Theoretical Framework (TF)

· Came from experts judgement/evaluation/confirmation of what they see in their reality

· Will always evolve, according to the time , circumstances, context, location industry, etc

· When we explain about TF in our thesis, sometimes we need to link that theory into our field

· There are also competing theories, evolved theories. Theory A>>Thoery B> Theory C

· It is contantly being challenged by other scholars in how they see reality

· Researchers need to update and expand own perspective about his/her reality : 5W1H

· TF is a must for QUAN studies because it is DEDUCTIVE. > You generate hypothesis from your theories

· TF is not as stringent as QUAN because it is INDUCTIVE > You generate theories from your speculations/predictions

Common leadership theories

1. Instructional Leadership (Edu-Specific)

2. Transformational vs Transactional Leadership (Universal and may be Edu-Specific)

3. Leadership Style (Universal)

4. Trait leadership (Universal)

5. Path Goal Theory (Universal)

6. Situational Theory (Universal)

Trace more behavioural theories from the field of Educational Psychology and Organisational Behaviour

Conceptual Framework (CF)

What is it ?

· The TF is like the forest, and the CF is like the trees you wish to investigate in the forest

· It is the trees in the forest that you want to observe (qual) or measure (if Quan)

· The trees are referred to as the UNIT OF ANALYSES .

· The UoA explains the WHO and the WHAT in your study

· The UoA is extracted from your RQs. Vice versa, your UoA can also form your RQs

What are the things to consider when constructing the CF

· All your unit of analyses must be highlighted > The WHAT

· QUAL: It is NOT Necessary to provide the CF because….(School of thought 1)

· QUAL : It is GOOD to have CF (School of thought 2), but do not let it control/decide your findings. But you can show how your data have EXPANDED or INCLUDED the inductive findings in your original CF

· Look at your research questions, what are you trying to find and does it appear in your CF?

How do we evaluate if the CF is right or wrong, appropriate or not ?