NT. Topography

NT. Topography

1. Landforms [codes for land in general]

c. Cape [Point and Headland are small cape; spit very small]

d. Depression (Crater, caldera, cirque: each could be designated synthetically by source] [Pan is small] [Basin is underwater]

f. Pillar

h. Hills [Hammock is ∑] [Mound is small] [Cone is conical hill]

i. Island [∑ for archipelago] [Atoll is (circle)(islands)(and)(reefs)]

k. Karst area [sinkhole is hole in karst]

m. Mountains [Range is ∑]

n. Peninsula

p. Plateau or plain; flat land

s. Steep slopes, Ravines, Canyons [Badlands is ∑] [Bench or Terrace is flat land within steep slopes; Butte or Mesa is on top of] [Escarpment is steep slope between plains] [Shelf is underwater]

t. Terrace

u. Isthmus

v. Valley [Dry means no longer watered]

x. Cave

z. Surface in general; 'earth'

2. Natural vegetation

a. Alkaline and Saline soils; salt-resistant vegetation

b. Bog

d. Desert [Dune is sand ridge]

d. desert soils

s. subglacial deserts

f. Forests

b. Brown forest soil

p. Podzol

g. Grasslands (primarily) [Clearing is grassland within forest.]

a. Alpine meadow

c. Chernozemic

n. Cinnamonic

r. Rendzina

r. Rainforests

k. Kaolinic (tropical rain forest)

l. Laterite

s. Snow-covered

t. Tundra

3. Water [Use Cutter numbers for particular bodies of water. Specify country or state within for small bodies of water.]

a. Still or slow moving (lentic) water in general (no exit)

b. Moving (lotic) water in general

c. Canal [Ditch is small canal.]

d. Deep water in general/ Shallow

f. Fresh water in general/ not

g. Gulf (Bay and then Cove are smaller versions of Gulf: body of water between headlands. Since the boundaries are unclear there are advantages to treating them together and adding 'small' and other qualifiers synthetically. A Bight is a slight recession between headlands; it could also be treated here, perhaps synthetically)

h. Inlet (Narrower than a gulf) Fjord is long steep inlet, generally in northern waters.

i. Ice [Can distinguish ice on water from ice on land. Glacier might be captured as moving ice on land, iceberg as moving ice on water.]

l. Lake (Pond is a small lake.)

m. Dam

o. Ocean [p for Pacific; i for Indian ; a for Atlantic; r for Arctic]

r. River (Streams and creeks are small rivers.)

s. Sea

t. Strait (Smaller than Sound)

v. Lagoon

w. Waterfall (Rapid is mild waterfall)

x. Oasis

z. Channel (the part of any body of water through which current flows)

4. Land and water

a. Beach

b. Benthic zone (the lowest level of a body of water)

c. Continental shelf

d. Delta [Fan could be delta on land]

e. Estuary

f. Fracture zone

g. Spring

h. Shoreline

i. Intertidal zone (above water at low tide; below at high tide) (often called tidal flat; mud flats can be this or frequently flooded land.)

k. Bank or Bar (land just below water level) [River bank can be captured synthetically as (land)(edge)(river)]

l. Submerged land [Flooded would be temporary or cyclically.]

m. Marsh, swamp, bog [Moor sometimes means marsh, sometimes former marsh]

n. Lake bed (dry former lake)

o. Blowhole

p. Profundal zone (deep; farther than light can penetrate)

q. Limnetic zone (between profundal and littoral)

r. Reef

s. Seabed

t. Littoral zone (shoreline; receives light)

u. Underground water

v. Hydrothermal vents (Geyser or hot spring on land)

w. Watershed

x. Breakwater

y. International water

z. Territorial water

5. Atmosphere

a. Air

e. Exosphere

i. Ionosphere

s. Stratosphere

6. Outer Space

s. Earth’s solar system [code planets, comets, asteroids]

i. Interstellar space [code stars, planets, ,use Cutter]

7. Layers of the Earth

t. Lithosphere

h. Moho

a. Asthenosphere

m. Mantle

g. Gutenberg Discontinuity

c. Core

o. Outer Core

i. Inner Core