Low-rank based Methods

A) RPCA matrix (IPI based methods) (72 papers)

C. Gao, D. Meng, Y. Yang, Y. Wang, X. Zhou, A. Hauptmann, “Infrared Patch-Image Model for Small Target Detection in a Single Image”, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Volume 22, No. 12, December 2013.

Y. He, M. Li, J. Zhang, Q. An, “Small infrared target detection based on low-rank and sparse representation,” Infrared Physics and Technology, Volume 68, pages 98-109, 2015.

C. Wang, S. Qin, “Adaptive detection method of infrared small target based on target-background separation via robust principal component analysis”, Infrared Physics and Technology, Volume 69, pages 123 -135, 2015.

J. Fan, Y. Gao, Z. Wu, L. Li, “Infrared Dim Small Target Detection Technology based on RPCA”, International Conference on Electronic Information Technology and Intellectualization, ICEITI 2017, 2017.

Y. Dai, Y. Wu, Y. Song, J. Guo, “Non-negative infrared patch-image model: Robust target-background separation via partial sum minimization of singular values,” Infrared Physics and Technology, Volume 81, pages 182-194, 2017.

J. Gao, C. Wen, M. Liu, “Robust Small Target Co-Detection from Airborne Infrared Image Sequences”, MDPI Sensors, 2017.

L. Zhang, L. Peng, T. Zhang, S. Cao, Z. Peng, “Infrared small target detection via non-convex rank approximation minimization joint l2,1 norm”, MDPI Remote Sensing, 2018. 

T. Zhang, H. Wu, Y. Liu, L. Peng, C. Yang, Z. Peng “Infrared Small Target Detection based on Non-Convex Optimization with Lp-Norm Constraint”, MDPI Remote Sensing, 2019.

B. Li, X. Zhiyong, J. Zhang, X. Wang, X. Fan, “Background Modeling based on Statistical Clustering Partitioning", Mathematical Problems in Engineering", January 2021.

F. Zhou, Y. Wu, Y. Dai, P. Wang, K. Ni, “Graph-regularized Laplace approximation for detecting small infrared target against complex backgrounds”, IEEE Access, Volume 7, pages 354–371, 2019.

F. Zhou, Y. Wu, Y. Dai, K. Ni, “Robust infrared small target detection via jointly sparse constraint of l1/2-metric and dual-graph regularization", MDPI Remote Sensing, Volume 12, No. 12, pages 1963, 2020.

X. Wang, Z. Peng, D. Kong, P. Zhang, Y. He, "Infrared dim target detection based on total variation regularization and principal component pursuit", Image Vision Computing, Volume 63, pages 1-9, 2017.

F. Zhou, Y. Wu, Y. Dai, P. Wang, "Detection of small target using schatten 1/2 quasi-norm regularization with reweighted sparse enhancement in complex infrared scenes", MDPI  Remote Sensing, Volume 11, page 2058, 2019.

C. Gao, L. Wang, Y. Xiao, Q. Zhao, D. Meng, "Infrared small-dim target detection based on Markov random field guided noise modeling", Pattern Recognition, Volume 76, pages 463-475, 2018.

D. Pang, T. Shan, W. Li, P. Ma, S. Liu, R. Tao, "Infrared Dim and Small Target Detection based on Greedy Bilateral Factorization in Image Sequences",  IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Volume 13, pages 3394-3408, 2020.

H. Wang, J. Lou, C. Zhang, Y. Liu, "Infrared Small Dim Target detection based on Weighted Nuclear Norm Minimization",  IEEE Annual International Conference on CYBER Technology in Automation, Control, and Intelligent Systems, CYBER 2017, pages 388-393,  Honolulu, USA, 2017.

Y. Yuan, S. Dong, "Adaptive Detection of Infrared Small Target based on Target-Background Separation with Ratio Minimization of Singular Values", Annual International Conference on Network and Information Systems for Computers, ICNISC 2018, pages 144-149, Wuhan, China, 2018.

W. Li, M. Zhao, X. Deng, L. Li, L. Li, W. Zhang, “Infrared small target detection using local and nonlocal spatial information,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Volume12, No. 9, pages 3677–3689, 2019.

