Theoretical Framework
Embedded Files
Only 3% of the world’s 71% water is considered fresh, with the remainder being eithe inaccessible or stored in glaciers. In essence, a mere 0.5% of Earth's water is available as freshwater, signifying the scarcity and value of this resource (Bureau of Reclamation, 2023). Due to various factors such as climate change and human behavior, many individuals are being deprived of their fundamental right to access clean water. Therefore, it is crucial to have sustainable and affordable alternatives to provide them with the basic necessities one must have. There have been multiple investigations of herbal remedies because of the pressing demand for efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment systems. However, little research has been done on the efficacy of using common Philippine herbs such as malunggay, okra, and lagundi as potential agents for wastewater treatment.
Theoretical Framework
Through the examination of these medical herbs, this research aims to determine their potential in treating the chemical and physical properties of wastewater. It also aims to discover alternative solutions to providing clean water without the usage of harmful chemicals like chlorine which could bring damage to not only aquatic life but also to people’s overall well-being.
By doing so, the burden on traditional treatment methods can be reduced, and sustainable practices can be promoted. The cost-effectiveness of employing these facilities for wastewater treatment is another important benefit. Particularly in a developing nation like the Philippines and its rural areas where sophisticated treatment facilities may not be practical, the existence of these plants in many locations offers them an affordable option for communities with limited resources.
Theoretical Framework
The cost-effectiveness of employing these facilities for wastewater treatment is another important benefit. Particularly in a developing nation like the Philippines and its rural areas where sophisticated treatment facilities may not be practical, the existence of these plants in many locations offers them an affordable option for communities with limited resources. Thus, through the use of such organic materials, the researchers will be able to achieve the objective of maintaining the cleanliness of water here in the Philippines. With that being said, Malunggay, Okra, and Lagundi can be the foundation of the innovation of Phytoremediation in the Philippines based on its strong antibacterial properties and association with several herbal remedies.
Procedural Framework
The researchers would be following a series of steps to proceed with testing the variables of the experiment — therefore, performing experimental quantitative research. Procedures involved in the experiment would be the collecting of sewage water, collecting, drying, and shredding of the Malunggay, Okra, and Lagundi leaves, mixing the wastewater with the experimental medical herbs, leaving the set-ups for 3 days, and filtering the three experimental set-ups before preceding data gathering. However, with the researchers incorporating observation and identification of the characteristics of the experimental medical herbs and the quality of the resulting wastewater set-ups, the research would also be descriptive quantitative research.
Procedural Framework
As for the samples of the study, the researchers agreed to use 3 medical herbs; Moringa oleifera (Malunggay), Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra), and Vitex negundo (Lagundi), found in the Philippines with the consideration of its accessibility and if there are existing past researchers about the mentioned medical herbs as wastewater treatment. In this research investigation, data will be collected using a well-planned experimental setup with the compromise of tools and devices such as the PASCO sensor for collecting the turbidity and pH of the samples before and after treatment, and the use of methodical and defined techniques. Namely, the techniques considered to guarantee consistency and accuracy with the results would be the use of controlled setups; 5 grams of each leaf to be combined with 500-milliliter wastewater setups.
Procedural Framework
The research employs the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) as the selected statistical analysis method, allowing for the concurrent comparison of more than two groups and facilitating the determination of relationships between them. The derived F statistic, or F-ratio, within the ANOVA framework, analyzes variations between and within samples. This analytical tool is particularly advantageous in evaluating significant changes among multiple independent variables, specifically in the context of utilizing medical herbs (Malunggay, Okra, and Lagundi) for wastewater treatment. The study incorporates independent variables involving different medical herbs employed in wastewater treatment, namely Malunggay, Okra, and Lagundi. These variables are examined concerning their impact on the dependent variables, which include the turbidity and pH levels of the treated wastewater.
