STA G5

Group 5 Theoretical Framework

This research addresses the persistent solid waste management problem in the Philippines, specifically examining the inadequacies in waste segregation at the municipal level. Households continue to lack comprehension of the need for waste segregation, resulting in no behavioral modifications toward disposal. In the context of Gawad Kalinga communities, despite their Green Kalinga program, concerns persist about drainage clogs and flooding which they vocalized last August 2023, necessitating a comprehensive exploration of alternative initiatives that could effectively disseminate proper segregation. This study aims to contribute insights into refining waste management strategies in the Philippines, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals and mitigating environmental and health risks.

As of today, the issue regarding improper waste segregation continues to contribute to the country’s fluctuation. SEPO reports that approximately 15% of the estimated 9, 212.02 tons of garbage produced in Metro Manila are eventually dumped into canals, rivers, and the infamous Manila Bay. This event may lead to more crises such as health issues and the production of an immense amount of greenhouse gasses. The relevance of this paper lies in its goal to unearth the repercussions of improper waste disposal on both the scientific and societal fronts. Health is a critical aspect of life, which would deteriorate once there is a buildup of trash in bodies of water and disposal sites. Illnesses one may get from this problem are HIV, Hepatitis B and C, and many more (Chamberlain, 2019). In addition, Bisong et al. mentioned in their study that the organic waste decays in landfills produces greenhouse gasses, one of the air pollutants that cause severe environmental crises. These are the main reasons why this paper is deemed significant with the ongoing challenges in waste management.

Group 5 Theoretical Framework

The escalating global waste crisis presents a critical challenge, with the Philippines grappling despite legislative efforts such as the existence of Republic Act No. 9003 mandating ecological solid waste management. (Active Sustainability, N.D.) Existing literature underscores two main gaps: ineffective LGU waste segregation programs due to financial and political constraints, and urban areas struggling with low compliance. (Castillo & Otoma, 2013; Kojima & Michida, 2011) For instance, sanitary landfills to replace garbage dumps cost Php 20M a hectare and 74.14% of the originates from households.

Group 5 Procedural Framework

This study employs a dependent (paired sample) t-test analysis to determine the significance of differences between pretest and posttest scores, gauging citizen awareness of key waste management facets such as decomposition rate, material, hazard, and environmental urgency. The research focuses on Gawad Kalinga participants, quantifying knowledge levels through mean questionnaire scores measured on a continuous ratio scale. The independent variable involves two related categorical groups, measured on two occasions, ensuring the absence of outliers and adherence to normal distribution assumptions. These measures collectively bolstered the integrity of the chosen t-test methodology. (Laerd Statistics, N.D.) Rejecting the null hypothesis due to disparity, supported by the p-value method, then signifies statistical significance (Hayes, 2023; Vaidya & Srivastav, N.D.). Furthermore, the survey includes a subjective component capturing attitudes and behaviors related to waste segregation as well as environmental zeal that is graphically represented to visualize the distribution and hierarchy of responses among the participants, contributing to a comprehensive analysis of the study’s findings.

The research utilizes a Quasi-Experimental design which aims to investigate the correlation between the independent and dependent variables, but, contrary to normal research, the participants are not randomly selected (Thomas, 2023). This design resembles the group's study because, in the pursuit of enhancing the environmental literacy and sensitivity of the Gawad Kalinga community through the utilization of gamification and visual aids in the lecture, only 15 selected participants were able to attend based on their availability. As stated in this paper, the group's study adopting a Quasi-Experimental design is one of its limitations because non-randomization decreases the validity of the causal relationship between the variables. However, in consideration of the safety of both the student researchers and the participants, the need to communicate with the heads of the school and the Gawad Kalinga community was done.

Group 5 Procedural Framework

The participants were 15 Gawad Kalinga Nanays, aged 30-85 years old, who were selected through the Convenience sampling method where they were selected based on their availability. Researchers used a pretest-posttest survey questionnaire and face-to-face lecture in Filipino incorporating visual aids and gamification, capturing baseline and post-intervention data, but post-seminar monitoring of waste segregation and household practices is not feasible.

The language used in the discussion and questionnaire they answered is Filipino since the participants understood it better. The researchers will first ask permission from the participants before conducting the research. The group will not force the participants to answer the questionnaire. The answers and results of the participants will remain confidential.

The respondents' existing knowledge regarding waste segregation is primarily measured on the pre-test questionnaires provided. Both tests consist of 28 items with four test types: True or False, Matching Type, Classification, and the Subjective portion that measures their scale of appreciation toward the environment. The highest score from the pre-test results is 17, while the lowest is 3. The GK Nanays' mean score is 10.4, which is only almost 3% of the total correct answers. Acknowledging these results, the researchers understood that the participants had low to average knowledge regarding waste management in the Philippines due to the below-average mean score and low total correct answers of each participant in the provided histogram. As for the impact of the researcher-led lecture, it is evident in the second histogram that the mean post-test scores improved after implementing the interventions prepared by the group. Instead of having 3 as the lowest, this time, 4 out of 28 was the lowest score of the participants. It can also be seen in the graph that most participants reached a score of 19.50, which is a huge improvement since the pre-test results only had 17.50 as the highest. Moreover, the data gathered from the mean scores in the post-test showed that the average increased to 11.46, therefore revealing that the use of lectures, visual aids, and games during a discussion truly helps in retaining a learner's memory and will help in improving the GK nanays' behavior toward waste management.

The research examined Gawad Kalinga members' performance, scoring an average of 10.4000 out of 28 items on the pre-test and then 11.4667 after intervention. Despite the marginal one-point improvement in the post-test mean score, the one-tailed dependent t-test, resulting in a test value of 1.21 with a p-value of 0.123 (p > 0.05) indicated no significant enhancement, reinforcing the the lack of evidence for the assertion of intervention ineffectiveness.