H. Zhu, H. Ni, S. Liu, G. Xu, L. Deng, “TNLRS: Target-aware non-local low-rank modeling with saliency filtering regularization for infrared small target detection", IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Volume 29, pages 9546-9558, 2020.

Z. Li, S. Liao, T. Zhao, "Infrared Dim and Small Target Detection based on Strengthened Robust Local Contrast Measure", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, December 2021.

W. Cao, X. Xue, "RPCA Infrared Small Target Detection Based on Local Entropy Reference in Preprocessing", IEEE International Conference on Control Science and Electric Power Systems, CSEPS 2021, pages 323-332, Shanghai, China, 2021.

N. Bertrand, J. Lee, K. Prussing, S. Shapero, C. Rozell, "Infrared Search and Track with Unbalanced Optimal Transport Dynamics Regularization”, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, Volume 18, No. 12, pages 2072-2076, 2021.

X. Chen, Y. Cheng, H. Wu, H. Wang, "Moving Target Detection via Robust PCA over Varieties of Low-Rank Matrices", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2022.

M. Wan, G. Gu, Y. Xu, W. Qian, K. Ren, Q. Chen, “Total variation based interframe infrared patch-image model for small target detection", IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, Volume 19, pages 1–5, 2022.

X. Chen, Y. Cheng, H. Wu, H. Wang, "Moving Target Detection by Robust PCA in the Topological Space of Low-Rank Matrices”, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, June 2022.

F. Yan, G. Xu, Q. Wu, J. Wang, Z. Li, “Infrared small target detection using kernel low-rank approximation and regularization terms for constraints”, Infrared Physics and Technology, 2022.

Y. Liu, X. Liu, X. Hao, W. Tang, S. Zhang, T. Lei, "Single-Frame Infrared Small Target Detection by High Local Variance, Low-Rank and Sparse Decomposition", IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing, June 2023.

X. Zhou, Y. Zhang, Y. Hu, "Learned Masked Robust Principal Component Analysis Model for Infrared Small Target Detection", IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS 2023, pages 6636-6639, Pasadena, USA, 2023.

T. Liu, J. Yang, B. Li, Y. Wang, W. An, "Representative Coefficient Total Variation for Efficient Infrared Small Target Detection", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 61, pages 1-18, 2023.

Y. Shao, X. Kang, M. Ma, C. Chen, S. He, D. Wang, “Infrared Dim Small Target Detection Based on Nonconvex Constraint with L1–L2 Norm and Total Variation”, MDPI Remote Sensing, 2023.

S. Rawat, S. Verma, Y. Kumar, “Infrared small target detection based on Bi-Nuclear norm minimization”, Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2023.

K. Wang, D. Jiang, L. Yun, F. Wu, “The infrared point target detection algorithm based on modified random walker and non-convex rank approximation minimization under the complex background”, Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Volume 42, No. 4, pages 546-557, 2023.

M. Li, Y. Wei, B. Dan, D. Liu, J. Zhan, “Infrared Small Dim Target Detection Using Group Regularized Principal Component Pursuit”, MDPI Remote Sensing, 2023.

X. Zhou, P. Li, Y. Zhang, X. Lu, Y. Hu, "Deep Low-Rank and Sparse Patch-Image Network for Infrared Dim and Small Target Detection", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 61, pages 1-14, 2023.

F. Wu, T. Zhang, L. Li, Y. Huang, Z. Peng, “RPCANet: Deep Unfolding RPCA based Infrared Small Target Detection”, IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, WACV 2024, pages 4809-4818, 2024.

H. Deng, Y. Zhang, Y. Li, K. Cheng and Z. Chen, "BEmST: Multiframe Infrared Small-Dim Target Detection using Probabilistic Estimation of Sequential Backgrounds", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 62, pages 1-15, 2024. 

B. Dan, Z. Zhu, X. Qi, J. Zhang, Y. Ouyang, M. Li, T. Tang, "Dynamic Weight-Guided Smooth-Sparse Decomposition for Small Target Detection Against Strong Vignetting Background”, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Volume 73, pages 1-15, 2024.

J. Chen, L. Qiu, Z. Zhu, N. Sun, H. Huang, “The WIPI Model Based on Multi-Scale Local Contrast Post-Processing for Infrared Small Target Detection”, Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 2024.