Procedural Framework
To ensure the integrity and prudent use of obtained data, rigorous ethical considerations have been addressed systematically. The researchers are committed to assuring the authenticity of data and outcomes resulting from procedures carried out through thorough analysis and observation. Significantly, the obtained results will not be disseminated for personal use among participants; rather, they are exclusively reserved for the singular purpose of data collection, contributing to the assessment of the efficacy of medical herbs in wastewater treatment. It is imperative to underscore that all gathered information emanates from reputable sources, thereby affirming the reliability and authenticity of the study's data. This methodology exemplifies a steadfast commitment to ethical standards, with a focus on transparency, integrity, and the confidential handling of research information.
The controlled and experimental setups showed a difference in wastewater turbidity. The controlled setup had an average turbidity of 405.73 NTU. In contrast, the experimental setups (Malunggay, Okra, and Lagundi) had lower turbidity levels of 168.80 NTU, 182.08 NTU, and 188.68 NTU, respectively PH levels of the controlled and experimental setups are similar, with only small differences. The controlled setup has a PH level of 5.4, while Malunggay, Okra, and Lagundi have PH levels of 5.53, 5.50, and 5.37, respectively. In line with this setup, it was also observed that it is similar to the smell of a rotten egg and resembles an eerie black-to-charcoal shade which transitioned to a golden brown, iron gray, and shadow gray for Malunggay, Okra, and Lagundi, respectively, and for the smell change the setup utilizing Lagundi emitted the most potent odor, reminiscent of stool, while the other two setups demonstrated a relatively milder sewage-like smell, which was more tolerable.
The inferential results showed that the Malunggay, Okra, and Lagundi have a significant effect on the wastewater’s turbidity. On the other hand, when comparing Malunggay, Okra, and Lagundi’s turbidity it is shown that the result is not statistically significant therefore none of the setups made a significant difference to say that one of the setups is the most effective, and reliable phytoremediator
It is worth that the experimental setup’s Turbidity has a significant change in the Wastewater’s turbidity which shows the potential of the medical phytoremediator however it is shown that none of the medical phytoremediators can be declared as the most effective and reliable phytoremediator to treat wastewater since there is no significant difference in the results. Moreover, the Experimental’s Turbidity and PH Level did not reach the desired turbidity range for drinking water is between 1-5 NTU, and the desired pH level is 7
In comparison with other researchers in the field, our research is mainly categorized in the Philippines based on the choice of medical herbs, particularly, Malunggay, Okra, and Lagundi, as well as sewage wastewater that is common around the urbanized areas of the country.
We discovered that the average pH level of the sewage water before the phytoremediation was 5.4 which is described as acidic; after gathering the results, the average pH level of the three wastewater set-ups being 5.53 as the total average for Malunggay, 5.0333 for Okra and 5.37 for Lagundi. While the Sewage Water’s turbidity had an average of 405.40 NTU with 953 NTU, 173.4 NTU, and 89.79 NTU for three consecutive trials; This exceeds the standard turbidity of water.
In line with this, it was also observed that it is similar to the smell of a rotten egg and resembles an eerie black to charcoal shade which transitioned to gold, old gold, and golden brown for Malunggay, Okra, and Lagundi, respectively. Through the ANOVA or Analysis of Variance method of testing hypotheses, the use of the three dried herbs in three different wastewater set-ups produced a difference in the turbidity before and after the experiment;
the turbidity produced a p-value of 0.000012 which supports the alternative hypothesis in regards to a significant change in the wastewaters’ turbidity based on the significant level being less than 0.05, wherein the Malunggay set-up decreased its turbidity to 168.81 NTU.
As for the Okra set-up, it decreased to 182.03 NTU, and lastly, the Lagundi set-up to 188.62 NTU. Meanwhile, there was no observed significant change in the wastewater’s pH level from 5.4, thus, considering the pH level of consumable water is 7 and the acceptable turbidity range of water within the range of 1 to 5 NTU, neither Malunggay, Okra nor Lagundi can be declared to be the most effective and reliable phytoremediator based on the statistical analysis on the wastewater’s turbidity aspect.
However, this information remains relevant to existing knowledge because it contributes an idea towards sustainability in the context of the Philippines, where many individuals struggle with water scarcity. Through the help of this research, they can discover natural and efficient ways of treating wastewater, which is by using common dried medicinal herbs.
