mostramos algunos comandos básicos para Linux: cp, mv, df, ifconfig, tar, etc para copiar, eliminar, renombrar archivos y carpetas, tamaño en disco, memoria RAM, editar ficheros, mostrar procesos, comprimir/descomprimir ficheros, etc. Incluimos ejemplos de utilización de estos comandos.
Para ejecutar estos comandos del shell de GNU Linux será necesario abrir una ventana de Terminal (si estamos en modo gráfico).
Muchos de estos comandos requieren permisos de superusuario root, por lo que será necesario estar logeado con este usuario para que funcionen.
Es posible que algunos de estos comandos no aparezcan en determinadas distribuciones de GNU Linux. Algunos de los comandos aquí mostrados son específicos de una o varias distribuciones GNU Linux.
Algunas de las salidas de la ejecución de algunos comandos del shell de GNU Linux puede que no sean iguales en las diferentes distribuciones.
Hay algunos comandos que su ejecución puede ser "peligrosa", es conveniente que se ejecuten sabiendo lo que se está haciendo y las repercusiones que puedan tener. Por ejemplo, el comando rm -f -r -v nombre_carpeta, eliminará todas las carpetas y subcarpetas a partir de la carpeta "nombre_carpeta", sin pedir confirmación. Otro ejemplo: el comando halt apagará el equipo sin pedir confirmación, si es un equipo de un usuario normal no habrá problema, pero si se trata de un servidor de base de datos, web, etc. los servicios que éste prestaba dejarán de funcionar.
Los comandos han sido probados en sus respectivas distribuciones GNU Linux: Debian, Ubuntu, Knoppix, Fedora, Gentoo, Slackware, openSuSE, Mandriva, Red Hat, etc.
iwconfig wlan0
alonso@pcubuntu:~$ iwconfig wlan0
wlan0 IEEE 802.11g ESSID:"alonso" Nickname:""
Mode:Managed Frequency:2.412 GHz Access Point: Not-Associated
Tx-Power=27 dBm
Retry min limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr=2346 B
Power Management:off
Link Quality:0 Signal level:0 Noise level:0
Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0
Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:0 Missed beacon:0
ifconfig
alonso@pcubuntu:~$ ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet direcciónHW 00:17:31:f5:c7:05
inet dirección:192.168.1.214 Difusión:>192.168.255.255 Máscara:255.255.0.0
dirección inet6: fe80::217:31ff:fef5:c705/64 Alcance:Vínculo
ARRIBA DIFUSIÓN CORRIENDO MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:27987 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:1357 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
colisiones:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:3498154 (3.3 MB) TX bytes:243056 (237.3 KB)
Interrupción:220 Dirección base: 0xe000
lo Link encap:Bucle local
inet dirección:127.0.0.1 Máscara:255.0.0.0
dirección inet6: ::1/128 Alcance:Anfitrión
ARRIBA LOOPBACK CORRIENDO MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:1877 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:1877 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
colisiones:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:94227 (92.0 KB) TX bytes:94227 (92.0 KB)
wlan0 Link encap:Ethernet direcciónHW 00:13:02:70:bf:9f
ARRIBA DIFUSIÓN MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
colisiones:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)
wlan0:avahi Link encap:Ethernet direcciónHW 00:13:02:70:bf:9f
inet dirección:169.254.7.127 Difusión:169.254.255.255 Máscara:255.255.0.0
ARRIBA DIFUSIÓN MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
wmaster0 Link encap:UNSPEC direcciónHW 00-13-02-70-BF-9F-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00
ARRIBA DIFUSIÓN CORRIENDO MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
colisiones:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)
lsmod
[root@PCAJPDSOFT]# lsmod
Module Size Used by
sg 38113 0
IBMtape 210108 2 [permanent]
autofs4 22085 0
dm_mirror 28449 0
dm_mod 58949 1 dm_mirror
button 10449 0
battery 12869 0
ac 8773 0
md5 8001 1
ipv6 240097 46
joydev 14209 0
ohci_hcd 23889 0
tg3 85061 0
floppy 58065 0
st 40157 0
ext3 118729 3
jbd 59481 1 ext3
qla2300 127232 0
mptscsih 41469 0
mptbase 57629 1 mptscsih
aic79xx 187485 0
sd_mod 20545 10
