--to demonstrate your understanding of what you have read

--to demonstrate your ability to organize what you have absorbed in a short and well-organized way for further personal argument

--should be shorter than the original

--use your own words and grammars to highlight the main ideas of an article => avoiding copying except important technical words

--avoid adding your own ideas (which should be put in the responding part)

--should include a reference to the source of the article 

1. before writing the first draft

--what to read/scan first: the title, subheadings, pictures, diagrams, and notes of the article 

--how to read an article to grasp its main ideas

2. writing the first draft

--working from your notes (avoid looking at the article) 

--using basic paragraph organization; nevertheless, a concluding sentence is usually not necessary for a summary 

3. check, review, and rewrite for the final version 

--agree or disagree with the conclusions made in the article

--partially agree and partially disagree with the conclusions made in the article

--reflect on how your experiences relate to the points in the article

--analyze the article's arguments

--object to the methods used in the argument

--reporting verbs: e.g., conclude, indicate, point out, say, explain, observe, report, state

--reporting phrases: e.g., according to

According to the New York Times, ...

In the New York Times, Healy points out that ...