Along with this, it considers the standards for consumable water that were related to the observed changes in the physical properties regarding pH level and turbidity. Due to the lack of further examination of other chemical properties of the wastewater, it is not guaranteed that these liquid substances are safe for consumption or reuse. In addition to this, due to a lack of sufficient funds and equipment malfunctions such as the dissolved oxygen detector, it could be considered to study a wider variety of herbs and other properties of wastewater. This could affect our study based on its credibility and accuracy on the generalization of phytoremediation claims. Other herbs should also be looked into other than Malunggay, Okra, and Lagundi to not only widen the scope of the research but to also further discover the properties of herbal plants that make them effective as purification agents.
Moreover, since the researchers only tested a significant amount of wastewater, it is suggested to increase the amount of wastewater used as a way of expanding the study in a more vast context. Consequently, the results that have been obtained through the set-ups will be beneficial to those who are interested in discussing wastewater treatment through nontoxic methods and have the same objective and that is to aid those who are inadequate in clean water resources. In terms of the wastewater’s pH level, the conclusion is not aligned with the researchers’ initial objectives, since there was no significant difference in the values of the before and after set-ups. However, in the sewer water’s turbidity, the initial hypotheses aligned with the conclusion as the turbidity level of the wastewater decreased which is the main objective of our investigation.
STEM A Group 3's Collected Documentation
Anna
“Data Diver”
Samantha
“Little Einstein”
Pilar
“SavvySherpa”
Andre
“BioQueen”
Keith
“The Accomplice”
Chloe
“Data Analyzer”
References
References
24 Oras: Maynilad inaugurates new water treatment plant. (2019, April 8). www.youtube.com. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z47R7AbcvaM
Abd El-Hack, Mohamed, et al. (2018). Effect of Forage Moringa Oleifera L. (Moringa) on Animal Health and Nutrition and Its Beneficial Applications in Soil, Plants and Water Purification. Agriculture, vol. 8, no. 9, p. 145. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8090145
Abidin, E. Z., Ismail, S. N. S., Awang, S., & Wahab, A. S. A. (2014). Neptunia oleracea (water mimosa) as phytoremediation plant and the risk to human health: A review. ResearchGate.
Adeeyo, A. O., Edokpayi, J. N., Alabi, M. A., Msagati, T. A. M., & Odiyo, J. O. (2021). Plant active products and emerging interventions in water potabilisation: disinfection and multi-drug resistant pathogen treatment. Clinical Phytoscience (Vol. 7, Issue 1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-021-00258-4
Ahmad, Z., Khan, S. M., & Page, S. (2021). Politics of the natural vegetation to balance the hazardous level of elements in marble polluted ecosystem through phytoremediation and physiological responses. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 414, 125451.
doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125451.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304389421004143
Ambulkar, A., & Nathanson, J. (2023). Wastewater Treatment. Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/technology/wastewater-treatment
Amoatey, P., & Bani, R. (2011). Wastewater Evaluation and Management. ResearchGate.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221911472_Wastewater_Management
Arandia, D. M. A. (2019, January 18). Effectiveness of Moringa oleifera (Malunggay) Seeds as
Coagulant. https://www.ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/AAJMRA/article/view/4076
Buffaloe, M. (2021). Access to Clean Drinking Water in the Philippines. The Borgen Project. https://borgenproject.org/clean-drinking-water-in-the-philippines/
Bureau of Reclamation. (2020, November 4). Central California Area Office. Water Facts - Worldwide Water Supply | ARWEC| CCAO | Area Offices | California-Great Basin | Bureau of Reclamation. https://www.usbr.gov/mp/arwec/water-facts-ww-water-sup.html
102380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102380
Falakh, F. et al. (2018). Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment in Water Treatment Plant considering Environmental Health and Safety Practice. E3S Web of Conferences, 31, 06011. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183106011
Filipenco, D. (2023). Water Pollution in the Philippines. DevelopmentAid. https://www.developmentaid.org/news-stream/post/155108/water-pollution-in-the-philippines#:~:text=Water%20pollution%20and%20biodiversity&text=According%20to%20research%20in%20the
Flores, H. (2023, March 21). 11 million families lack access to clean water. Philstar.com. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/03/21/2253235/11-million-families-lack-access-clean-water
Freitas, T. K. F. S., De Oliveira, V. M., De Souza, M. T. F., Geraldino, H. C. L., Almeida, V. C., Fávaro, S. L., & Garcia, J. (2015). Optimization of coagulation-flocculation process for treatment of industrial textile wastewater using okra (A. esculentus) mucilage as natural coagulant. Industrial Crops and Products, 76, 538–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.06.027
Goh, P.S. and Ismail, A.F. (2018). ‘A review on inorganic membranes for desalination and wastewater treament’. Desalination., vol. 434, pp. 60-80. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0011916417309219
Gopalakrishnan, L., Doriya, K., & Kumar, D. S. (2016). Moringa oleifera: A review on nutritive importance and its medicinal application. Food Science and Human Wellness, 5(2), 49-56.