X. He, K. Liu, T. Gu, G. Liao, S. Zhu, J. Xu, Y. Yu, H. Huang, X. Wang, Y. Gao, H. Tan, J. Qiu, "Ground Moving Target Detection with Adaptive Data Reconstruction and Improved Pseudo-Skeleton Decomposition", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2024.

Q. Guo, K. Xie, W. Ye, T. Zhou, S. Xu, "A Sparse Bayesian Learning Method for Moving Target Detection and Reconstruction", IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Volume 74, pages  1-13, 2025.

L. Deng, Q. Liu, G. Xu, H. Zhu, "DUSRNet: Deep Unfolding Sparse-Regularized Network for Infrared Small Target Detection", Infrared Physics and Technology, 2025.

J. Li, X. Hou, Y. Zeng, “Infrared Small Target Detection using the Global Low-Rank and Local Smoothness Coupled Representation with Local Structure”, Neurocomputing, June 2025.

G. Zhang, G. Xu, S. Chen, H. Wang, X. Zhang, “It's Not the Target, It's the Background: Rethinking Infrared Small Target Detection via Deep Patch-Free Low-Rank Representations”, Preprint, 2025.

Z. Xiong, F. Zhou, F. Wu, S. Yuan, M. Fu, Z. Peng,  "DRPCA-Net: Make Robust PCA Great Again for Infrared Small Target Detection",  IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 63, pages 1-16, 2025.

F. Wu, Y. Dai, T. Zhang, Y. Ding, J. Yang, M. Cheng, Z. Peng, “RPCANet++: Deep Interpretable Robust PCA for Sparse Object Segmentation”, Preprint, 2025.

Y. Lu, P. Liu, A. Li, Q. Zhou, K. Zhang, "LSDSSMs:Infrared Small Target Detection Network based on Low-Rank Sparse Decomposition State Space Models, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2025.

J. Liu, Y. Han, X. Xiu, J. Zhang, W. Liu, “Lightweight Deep Unfolding Networks with Enhanced Robustness for Infrared Small Target Detection”, Preprint, September 2025.

Y. Hu, X. Meng, Y. Zhang, Z. Fan, D. Zhi, “TV Regularized Low-Rank Sparse Decomposition of Infrared Polarization Component Image for Small Target Detection Under Complex Backgrounds”, Optics Communications, 2025.

Y. Deng, X. Fan, T. Li, Q. Ma, “Improved IPI Dim and Small Target Detection based on Multi-Directional Gradient Regularization”, Preprint, 2025.

Y.Li, L. Wang, S. Chen, “From Optimization to Network: A Low-Rank and Sparse-Aware Deep Unfolding Framework for Infrared Small Target Detection”, Advanced Engineering Informatics, January 2026.

H. Zhu, X. Feng, "An Efficient Robust PCA Guided Spatio-Temporal Network for Small Target Detection in Infrared Videos", Optics and Laser Technology, 2026.

J. Yin, H. Li, Y. Zheng, X. Geng, "DNN-aided Low-Rank and Sparse Decomposition Model for Infrared Small Target Detection”, Pattern Recognition, 2026.

Y. Liu, W. Tang, X. Hao, T. Lei, "Infrared Tall Patch-Matrix Model for Single-Frame Low-Contrast Small Target Detection”, MDPI Applied Sciences, 2026.

Y. Li, L. Wang, S. Chen, “From Optimization to Network: A Low-Rank and Sparse-Aware Deep Unfolding Framework for Infrared Small Target Detection”, Advanced Engineering Informatics, Volume 69, Part C, January 2026.

X. Li, Y. Luo, S. Chen, "Infrared Small Target Detection Based on Multiscale Low-Rankness and Firm Thresholding Function”, Infrared Physics and Technology, 2026.

X. Fan, T. Li, Y. Deng, B. Li, Q. Ma, “Infrared Dim and Small Target Detection based on Spatiotemporal Cascade Low-Rank Sparse Inversion”, Infrared Physics and Technology, 2026.

Z. Li, S. Liao, T. Zhao, "Infrared Dim and Small Target Detection Based on Strengthened Robust Local Contrast Measure", IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2022.

