta (APEGA) – Award for creative publications.

2012 American Water Works Association A.P. Black Award, top research award of the world’s largest organization (60,000+ members) dedicated to safe drinking water - only the second Canadian to receive this award in its 43 year history to that time

2002 D.Sc (Eng), Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, University of London, (higher doctorate degree award based on anonymous peer-review assessment of career research publications)

1997 Association of Environmental Engineering Professors Distinguished Lecture: “Health Risk Assessment and Risk Management for Algal Toxins in Drinking Water Supplies” at the American Water Works Association Annual Conference in Atlanta, June.

National

2022 Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal

2019 Member, Order of Canada recognizing the impact of his research informing policy to ensure safe drinking water in Canada and globally

2013 Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal from the Royal Society of Canada for service to scholarship in science

2006 Donald R. Stanley Best Environmental Paper Award, Canadian Society of Civil Engineering, for: “Occurrence of N-nitrosamines in Alberta public drinking water distribution systems.” J.W.A. Charrois, J.M. Boyd, K.L. Froese and S.E. Hrudey. 2007. J. Environ. Eng. Sci. 6: 103-114.

2006 National Water Research Institute (Canada) Distinguished Speaker for 2006

2006 TD Canada Trust Walter Bean Visiting Professor in Environment, University of Waterloo

1993-98 Eco-Research Chair in Environmental Risk Management – Tri-Council Natural Sciences & Engineering Research Council – Social Sciences & Humanities Research Council – Medical Research Council

1991 Albert E. Berry Medal for significant contributions to Environmental Engineering

in Canada, Canadian Society for Civil Engineering

1989 National Lecture Tour, Environmental Engineering Division, Canadian Society for Civil Engineering.

Provincial, regional, local

2017 Alberta Order of Excellence – the highest civilian honour awarded by the Province of Alberta

2013 Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Alberta Summit Award for Research Excellence

2012 Honorary Doctor of Science, University of Alberta

2003/04 Killam Annual Professor, University of Alberta

1995 Emerald Award for Environmental Research Advances, Alberta Foundation for Environmental Excellence

1987-88: McCalla Research Professorship, University of Alberta

Fellowships (professional, academic recognition)

International

2010 International Water Association Fellow, the world’s largest scientific and professional organization dedicated to water research and management

2007 Fellow of the Society for Risk Analysis, the world’s largest learned society directed to the assessment, management and research of risk. Since SRA was founded in 1981- fewer than 10 Canadians have been appointed to FSRA

National

2016 Fellow (Honorary) of Geoscientists Canada, for service to the professions of Geoscience

2015 Fellow of Engineers Canada, for service to the profession of Engineering

2014 Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering, one of the highest professional honours accorded an Engineer in Canada, Emeritus Fellow as of 2019

2006 Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, Academy of Science, Canadian scientists, peer-elected as the best in their field

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