Gupta, D. K., Chatterjee, S., Datta, S., & Veer, V. (2019). Phytoremediation potential of wetland plants: With special reference to nutrient removal by floating macrophytes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(7), 6297-6310.
Gupta, V. K., Ali, I., Saleh, T. A., Nayak, A., & Agarwal, S. (2012). Chemical treatment technologies for waste-water recycling—an overview. RSC Advances, 2(16), 6380. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ra20340e
Jeremiah. (2023, July 6). What is the percentage of drinkable water on Earth?. World Water Reserve. https://worldwaterreserve.com/percentage-of-drinkable-water-on-earth/
Hendrawati et al 2016 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 31 012033. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/31/1/012033/pdf
Hu, H., Li, X., Wu, S., & Yang, C. (2020). Sustainable livestock wastewater treatment via phytoremediation: Current status and future perspectives. Bioresource Technology, 315, 123809–123809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123809
Hypothesis Testing - Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). (n.d.). https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mph-modules/bs/bs704_hypothesistesting-anova/bs704_hypothesistesting-anova_print.html
IJSER. (n.d.). Assessment of coagulation efficiency of OkRa SeedExtract for surface water treatment - AFE Babalola University Repository. http://eprints.abuad.edu.ng/72/
Kasolo, J. N., Bimenya, G. S., Ojok, L., Ochieng, J., & Ogwal-Okeng, J. W. (2010). Phytochemicals and uses of Moringa oleifera leaves in Ugandan rural communities. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(9), 753-757.
Kellogg Garden. (2016). Plants that Clean Water. Kellogg Garden OrganicsTM; Kellogg Garden OrganicsTM. https://kellogggarden.com/blog/gardening/plants-that-clean-water/#:~:text=But%20did%20you%20know%20that
Khlifi, R., Belbahri, L., Woodward, S., Ellouz, M., Dhouib, A., Sayadi, S., & Mechichi, T. (2010). Decolourization and detoxification of textile industry wastewater by the laccase-mediator system. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 175(1-3), 802–808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.079
Kumar, S., Trivedi, P. K., & Pandey, A. (2019). Phytoremediation: An eco-friendly green technology for environmental management. In Bioremediation and Biotechnology (pp. 31-62). Springer.
Kumar, U. et al., (2022). Sustainable Treatment of Water and Wastewater using Natural Plant-based Coagulants: A Review. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology. Volume 11 (Issue 5). DOI: 10.17577/IJERTV11IS050170
Lacanilao, M. I., Galvez, M. L. A., & Paragas, E. M. (2020). Chemical profile and antioxidant properties of Vitex negundo Linn. leaves. The Philippine Journal of Science, 149(3), 447-454.