J. Yang, Y. Cui, F. Song, T. Lei, "Infrared Small Target Detection based on Non-Overlapping Patch Model via l0-l1 Norm", MDPI Electronics, 2020.

Y. Liu, T. Liu, W. An, Z. Lin, J. Yang, "Infrared Small Target Detection based on Nonconvex Half-Quadratic Regularization", IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS 2025, pages 6824-6827, 2025.

J. Yin, R. Wang, B. Xiao, Y. Wei, C. Li, "Morphology-Inspired Low-Rank and Sparse Decomposition Network for Infrared Small Target Detection", IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS 2026, 2026.

A. Wu, Q. Guo, M. Kaliuzhnyi, "Manifold Geometric Prior and Structural Rectification for Infrared Small Target Detection", Preprint, 2026.

H. Hu, C. Hu, A. Mao, Z. Peng, "FIRST-Net: Few Frame-Guided Spatio-Temporal Deep Unfolding Networks for Infrared Small Target Detection", SPIE International Conference on Electronic Information Engineering and Data Processing, EIEDP 2026, 2026.

P. Wang, Y. Wang, J. Zhu, "LST-RPCANet: Deep Unfolding Robust PCA with Learnable Sparse Transform for Infrared Small Target Detection", Infrared Physics and Technology, 2026.

F. Hao, F. Wei, F. Zhou, Z. Wang, S. Yao, X. Yang, "Deep Unfolding Residual Decomposition for Infrared Small Target Detection", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2026.

T. Ma, L. Fu, J. Peng, F. Zhang, H. Zhang, X. Feng, T. Wang, L. Xi, "Infrared Small Target Detection Fusion Network based on Singular Value Decomposition and Rayleigh Feature Amplifier", Infrared Physics and Technology, 2026.

Y. Zhang, Z. Li, D. Pang, L. Wang, C. Wu, K. Duan, "Fast Low Rank and Sparse Decomposition Based on Greedy Bilateral Smoothing for Infrared Small Target Detection", IEEE Access, Volume 12, pages 196740-196755, 2024.

L. Liu, R. Zhang, J. Mei, X. Ni, L. Li, X. Su, F. Chen, "ILN-SSR: Improved Logarithmic Norm and Sparse Structure Refinement for Infrared Small Target Detection, MDPI Remote Sensing, 2024

X. Yang, A. Li, H. Zhang, L. Wu, Z. Yang, Y. Zhang, J. Zhang, "Aw-DuNet: Adaptive-Weight Deep Unfolding Network for High Precision Infrared Weak Target Segmentation", MDPI Applied Sciences, 2026.

J. Li, X. Hou, Y. Zeng, "Global Joint Local with Multi-directional Weighted Sparse Model for Infrared Small Target Detection", International Conference on Neural Information Processing, 2025.

B) RPCA Tensor (76 papers)

Y. Dai, Y. Wu, Y. Song, “Infrared small target and background separation via column-wise weighted robust principal component analysis”, Infrared Physics and Technology, Volume 77, pages 421-430, 2016.

Y. Dai, Y. Wu, Y. Song, J. Guo, “Non-negative infrared patchimage model: Robust target-background separation via partial sum minimization of singular values", Infrared Physics and Technology, Volume 81, pages 182–194, 2017

Y. Dai, Y. Wu, “Reweighted Infrared Patch-Tensor Model with Both Non-Local and Local Priors for Single-Frame Small Target Detection”, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, pages 3752-3767, 2017.

J. Guo, Y. Wu, Y. Dai, “Small target detection based on reweighted infrared patch-image model", IET Image Processing, Volume 12, No. 1, pages 70-79, 2018.

L. Zhang, Z. Peng, "Infrared Small Target Detection Based on Partial Sum of the Tensor Nuclear Norm", MDPI Remote Sensing, 2019.

X. Guan, L. Zhang, S. Huang, Z. Peng, "Infrared Small Target Detection via Non-Convex Tensor Rank Surrogate Joint Local Contrast Energy", MDPI Remote Sensing, 2020.

