Primary source: is an artifact, a document, a diary, a recording, legal records, etc. created at the original time.
Secondary source: information created later by someone who did not experience first-hand the events. (i.e. research articles, biographies, monographs, etc.)
Tertiary sources aid the researcher in using primary and secondary sources and include indexes, textbooks, study guides, encyclopedias, etc.
Nondocumentary sources are unpublished forms of communication and information, which can include conversations with faculty members, other students, and experts in the field.
There is no right format when taking notes. What’s important is that you find a method that works for you. Here are a few types of formats that you may want to experiment with:
1. Cornell Notes: This style includes sections for the date, essential question, topic, notes, questions, and a summary.
2. Outline: An outline organizes the lecture by main points, allowing room for examples and details.
3. Flowchart/Mind map: A visual representation of notes is good for content that has an order or steps involved.
4. Charting Method: A way to organize notes from lectures with a substantial amount of facts through dividing key topics into columns and recording facts underneath.
5. Sentence Method: One of the simplest forms of note taking, helpful for disseminating which information from a lecture is important by quickly covering details and information.
University of North Carolina @ Chapel Hill
Effective Note-Taking in Class
"You may be asking yourself how you can identify the main points of a lecture. Here are some tips for recognizing the most important points in a lecture:
Introductory remarks often include summaries of overviews of main points.
Listen for signal words/phrases like, “There are four main…” or “To sum up…” or “A major reason why…”
Repeated words or concepts are often important.
Non-verbal cues like pointing, gestures, or a vocal emphasis on certain words, etc. can indicate important points.
Final remarks often provide a summary of the important points of the lecture.
Consider watching online lectures in real time. Watching the lecture for the first time without pausing or rewinding can help force you to focus on what’s important enough to write down."
Now that you are prepared and organized, what can you do to take good notes while listening to a lecture in class? Here are some practical steps you can try to improve your in-class note-taking:
If you are seeking conceptual information, focus on the main points the professor makes, rather than copying down the entire presentation or every word the professor says. Remember, if you review your notes after class, you can always fill in any gaps or define words or concepts you didn’t catch in class.
If you are learning factual information, transcribing most of the lecture verbatim can help with recall for short-answer test questions, but only if you study these notes within 24 hours.
Record questions and thoughts you have or content that is confusing to you that you want to follow-up on later or ask your professor about.
Jot down keywords, dates, names, etc. that you can then go back and define or explain later.
Take visually clear, concise, organized, and structured notes so that they are easy to read and make sense to you later.
If you want your notes to be concise and brief, use abbreviations and symbols. Write in bullets and phrases instead of complete sentences. This will help your mind and hand to stay fresh during class and will help you access things easier and quicker after class. It will also help you focus on the main concepts.
Be consistent with your structure. Pick a format that works for you and stick with it so that your notes are structured the same way each day.
For online lectures, follow the above steps to help you effectively manage your study time. Once you’ve watched the lecture in its entirety, use the rewind feature to plug in any major gaps in your notes. Take notes of the timestamps of any parts of the lecture you want to revisit later.
Skills . . . I should have before college
Feynman Technique: Make complex topics really simple.
The Science of Better Learning: Know how to study better for your brain.
Study Less, Study Smart: How to train your brain to process information. Current views on the information in the video.
How to Make Learning as Addictive as Social Media: Does education bring equality or is the divide set by income? Importance of language study.
Can you change your sleep schedule? Your health both emotional and physical are easily affected by poor sleep--especially in college.
(Currancy * Relevance * Authority * Accuracy * Purpose)
What is the CRAAP test? Why am I going to use it? You'll use it because not everyone tells the truth online. Your academic research should show some rigor. (You wouldn't appreciate the movie times being wrong on Fandango, so don't let facts in your paper be wrong.)
So, how does this test work? We'll use my favorite library website for evaluation of sources. It makes the whole thing simple. And use the video to the side to see the process in action.
Or try one of these sites if you need further explanation: Brigham Young Library "Evaluating Crediblity" or University of South Carolina "Finding Credible Sources."
"It’s how you use your notes later that will determine their value. It’s not enough to take the notes, you have to use the notes. "
Cornell Notes are widely recognized as the best note-taking system and they work well on paper or digitally in OneNote/Keep.
Stanford: Note-taking
Dartmouth: Notetaking - Academic Skills Center ; Active Study Strategies; The 4 Stages of Notetaking
Cornell Notes make sense, but you need visuals and you can't stop doodling...so make it work for you with Sketchnoting.
ACTIVE Listening: requires you to listen attentively to a speaker, understand the underlying message, respond and reflect on what's being said without judgement, and retain the information for later. Both speaker and listener are actively engaged in the conversation.
How to Study & Learn Using Active Recall: Dr. Cal Newport (Georgetown) and Dr. Andrew Huberman (Stanford). Replicating the learned information from lectures in your own format and words.
The Academic Resource Center @ Harvard University Note-Taking , Strategies for Learning
The Cornell Note Taking System
Yale Library Note Taking: Techniques, Citation Management
Oxford University: Reading, note-taking and library skills, Study skills and training, AI tools to support learning, Study skills resources
Taking notes in a way to fully understand all information presented conceptually and factually may differ between students. For instance, working memory, or the ability to process and manipulate information in-the-moment, is often involved in transcribing lecture notes, which is best done digitally; but there are individual differences in working memory processes that may affect which method works best for you. Research suggests that handwriting notes can help us learn and remember conceptual items better than digital notes. However, there are some pros to typing notes on a computer as well, including speed and storage. Consider these differences before deciding what is best for you.
Handwritten
Cornell Note Organization Format - https://rkenedy.info.yorku.ca/online-links/critical-skills-for-students/cornell-note-organization-format/#:~:text=The%20area%20at%20the%20bottom,the%20rest%20of%20the%20page.
Digital
AI Cornell Notes Assistant - https://www.hyperwriteai.com/aitools/cornell-notes-assistant
Cornell Note Taking Template with AI - https://www.notion.so/templates/cornell-note-taking-template-with-ai
StoryboardThat: Cornell Notes Worksheet Templates - https://www.storyboardthat.com/create/worksheet-templates-cornell-notes
Fillable: Cornell Note-Taking Paper - https://www.worksheetworks.com/miscellanea/cornell-note-taking-paper.html
Easier to create diagrams and illustrations
Faster; easier to take higher volume of notes
Sometimes better for visual learners
Easier to edit and reorganize for later studying
Provides more focus for students prone to digital distraction
Can be backed up, shared, searched, etc.
Can be better for comprehension and retention of conceptual information
Can be better for comprehension and retention of factual information
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