Lacang, G.C., Ligaray, C.V., 2023. Domestic Wastewater Treatment through the Application of Corchuros olitorius L. as Bio-Coagulant in Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines. Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences. 5(1): 108-120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/jees.v5i1.5593
Magsasaka, J. (2023, March 19). Okra Cultivation Guide: All You Need to Know in Planting, Growing and Harvesting Okra. Juan Magsasaka. Retrieved September 26, 2023, from
https://www.juanmagsasaka.com/2020/12/okra- cultivation-guide-all-you-need-to.html#:~:text=Okra%2C%20Abelmoschus%20esculentus%2C%20commonly%20known,fiber%2C%20vitamins%2C%20and%20minerals.
Malik, O. A., Hsu, A., Johnson, L. A., & de Sherbinin, A. (2015). A global indicator of wastewater treatment to inform the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Environmental Science & Policy, 48, 172–185. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2015.01.005
Malunggay Herbal Medicine, health benefits, side effects. (n.d.). http://www.medicalhealthguide.com/articles/malunggay.html
Manwal, S., & Joshi, Dr. (2013). Medicinal Plants from the Landfill Site of Doon Valley. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, Volume 5(Issue 2), 36–42. https“Medicinal Plants from the Landfill Site of Doon Valley.com
Mariano, S. et al., (2023). Emerging pharmaceutical contaminants in key aquatic environments of the Philippines. Frontiers in Earth Science. Volume 11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1124313
Naim, M. S., Rahman, M. M., & Jolly, Y. N. (2017). Phytoremediation of heavy metals by using Brassica nigra L. in artificial wastewater: A kinetic study. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(3), 108.
Nasir, N. A. M., Halim, A. S., Singh, K. K. B., Dorai, A. A., & Haneef, M. N. A. (2017). Antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, nutritional composition and anti-diabetic property of Okras (Abelmoschus esculentus) peel. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 12(3), 272-278.
Ndiok, S. O., Alemika, T. E., Okafor, P. N., Nwosu, J. N., Opara, I. N., & Udosen, E. O. (2017). of the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Moringa oleifera Lam. extracts. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biosciences, 4(2), 6-12.
Ng, C. C., Rahman, M. M., Boyce, A. N., & Abas, M. R. (2016). Heavy metals phyto-assessment in commonly grown vegetables: water spinach (I. aquatica) and okra (A. esculentus). SpringerPlus, 5(1). doi:10.1186/s40064-016-2125-5 https://springerplus.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40064-016-2125-5
Nwanguma, B. C., & Okoro, E. A. (2017). Nutritional and antioxidant properties of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) leaves. International Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 9(4), 37-44.
Panlaqui, P. J., Serrano, J. R. G., & Sison, E. C. (2019). Anti-asthmatic and bronchodilatory potentials of Vitex negundo L. leaf extracts. International Journal of Biology, Pharmacy and Allied Sciences, 8(2), 156-166.
Pandey, S., and Bhandari, M. (2021). Hidden Potential of Canna Indica — An Amazing Ornamental Herb. International Journal of Technical Research and Science. ISSN No.:2454-2024. https://ijtrs.com/uploaded_paper/HIDDEN%20POTENTIAL%20OF%20CANNA%20INDICA-ANAMAZING%20ORNAMENTAL%20HERB.pdf
Pelegrino, E. N. (2021, November 15). Lagundi: A traditional and alternative medicine during this pandemic. National Nutrition Council
Planet Water Foundation (2023). Water and Sanitation Issues in the Philippines.
Prudente, A. S., Santos, I. B., Nascimento, K. S., Rodrigues, F. M., Câmara, C. A., & Silva, T. M. S. (201 11 9). Chemical composition and nutritional value of Okra seeds (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench). Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 31(9), 648-653.
Pugalenthi, M., Vadivel, V., & Gurumoorthi, P. (2011). Antioxidant properties of different parts of Moringa oleifera. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 3(4), 122-127.
Renuka Devi, P, et al. “Anti Microbial Activity of the Various Leaf Extracts of Vitex Negundo Linn.” Anti Microbial Activity of the Various Leaf Extracts of Vitex Negundo Linn., vol. 4, no. 4, 2008. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3330869/pdf/ASL-27-22.pdf.