Y. Sun, J. Yang, Y. Long, Z. Shang, W. An, “Infrared patch-tensor model with weighted tensor nuclear norm for small target detection in a single frame", IEEE Access, Volume 6, pages 76140-76152, 2018.

Y. Sun, J. Yang, Y. Long, W. An, “Infrared small target detection via spatial-temporal total variation regularization and weighted tensor nuclear norm", IEEE Access, Volume 7, pages 667–682, 2019.

Y. Sun, J. Yang, M. Li, W. An, “Infrared small target detection via spatial-temporal infrared patch-tensor model and weighted schatten p-norm minimization", Infrared Physics and Technology, Volume 102, page 103050, 2019.

J. Dong, T. Shan, D. Pang, "Infrared Small Target Detection Based on Facet Model and Structure Tensor", IEEE Information Technology, Networking, Electronic and Automation Control Conference, ITNEC 2020, pages 1246-1250, Chongqing, China, 2020. 

D. Pang, T. Shan, W. Li, P. Ma, R. Tao, Y. Ma, “Facet derivative based multidirectional edge awareness and spatial-temporal tensor model for infrared small target detection", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, pages 1–15, 2021.

D. Pang, P. Ma, T. Shan, W. Li, R. Tao, Y. Ma,  "STTM-SFR: Spatial-Temporal Tensor Modeling with Saliency Filter Regularization for Infrared Small Target Detection",  IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2022.

R. Li, D. Yao, Y. Qiu, F. Bu, L. Wang, "Infrared Patch-tensor Model with A New Tensor Nuclear Norm for Small Target Detection in the Ground Background", IEEE International Conference on Information Technology,Big Data and Artificial Intelligence, ICIBA 2020, Chongqing, China, 2020.

P. Zhang, L. Zhang, X. Wang, F. Shen, T. Pu, C. Fei, "Edge and Corner Awareness-Based Spatial-Temporal Tensor Model for Infrared Small-Target Detection", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2020.

H. Liu, L. Zhang, H. Huang, “Small target detection in infrared videos based on spatio-temporal tensor model",  IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, pages 1–12, 2020.

L. Deng, J. Song, G. Xu, H. Zhu, "When Infrared Small Target Detection Meets Tensor Ring Decomposition: A Multiscale Morphological Framework", IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 2021.

M. Zhao, W. Li, L. Li, P. Ma, Z. Cai, R. Tao, “Three-order tensor creation and Tucker decomposition for infrared small-target detection, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, pages 1–16, 2021.

X. Kong, C. Yang, S. Cao, C. Li, Z. Peng, “Infrared small target detection via nonconvex tensor fibered rank approximation", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, pages 1–21, 2021.

F. Zhou, Y. Wu,  Y. Dai, “Infrared small target detection via incorporating spatial structural prior into intrinsic tensor sparsity regularization", Digital Signal Processing, Volume 111, No. 5, page 102966, 2021.

Z. Cao, X. Kong, T. Zang, Q. Zhu, S. Cao, Z. Peng, ”Infrared dim target detection via mode-k1k2 extension tensor tubal rank under complex ocean environment”, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Volume 181, pages 167-190, December 2021.

G. Wang, B. Tao, X. Kong, Z. Peng, “Infrared small target detection using nonoverlapping patch spatial-temporal tensor factorization with capped nuclear norm regularization", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 60, pages 1–17, 2022.

T. Liu, J. Yang, B. Li, C. Xiao, Y. Sun, Y. Wang, W. An, “Nonconvex tensor low-rank approximation for infrared small target detection", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 60, pages 1-18, 2022.

L. Deng, J. Song, G. Xu, H. Zhu, “When Infrared Small Target Detection Meets Tensor Ring Decomposition: A Multiscale Morphological Framework", IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Volume 58, No. 4, pages 3162–3176, 2022.

Y. Luo, X. Li, S. Chen, C. Xia, L. Zhao, “IMNN-LWEC: A novel infrared small target detection based on spatial-temporal tensor model", IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing, Volume 60, pages 1-22, 2022.

H. Yi, C. Yang, R. Qie, J. Liao, F. Wu, T. Pu, Z. Peng, ”Spatial-Temporal Tensor Ring Norm Regularization for Infrared Small Target Detection", IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, Volume 20, pages 1-5, 2023.

