In recent decades, the global pursuit of low-carbon energy has put a significant spotlight on lithium, a coveted and strategic resource within the international political economy. Specifically, as technologies powered by the Lithium-ion battery (LIB) rapidly develop, the potential for economic growth along the value-added supply chain poses a unique opportunity. For the Latin American region known as the “Lithium Triangle,” which is home to the world's largest known reserve of lithium, the geopolitical implications of its mineral abundance are significant. This paper examines the coupled political and economic role of these lithium-rich states in the international system. Specifically, it will answer the following question: given historical patterns of hegemonic influence in the Latin American region, what are the geopolitical implications of Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia's abundant lithium resources for both their individual and collective relations with global powers within the lithium-ion battery (LIB) industry? It begins with a high-level geopolitical analysis of the Latin American lithium industry before focusing on individual states in the Lithium Triangle and their relations within the international system. Additionally, it elaborates on the critical and strategic importance of the mineral form that is specific to the Triangle and discusses both the opportunities presented to and challenges faced by the region in the process of lithium governance. Ultimately, I find that, given differences in approach to governance, the Lithium Triangle region has developed a relationship of varied, asymmetric interdependence with dominant powers, particularly China, within the international political economy.

Dr. Katagiri and Dr. Bowen have both been incredible teachers and mentors in the field of International Studies and Political Science. Their insight, advice, and support have deeply impacted Erin and all of her work over the past four years. This paper would not have been accomplished without their guidance along the way.