Rezania et al, (2015), “Perspectives of phytoremediation using water hyacinth for removal of heavy metals, organic and inorganic pollutants in wastewater”, Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030147971530222X
Russell, D. (2019). Practical Wastewater Treatment. Google Books. https://books.google.com.ph/books?hl=en&lr=&id=F6mMDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR17&dq=wastewater+treatment+definition&ots=fHyu7dFLOM&sig=uVkeHgVZUpTNcyWdnhYLCd5E8Kk&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Saini, R. K., Sivanesan, I., & Keum, Y. S. (2016). Phytochemicals of Moringa oleifera: A review of their nutritional, therapeutic, and industrial significance. 3 Biotech, 6(2), 203.
Salazar, C.(2021).Pandemic underscores struggles of Manila’s urban poor communities without access to clean water. https://pcij.org/article/10090/pandemic-underscores-struggles-of-manilas-urban-poor-communities-without-access-to-clean-water
Sasikala, S. & Muthuraman G. (2016), ‘Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater Using
Tribulus terrestris Herbal Plants Powder’, Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment, vol 7, issue 1, pp. 39-47. https://www.ijee.net/article_64607.html
Sharma, R., Sharma, R., Parveen, K., Pant, D., & Malaviya, P. (2021). Comprehensive and critical appraisal of plant-based defluoridation from environmental matrices. Chemosphere, 281, 130892.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130892
The ASEAN Post. (2021, February 6). Clean Water Amid A Pandemic In The Philippines.
https://theaseanpost.com/article/clean-water-amid-pandemic-philippines
Turito. (2022, August 29). Phytoremediation| Types, Applications, & Its Advantages | Turito. US Learn. https://www.turito.com/learn/biology/phytoremdiation-grade-9
UNICEF. (2020). Water scarcity. Unicef.org. https://www.unicef.org/wash/water-scarcity
United Nations. (2015). Water scarcity | International Decade for Action “Water for Life” 2005-2015. Un.org. https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml
Vamerali, T., Bandiera, M., & Mosca, G. (2010). Field crops for phytoremediation of metal-contaminated land. A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 8(1), 1-17.
Villaflores, O. B., Macabeo, A. P. G., & Magno, S. M. C. (2018). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Vitex negundo Linn. (Lagundi) leaf extracts. Asian Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 6(4), 43-47.
Villaseñor-Basulto, D. L., Astudillo-Sánchez, P. D., Del Real-Olvera, J., & Bandala, E. R. (2018). Wastewater treatment using Moringa oleifera Lam seeds: A review. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 23, 151–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.03.017
Vyas, P., & Dixit, V. K. (2017). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Abelmoschus esculentus Linn. seed. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 197, 91-97.
Wang, H., Lou, X., Hu, Q., & Sun, T. (2021). Adsorption of antibiotics from water by using Chinese herbal medicine residues derived biochar: Preparation and properties studies. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 325, 114967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114967
Water.org. (2014). Philippines Water Crisis - Water In The Philippines | Water.org. Water.org. https://water.org/our-impact/where-we-work/philippines/
World Health Organization. (2017, March 21). Many at risk of contracting diseases from the poorly managed wastewater of 26 million Filipinos.
World Health Organization. (2019, March 22). Water shortage in the Philippines threatens sustainable development and health. Who.int; World Health Organization: WHO.
World Wildlife Fund. (2023). Water Scarcity | Threats | WWF. World Wildlife Fund.
https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity
Zaleschi et al. (2012). A Comparative Study of Electrocoagulation and Chemical Coagulation Processes Applied for Wastewater Treatment. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, vol.11, no.8, 1517-1525. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carmen-Teodosiu/publication/259866028_A_Comparative_Study_of_Electrocoagulation_and_Chemical_Coagulation_Processes_Applied_for_Wastewater_Treatment/links/5402cf870cf23d9765a542e4/A-Comparative-Study-of-Electrocoagulation-and-Chemical-Coagulation-Processes-Applied-for-Wastewater-Treatment.pdf
FOR MORE QUESTIONS ON THE GROUP'S RESEARCH, CLICK THE LINK BELOW.
Page updated
Report abuse