F. Wu, H. Yu, A. Liu, J. Luo, Z. Peng, "Infrared Small Target Detection using Spatio-Temporal 4D Tensor Train and Ring Unfolding", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2023.

F. Yan, G. Xu, J. Wang, Q. Wu, Z. Wang, "Infrared Small Target Detection via Schatten Capped pNorm-Based Non-Convex Tensor Low-Rank Approximation”, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, Volume 20, pages 1-5, 2023.

Y. Luo, X. Li, Y. Yan, C. Xia, "Spatial-Temporal Tensor Representation Learning with Priors for Infrared Small Target Detection”, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Volume 59, No. 6, pages 9598-9620, December 2023.

T. Liu, J. Yang, B. Li, Y. Wang, W. An, "Infrared Small Target Detection via Nonconvex Tensor Tucker Decomposition with Factor Prior", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 61, pages 1-17, 2023.

Z. Zhang, C. Ding, Z. Gao, C. Xie, “ANLPT: Self-Adaptive and Non-Local Patch-Tensor Model for Infrared Small Target Detection”, MDPI Remote Sensing, 2023.

C. Liu, H. Wang, "Research on Infrared Dim and Small Target Detection Algorithm based on Low-Rank Tensor Recovery, IEEE Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, Volume 34, No. 4, pages 861-872, 2023.

A. Aliha, Y. Liu, Y. Ma, Y. Hu, Z. Pan, G. Zhou, “A Spatial–Temporal Block-Matching Patch-Tensor Model for Infrared Small Moving Target Detection in Complex Scenes”, MDPI Remote Sensing, 2023.

C. Nie, H. Wang, L. Zhao, “Adaptive tensor networks decomposition for high-order tensor recovery and compression”, Information Sciences, 2023

K. Wang, D. Jiang, L. Yun, X Liu, “Infrared Small and Moving Target Detection on Account of the Minimization of Non-Convex Spatial-Temporal Tensor Low-Rank Approximation under the Complex Background”, MDPI Applied Sciences, 2023.

J. Li, P. Zhang, L. Zhang, Z. Zhang, "Sparse Regularization-Based Spatial–Temporal Twist Tensor Model for Infrared Small Target Detection”, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 61, pages 1-17, 2023.

E. Zhao, L. Dong, J. Shi, "Infrared Maritime Target Detection Based on Iterative Corner and Edge Weights in Tensor Decomposition", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Volume 16, pages 7543-7558, 2023.

D. Lu, W. An, H. Wang, Q. Ling, D. Cao, M. Li, Z. Lin, "Infrared Moving Small Target Detection based on Spatial-Temporal Feature Fusion Tensor Model", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2024.

J. Zhao, A. Xu, “Infrared Small Target Detection via tensor L2,1 norm minimization and ASSTV regularization: A Novel Tensor Recovery Approach”, Preprint, 2024.

A. Wu, X. Fan, L. Min, W. Qin, L. Yu, "Dim and Small Target Detection based on Local Feature Prior and Tensor Train Nuclear Norm", IEEE Photonics Journal, Volume 16, No. 2, pages 1-14, April 2024.

Y. Luo, X. Li, S. Chen, "Feedback Spatial–Temporal Infrared Small Target Detection Based on Orthogonal Subspace Projection", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 62, pages 1-19, 2024.

Y. Luo, X. Li, S. Chen,  C. Xia, "4DST-BTMD: An Infrared Small Target Detection Method Based on 4-D Data-Sphered Space”, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 62, pages 1-20, 2024.

D. Lu, W. An, H. Wang, Q. Ling, D. Cao, M. Li, Z. Lin, "Infrared Moving Small Target Detection Based on Spatial- Temporal Feature Fusion Tensor Model", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2024.

H. Luo, Z. Li, Y. Zou, Y. Zhang, W. Chen, "Infrared Small Target Detection Based on Target-and-Background-Weighted Two Layer Nested Model”, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2024.

B. Sun, W. Xia, R. Fu, L. Shi, “Infrared small target detection algorithm via Partial Sum of the Tensor Nuclear Norm and direction residual weighting”, Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves, 2024.