df -h
[root@pcalonso]# df -hl
S.ficheros Tamaño Usado Disp Uso% Montado en
/dev/cs/cp2 58G 37G 19G 67% /
/dev/cis/cp1 99M 14M 81M 15% /boot
none 3,0G 0 3,0G 0% /dev/shm
/dev/cciss/cd1 201G 164G 27G 87% /cpseg
/dev/sd1 99G 69G 26G 73% /bdoracle
/dev/sdb1 35G 81M 33G 1% /indicesoracle
cd /etc/init.d/
ls -l
[root@AJPDSOFT ~]# cd /etc/init.d/
[root@AJPDSOFT init.d]# ls -l
total 612
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1128 ago 9 2004 acpid
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 834 sep 28 2004 anacron
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1429 jun 22 2004 apmd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1176 jun 17 2005 atd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2781 nov 19 2005 auditd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 15539 dic 2 2005 autofs
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1368 dic 1 2004 bluetooth
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1355 dic 22 01:27 cpuspeed
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1904 jul 12 2005 crond
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2312 ene 4 16:48 cups
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1424 oct 22 2004 cups-config-daemon
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1502 ago 31 2004 dc_client
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1344 ago 31 2004 dc_server
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 11969 dic 14 2005 diskdump
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 5255 may 5 10:09 dsmserv
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 968 dic 1 2004 dund
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1944 ago 3 2005 firstboot
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 10722 abr 18 2005 functions
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1778 oct 21 2004 gpm
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1388 dic 22 01:15 haldaemon
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 6029 oct 4 2004 halt
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1001 dic 1 2004 hidd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 13759 ene 11 11:40 ipmi
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 7135 nov 11 2004 iptables
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1487 oct 4 2004 irda
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1744 dic 22 01:27 irqbalance
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 6183 oct 5 2004 isdn
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 652 sep 4 2003 killall
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2095 ago 22 2005 kudzu
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3097 nov 8 2005 lm_sensors
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1700 dic 2 2005 mdmonitor
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1613 dic 2 2005 mdmpd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1746 ago 2 2005 messagebus
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1731 dic 22 01:26 microcode_ctl
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 12181 nov 21 2005 netdump
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 7164 jul 14 2005 netfs
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1303 mar 4 2005 netplugd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 8493 mar 30 2005 network
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1475 oct 30 2004 NetworkManager
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4283 sep 7 2005 nfs
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2841 sep 7 2005 nfslock
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2171 feb 9 00:13 nscd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3055 oct 11 2004 ntpd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1144 dic 1 2004 pand
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4431 feb 17 07:03 pcmcia
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1877 ago 12 2004 portmap
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1021 ene 26 11:59 psacct
-rwxrwxr-x 1 root root 6219 may 4 18:45 qlremote
-rwxr-x--x 1 root root 1255 abr 26 15:57 raid_agent