Noteworthy variations in individual outcomes were observed, with two participants achieving the highest individual averages of 17.5 out of 28. Conversely, the eldest participant aged 73 scored the lowest with a 3.5-point average. 60% of participants showed improvement while 40% exhibited stagnant or decreased scores. The findings suggest altering contextual and demographic factors (sample size, environmental setting, time restrictions, conceptual density, and vocabulary aptitude), influencing waste segregation knowledge in educational intervention. Although the overall intervention did not fully achieve its intended goal, the 60% success rate among participants suggests some effectiveness and this can be utilized to alleviate waste pollution that is affecting the health and development of society.

The first teaching method employed is the utilization of visual aids. This was done through the creation of a PowerPoint Presentation that contains all the information needed for the Gawad Kalinga community to better understand the flow of the discussion and the lesson on Waste Segregation. With this, it can be said that the use of visual aids is effective because the participants relied on the PowerPoint Presentation for the interpretation of the questions in the pretest and post-test as well as to enhance their comprehension of the context of the lesson. Moreover, the second teaching method incorporated in the study is gamification. In the lecture, the researchers conducted two games, namely, Bring Me and Category Contest, which both focused on the topic of proper Waste Segregation. From this, based on the shared reflection of the participants, these games helped them to remember the accurate classification of various wastes, thus, contributing to the researchers' pursuit to enrich the environmental knowledge and sensitivity of the participants despite the resulting p-value indicating that the intervention was ineffective.

An unexpected trend emerged as there was no indicative correlation observed between participants' scores and their ages. A scatter plot of individual score averages (y-axis) against age (x-axis) revealed a negative slope. To have a precise claim, the calculation of Pearson's Product Moment Correlation Coefficient or PPME produced a value of -0.6883, indicating a weak negative correlation. This suggests that individuals of all age groups may be equally motivated to educate and discipline themselves in addressing the effects of poor waste management, highlighting a universal concern that transcends age groups Further research could explore the underlying motivations and factors contributing to this phenomenon.

The results of the research will be significant in solving ongoing challenges that involve waste management and if gamification and visual aids are useful in altering the mindset and behavior of GK Nanays. The study will be helpful especially since improper waste segregation causes environmental crises like pollution and health problems. The data can be a tool for researchers in figuring out what to do in order to improve further and solve ongoing problems such as inefficient waste collection.

The study has several major limitations that warrant acknowledgment. First, the small sample size of 15 participants comprising adult and senior women from the urban Gawad Kalinga Community hinders the generalizability of findings to a broader demographic, particularly those living on the poverty threshold. Moreover, the omission of the youth demographic further highlights a limitation in the representation of various age groups within households. Second, the lack of immersion and adequate background on community-specific issues like discipline on community initiatives and language proficiency impedes comprehensive contextual understanding. The absence of post-intervention behavior and lifestyle monitoring complicates accurately assessing the intervention's long-term impact. Lastly, the linguistic disparity between the teaching module and questionnaires, predominantly in English rather than the participants’ mother tongue, Filipino, challenging comprehension for a few. These limitations collectively pose consequential constraints on the research process and the validity of the study's results.

The group has offered five suggestions that will help future researchers further improve this study. First is to immerse themselves in the issues of their chosen community to learn more about their difficulties and behavior toward waste segregation. This will help in creating interventions that are useful for the community. Second, the group advises future studies to contain more setups, involving participants who are from different age groups, which would make the research yield more accurate results. Moreover, the researchers recommend using the random sampling method to reduce bias in selection, which will improve the study’s validity. This will then lead to an expansion of the number of participants, helping the study gain more thorough insights. The members will also request that future researchers produce questionnaires that are easier to understand and that utilize the community’s vernacular language. Lastly, it would be much better if future researchers could lend more time to observe the change in the participants’ behavior after the chosen interventions so that it would be more accurate than this study’s data.

With this awareness, the findings offer influential practical implications. By enhancing the teaching modules, pretest/posttest questionnaires, and incorporating immersion into the methodology, the effectiveness of these educational tools can be strengthened and augment pretest-discussion-posttest outcomes. Refined and optimized tools hold the potential to serve as valuable resources for Local Government Units (LGUs) in addressing the knowledge gaps and compliance issues within their respective barangays through rapport in doing personal intervention, enjoyment in employing gamification, and relatability in adopting visual aids and choice of words. By leveraging these resources, LGUs can empower their Filipino constituents to make informed decisions and effectively contribute to community development and well-being.

With the objective of this research to enhance the waste segregation knowledge and environmental awareness of the Gawad Kalinga community through a research-led educational intervention employing gamification and visual aids, the researchers conducted a pretest and post-test to examine the knowledge of the participants before and after the intervention. From this, a one-tailed dependent t-test statistical analysis of the test scores was conducted that showed that the p-value is 0.123 which is greater than the significant value of 0.05, thus, implying that the research was not successful in enhancing the knowledge of the participants. Despite this, it is still noteworthy to indicate that 60% of the participants had increased scores; however, irregularities are evident in the remaining 40% who had stagnant or decreased scores. With this, gaining evidence from the t-test statistical analysis, the resulting p-value does not fully support the claim that an educational intervention that utilizes gamification and visual aids is effective in improving the knowledge of waste segregation. The irregularities in the results of the pretest and post-test also suggest that the environmental context, language, and content of the test must be altered.

Group 5's collected Documentation

Rofia

“Anghel”

Miguela

“Linabell”

Lerein

"Dawn"

Natalie

“Chanel”

Breanna

“The Reserverist”

Erica

“Rory: Thought Tactician”

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