D. Lu, W. An, H. Wang, Q. Ling, D. Cao, M. Li, "Infrared Moving Small Target Detection based on Spatial-Temporal Feature Fusion Tensor Model", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2024.

Y. Sun, Z. Lin, T. Liu, B. Li, Q. Yin, J. Chen, “Adaptive Spatial-Temporal Tensor and Weighted Tensor Average Rank Approximation for Infrared Small Target Detection”, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, January 2025.

Y. Luo, X. Li, S. Chen, “5-D Spatial–Temporal Information-based Infrared Small Target Detection in Complex Environments”, Pattern Recognition, 2025.

Y. Luo, X. Li, S. Chen, “Infrared Small Target Detection Based on Hypergraph and Asymmetric Penalty Function”, Pattern Recognition, 2025.

Y. Zhang, Z. Li, A. Siddique, A. Azeem, W. Chen, D. Cao, "Infrared Small Target Detection based on Interpretation Weighted Sparse Method", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 63, pages 1-15, 2025. 

D. Pang, T. Shan, Y. Ma, P. Ma, T. Hu, R. Tao, "LRTA-SP: Low Rank Tensor Approximation with Saliency Prior for Small Target Detection in Infrared Videos", IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 2025.

T. Liu, Y. Liu, J. Yang, B. Li, Y. Wang, W. An, “Graph Laplacian Regularization for Fast Infrared Small Target Detection”, Pattern Recognition, 2025.

C. Zhu, L. Zhu, F. Zhou, "Infrared Small Target Detection Based on Adaptive Balance Structure Tensor Indicator", IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, pages 1-5, 2025. 

Y. Sun, Z. Lin, T. Liu, B. Li, Q. Yin, J. Chen, "Adaptive Spatial-Temporal Tensor and Weighted Tensor Average Rank Approximation for Infrared Small Target Detection”, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2025.

J. Yang, T. Liu, Y. Liu, B. Li, Y. Wang, W. Sheng, W. An, “Infrared Small Target Detection Method based on Nonconvex Tensor Tucker Decomposition with Factor Prior”, Journal of Infrared and Millimeters, 2025.

X. Ge, W. Qian, Z. Fu, "DMS-OGSTV: A Novel Infrared Small Target Detection Based on Spatial-Temporal Tensor Model”, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Volume 18, pages 1472-1499, 2025.

G. Zhang, S. Chen, G. Xu, Z. Shen, H. Wang, X. Zhang, “Beyond Motion Cues and Structural Sparsity: Revisiting Small Moving Target Detection”, Preprint, September 2025.

K. Li, “A BTR-Based Approach for Detection of Infrared Small Targets”, Preprint, December 2025.

B. Xiao, Y. Hu, “Transform Domain Tensor-Based Deep Unrolling Network for Single-frame Infrared Small Target Detection”, Pattern Recognition, January 2026.

F. Wu, S. Liu, H. Wang, B. Tao, J. Luo, Z. Peng, “Neural Spatial–Temporal Tensor Representation for Infrared Small Target Detection”, Pattern Recognition, 2026.

M. Qi, Z. Zhu, S. Zhuang, L. Zhu, X. Li, K. Li, "Hierarchical Low-Rank Tensor Learning with Frequency-Domain Refinement for Infrared Small-Target Detection”, Infrared Physics and Technology, 2026.

Y. Chen, J. Gui, W. Xue, J. Zhou, X. Zheng, "Lp-MCTV: A Structured Regularization Method for Infrared Dim Small Target Detection", Signal, Image and Video Processing, 2026.

Y. Li, P. Chen, "Efficient Infrared Small Target Detection via Fixed-Rank Representation and Patch-Tensor Model", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 63, pages 1-19, 2025.

A. Wang, Q. Tan, Y. He, L. Wang, "Tensor Recovery-Based CEM-AD Method for Infrared Small Target Detection", IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS 2025, pages 7940-7943, Brisbane, Australia, 2025.

X. Ge, Z. Fu, X. Yu, W. Qian, K. Ren, M. Wan, "Infrared Small Target Detection based on Approximate Background Regularization and Bimodal Slice Based Graph Constraints", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Volume 18, pages 717214-17246, 2025.

