CC-6: Thermal Physics

PHYH-C-VI: Thermal Physics (Sem-III: Honours)

1. Introduction to Thermodynamics:

Zeroth and First Law of Thermodynamics: Extensive and intensive Thermodynamic Variables, Thermodynamic Equilibrium, Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics & Concept of Temperature, Concept of Work & Heat, State Functions, First Law of Thermodynamics and its differential form, Internal Energy, First Law & various processes, Applications of First Law: General Relation between $C_P$ and $C_V$. Work Done during Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes, Compressibility and Expansion Co-efficient. 

(8 Lectures)

2. Second Law of Thermodynamics: 

Reversible and Irreversible process with examples. Conversion of Work into Heat and Heat into Work. Heat Engines. Carnot's Cycle, Carnot engine & efficiency. Refrigerator & coefficient of performance, 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements and their Equivalence. Carnot's Theorem. Applications of Second Law of Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic Scale of Temperature and its Equivalence to Perfect Gas Scale. [Notes-on-Isothermal-Adiabatic-Workdone]

(10 Lectures)

Entropy: Concept of Entropy, Clausius Theorem. Clausius Inequality, Second Law of Thermodynamics in terms of Entropy.Entropy of a perfect gas.Principle of Increase of Entropy. Entropy Changes in Reversible and Irreversible processes with examples. Entropy of the Universe.Entropy Changes in Reversible and Irreversible Processes.Principle of Increase of Entropy. Temperature–Entropy diagrams for Carnot‟s Cycle. Third Law of Thermodynamics. Unattainability of Absolute Zero.

(7 Lectures)

Thermodynamic Potentials: Thermodynamic Potentials: Internal Energy, Enthalpy, Helmholtz Free Energy, Gibb‟s Free Energy. Their Definitions, Properties and Applications. Surface Films and Variation of Surface Tension with Temperature. Magnetic Work, Cooling due to adiabatic demagnetization, First and second order Phase Transitions with examples, Clausius Clapeyron Equation and Ehrenfest equations

(7 Lectures)

Maxwell’s Thermodynamic Relations: Derivations and applications of Maxwell’s Relations, Maxwell’s Relations:(1) Clausius Clapeyron equation, (2) Values of C P - CV, (3) T-dS Equations, (4) Joule-Kelvin coefficient for Ideal and Van der Waal Gases, (5)  Energy equations, (6) Change of Temperature during Adiabatic Process.

(7 Lectures)

Kinetic Theory of Gases : Distribution of Velocities: Maxwell-Boltzmann Law of Distribution of Velocities in an Ideal Gas and its Experimental Verification. Doppler Broadening of Spectral Lines and Stern‟s Experiment. Mean, RMS and Most Probable Speeds. Degrees of Freedom. Law of Equipartition of Energy (No proof required). Specific heats of Gases.

[Home Work-1 ]

(7 Lectures)

Molecular Collisions: Mean Free Path. Collision Probability.Estimates of Mean Free Path. Transport Phenomenon in Ideal Gases: (1) Viscosity, (2) Thermal Conductivity and (3) Diffusion. Brownian Motion and its Significance.

(4 Lectures)

Real Gases: Behavior of Real Gases: Deviations from the Ideal Gas Equation. The Virial Equation.Andrew‟s Experiments on CO2Gas.Critical Constants.Continuity of Liquid and Gaseous State. Vapour and Gas. Boyle Temperature. Van der Waal‟s Equation of State for Real Gases. Values of Critical Constants. Law of Corresponding States. Comparison with Experimental Curves.P-V Diagrams.Joule‟s Experiment. Free Adiabatic Expansion of a Perfect Gas. Joule-Thomson Porous Plug Experiment.Joule-Thomson Effect for Real and Van der Waal Gases. Temperature of Inversion.Joule- Thomson Cooling.

(10 Lectures)

• Notes on Thermal Physics

• Internal Assessment-1

• Home Work-2

• Internal Assessment-2

• BU question 2021

• BU Question 2020 on CC-6

• BU Question CC-6 2019 [CC-6 Practical Question 2019]

• Sem 3 Honours Burdwan University Question paper CC 6 (2018)

Practical :

1. To determine Stefan's constant.

2. To determine the Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity of Cu by Searle's Apparatus.

3. To determine the Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity of a bad conductor by Lee and Charlton's disc method. [Lab manual] [Experimental result]

4. To determine the Temperature Coefficient of Resistance by Platinum Resistance Thermometer (PRT) and determine the boiling point of a liquid.

5. To study the variation of Thermo-emf of a Thermocouple with Difference of Temperature of its Two Junctions.

6. To calibrate a thermocouple to measure temperature in a specified Range using (i) Null Method, (ii) Direct measurement using Op-Amp difference amplifier and to determine Neutral Temperature.