Consistency of Backgrounds

A)  Wavelet/Contourlet based Methods (4 papers)

D. Gregoris, S. Yu, S. Tritchew, L. Sevigny, "Detection of dim targets in FLIR imagery using multiscale transforms", SPIE Infrared Technology, October 1994.

G. Boccignone, A. Chianese, A. Picariello, "Small target detection using wavelets", IEEE International Conference on Pattern Recognition, pages 1776-1778, 1998.

J. Zhao, F. Liu, B. Mo, "An Algorithm of Dim and Small Target Detection Based on Wavelet Transform and Image Fusion", International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Design, pages 43-45, Hangzhou, China, 2012.

G. Zhao, Y. Bo,  M. Lv, "Dim Small Target Detection Method Based on Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform in Infrared Image", Chinese Conference on Pattern Recognition, pages 1-5,  Nanjing, China, 2009. 

B) Filter based Methods (29 papers)

Top-hat (10 papers)

V. Tom, T. Peli, M. Leung, J. Bondaryk, "Morphology-based algorithm for point target detection in infrared backgrounds", SPIE Signal and Data Processing of Small Targets, pages 2-12, 1993.

R. Fortin, “Detection of dim targets in digital infrared imagery by morphological image processing", SPIE Optical Engineering, Volume 35, No. 7, pages 1886-1893, 1996.

M. Zeng, J. Li, Z. Peng, "The design of Top-hat morphological filter and application to infrared target detection", Infrared Physics and Technology, Volume 48, Issue 1, pages 67-76, 2006.

L. Deng, H. Zhu, Q. Zhou, Y. Li, "Adaptive top-hat filter based on quantum genetic algorithm for infrared small target detection", Multimedia Tools and Applications, pages 1-13, 2017.

X. Bai, F. Zhou, "Analysis of new top-hat transformation and the application for infrared dim small target detection", Pattern Recognition, Volume 43, Issue 6, pages 2145–2156, 2010.

X. Bai, F. Zhou, "Infrared small target enhancement and detection based on modified top-hat transformations", Computers and Electrical Engineering , Volume 36, Issue 6, pages 1193-1201, 2010.

C. Wang, Y. Shen, D. Zhang, Y. Cai, "A dynamic queue based pipeline filter for infrared dim small target detection",  Chinese Control Conference, CCC 2015, pages 3770-3775, Hangzhou, China, 2015.

F. Lu, J. Li, Q. Chen, “Weak target detection for PM model based on Top-Hat transform”, Systems Engineering and Electronics, Volume 40, No. 7, pages 1417-1422, 2018.

M. Yavari, P. Moallem, M. Kazemi, S. Moradi, “Multi-stage morphological operators for small infrared target detection”, Optik, Volume 276, April 2023.

Y. Li, Z. Li, J. Li, J. Yang, A. Siddique, "Robust small infrared target detection using weighted adaptive ring top-hat transformation", Signal Processing, Volume 217, April 2024.

TDLMS (5 papers)

M. Hadhoud, D. Thomas, “The two-dimensional adaptive LMS (TDLMS) algorithm”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Volume 35, Issue 5, pages 485-494, 1989.

Y. Zhao, H. Pan, C. Du, Y. Peng, Y. Zheng, “Bilateral two-dimensional least mean square filter for infrared small target detection”, Infrared Physics and Technology, Volume 65, pages 17-23, 2014.

Y. Cao, R. Liu, J. Yang, "Small target detection using two-dimensional least mean square (TDLMS) filter based on neighborhood analysis", International Journal on Infrared Millimeter Waves, Volume 29, pages 188–200, 2008.

T. Bae, Y. Kim, S. Ahn, K. Sohng, “An efficient two-dimensional least mean square (TDLMS) based on block statistics for small target detection”, Journal of Infrared Millimeter Terahertz Waves,  Volume 30, Issue 10, pages 1092–1101, 2009.

T. Bae, F. Zhang, I. Kweon, “Edge directional 2D LMS filter for infrared small target detection”, Infrared Physics and Technology, Volume 55, Issue 1, pages 137-145, 2012.

Max-mean (1 paper)

S. Deshpande, M.  Er,  R. Venkateswarlu, P. Chan, "Max-mean and max-median filters for detection of small targets", Signal and Data Processing of Small Target, pages 74-84, 1999.

Miscellaneous (13 papers)

T. Soni, J. Zeidler, W.  Ku, "Performance evaluation of 2-D adaptive prediction filters for detection of small objects in image data", IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Volume 2, No. 3, pages 327-340, July 1993.

J. Li, Z. Shen, T. Lan, "Detection of Spot Target in Infrared Clutter with Morphological Filter", IEEE National Aerospace and Electronics Conference, pages 168-172, 1996.

M. Shirvaikar, M. Trivedi, "A neural network filter to detect small targets in high clutter backgrounds", IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Volume 6, no. 1, pages 252-257, January 1995.

P. Ffrench, J. Zeidler, W Ku, "Enhanced detectability of small objects in correlated clutter using an improved 2-D adaptive lattice algorithm", IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Volume 6, No. 3, pages 383-397, March 1997.

Y. Yunping, Z. Wei, D. Chang, "An infrared small and dim target detection algorithm based on the mask image", IEEE International Conference on Electronic Measurement and Instruments, pages 226-230, Chengdu, China, 2011. 

X. Bai, F. Zhou, Y. Xie, T. Jin, "Adaptive Morphological Method for Clutter Elimination to Enhance and Detect Infrared Small Target", IEEE International Conference on Internet Computing in Science and Engineering, Harbin, China, 2008.

Y. Gu, C. Wang, B. Liu, Y. Zhang, "Kernel-Based Nonparametric Regression Method for Clutter Removal in Infrared Small-Target Detection Applications", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Volume 7, pages 469-473, 2010.

H. Askar, X. Li, Z. Li, "Background Clutter Suppression and Dim Moving Point Targets Detection using Nonparametric Method", IEEE International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems and West Sino Expositions,  pages 982-986, 2002.

K. Zhang, P. Sun, X. Li, "A Fast Non-parametric Detection Method for Infrared Small Dim Target",  IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, ICIT 2019, pages 1425-1429, Melbourne, Australia, 2019.

Y. Zhang, K. Leng, K. Park, "Adaptive Vector-based Sample Consensus Model for Moving Target Detection in Infrared Video”, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2022.

F. Xiangsuo, Q. Wenlin, L. Juliu, H. Qingnan, Z. Fan, "Dim and Small Target Detection Based on Spatio-Temporal Filtering and High-Order Energy Estimation”, EEE Photonics Journal, Volume15, No. 2, pages1-20, April 2023,

Y. Cui, T. Lei, G Chen, Y Zhang, L. Peng, X. Hao, G. Zhang, “Hollow Side Window Filter with Saliency Prior for Infrared Small Target Detection”, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, Volume 21, pages 1-5, 2024.