Y. Sun, Z. Lin, T. Liu, B. Li, Q. Yin,  Y. Chen, "Infrared Small Target Detection via Nonconvex Weighted Tensor Rank Minimization and Adaptive Spatial–Temporal Modeling", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 63, pages 1-18, 2025.

J. Ma, X. Zhang, Z. Yang, F. Shi, C. Jiang, X. Cheng, "Dual-Focus Residual Tensor Enhancement Network for Infrared Small Target Detection", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 63, pages 1-13, 2025.

T. Liu, Q. Yin, J. Yang, Y. Wang, W. An, "Combining Deep Denoiser and Low-rank Priors for Infrared Small Target Detection", Pattern Recognition, 2023.

M. Zhao, Q. Ming, Y. Ma, L. Li, W. Li, R. Tao, "Topological Prior-Embedded Spatial-Temporal Tensor Approximation Model for Infrared Small-Target Detection", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2026.

Y. Luo, X. Li, S. Chen, C. Xia, L. Zhao, "IMNN-LWEC: A Novel Infrared Small Target Detection based on Spatial–Temporal Tensor Model", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 60, 2022.

C. Zhang, Y. He, Q. Tang, Z. Chen, T. Mu, "Infrared Small Target Detection via Interpatch Correlation Enhancement and Joint Local Visual Saliency Prior", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 60, pages 1-14,2022.

Y. Tan, Z. Li, Y. Xiao, N. Liu, "Infrared Small Target Detection Algorithm Based on Robust Tensor Decomposition Model within Bayesian Framework", IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS 2019, pages 1160-1163, 2019.

Y. Luo, J. Wang, X. Li, S. Chen, C. Xia, "Infrared Small Target Detection Based on Asymmetric Penalty Sparsity", IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS 2026, pages 6280-6285, 2026

X. Yang, Y. Zheng, J. Yin, S. Yang, H. Li, "Infrared Small Target Detection based on Weighted Tensor Average Rank Minimization and Directional Structure Tensor", IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS 2024, pages 6280-6285, 2024.

X. Ge, Z. Fu, X. Yu, W. Qian, K. Ren, M. Wan, G. Gu, "Multi-Frame Infrared Small Target Detection with Frequency-Guided Background Modeling and Saliency-Based Target Enhancement", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2026.

Z. Ma, X. Li, S. Chen, "Spatial-Temporal Unsupervised Background Reconstruction Network for Infrared Small Target Detection", Asia Conference on Algorithms, Computing and Machine Learning, CACML 2026, 2026.

D. Lu, W. An, Q. Ling, D. Cao, H. Wang, M. Li, Z. Lin, "LSTT: Long-term Spatial–Temporal Tensor Model for Infrared Small Target Detection under Dynamic Background", MDPI Remote Sensing, 2024.

F. Zhou, M. Fu, Y. Qian, J. Yang, Y. Dai, "Sparse Prior Is Not All You Need: When Differential Directionality Meets Saliency Coherence for Infrared Small Target Detection", IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Volume 73, pages 1-18, 2024.

C) Robust Tensor Completion (3 papers)

H. Zhu, S. Liu, L. Deng, Y. Li, F. Xiao, "Infrared small target detection via low-rank tensor completion with top-hat regularization", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, pages 1004-1016, 2020.

L. Deng, D. Xu, G. Xu, H. Zhu, "A Generalized Low-Rank Double-Tensor Nuclear Norm Completion Framework for Infrared Small Target Detection", IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Volume 58, No. 4, pages 3297-3312, 2022.

Y. Chen, X. Zhang, G. Xu, L. Deng, H. Zhu, "NRTC: Infrared Small Target Detection via Nonconvex Relaxed Low-Rank Tensor Completion", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Volume19, pages 1425-1437, 2026.

D) Multisubspace Learning (2 papers)

X. Wang, Z. Peng, D. Kong, “Infrared dim and small target detection based on stable multisubspace learning in heterogeneous scene", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume. 55, No. 10, pages 5481-5493, 2017.

Y. Sun, J. Yang, W. An, "Infrared Dim and Small Target Detection via Multiple Subspace Learning and Spatial-temporal Patch-Tensor Model", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 59, No. 5, pages 3737–3752, 2021.