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2404 oct 18 2004 rawdevices
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 790 dic 22 01:27 readahead
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 795 dic 22 01:27 readahead_early
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1782 ene 31 19:46 rhnsd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2177 sep 7 2005 rpcgssd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1805 sep 7 2005 rpcidmapd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2153 sep 7 2005 rpcsvcgssd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1547 dic 2 2004 saslauthd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3348 sep 1 2004 sendmail
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1175 jul 10 2002 single
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2247 dic 22 01:27 smartd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3060 dic 21 23:21 sshd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1369 ene 4 2005 syslog
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3313 sep 20 2005 tog-pegasus
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1548 dic 22 01:28 winbind
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3607 ene 11 19:48 xfs
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2497 jun 23 2005 xinetd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2497 ago 29 2005 ypbind
service dsmserv status
Status of dsmserv: stopped
set
BASH=/bin/bash
BASH_ARGC=()
BASH_ARGV=()
BASH_LINENO=()
BASH_SOURCE=()
BASH_VERSINFO=([0]="3" [1]="00" [2]="15" [3]="1" [4]="release" [5]="i386-redhat-linux-gnu")
BASH_VERSION='3.00.15(1)-release'
COLORS=/etc/DIR_COLORS.xterm
COLUMNS=97
DIRSTACK=()
DISPLAY=localhost:10.0
EUID=0
GROUPS=()
G_BROKEN_FILENAMES=1
HISTFILE=/root/.bash_history
HISTFILESIZE=1000
HISTSIZE=1000
HOME=/root
HOSTNAME=pcalonso
HOSTTYPE=i386
IFS=$' '
INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc
KDEDIR=/usr
LANG=es_ES.UTF-8
LESSOPEN='|/usr/bin/lesspipe.sh %s'
LINES=34
LOGNAME=root
LS_COLORS='no=00:fi=00:di=00;34:ln=00;36:
pi=40;33:so=00;35:bd=40;33;01:cd=40;
33;01:or=01;05;37;41:mi=01;05;37;41:
ex=00;32:*.cmd=00;32:*.exe=00;32:*.com=00;32:
*.btm=00;32:*.bat=00;32:*.sh=00;32:*.csh=00;32:
*.tar=00;31:*.tgz=00;31:*.arj=00;31:*.taz=00;31:
*.lzh=00;31:*.zip=00;31:*.z=00;31:*.Z=00;31:
*.gz=00;31:*.bz2=00;31:*.bz=00;31:*.tz=00;31:
*.rpm=00;31:*.cpio=00;31:*.jpg=00;35:*.gif=00;35:
*.bmp=00;35:*.xbm=00;35:*.xpm=00;35:
*.png=00;35:*.tif=00;35:'
MACHTYPE=i386-redhat-linux-gnu
MAIL=/var/spool/mail/root
MAILCHECK=60
OLDPWD=/root
OPTERR=1
OPTIND=1
OSTYPE=linux-gnu
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/root/bin
PIPESTATUS=([0]="0")
PPID=3352
PROMPT_COMMAND='echo -ne "?33]0;${USER}@${HOSTNAME%%.*}:${PWD/#$HOME/~}?07"'
PS1='[u@h W]$ '
PS2='> '
PS4='+ '
PWD=/etc
SHELL=/bin/bash
SHELLOPTS=braceexpand:emacs:hashall:histexpand:history:interactive-comments:monitor
SHLVL=1
SSH_ASKPASS=/usr/libexec/openssh/gnome-ssh-askpass
SUPPORTED=es_ES.UTF-8:es_ES:es
TERM=xterm
UID=0
USER=root
XAUTHORITY=/root/.xauthIJObfe
_=export
route
alonso@pcubuntu:~$ route
Tabla de rutas IP del núcleo
Destino Puerta de Enlace Genmask Banderas Metrica Ref Uso Interfaz
192.168.0.0 * 255.255.254.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
link-local * 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 wlan0
default 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
default 192.168.0.1 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 eth0
default * 0.0.0.0 U 1000 0 0 wlan0
whereis ls
ls: /bin/ls /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz
whereis man
man: /usr/bin/man
/usr/local/man
/usr/share/man
/usr/share/man/man1/man.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man7/man.7.gz
pstree
ps -A
PID TTY TIME CMD
1 ? 00:00:00 init
2 ? 00:00:00 kthreadd
3 ? 00:00:00 migration/0
4 ? 00:00:00 ksoftirqd/0
5 ? 00:00:00 watchdog/0
6 ? 00:00:00 events/0
7 ? 00:00:00 khelper
41 ? 00:00:00 kblockd/0
44 ? 00:00:00 kacpid
45 ? 00:00:00 kacpi_notify
105 ? 00:00:00 kseriod
143 ? 00:00:00 pdflush
144 ? 00:00:00 pdflush
145 ? 00:00:00 kswapd0
187 ? 00:00:00 aio/0
1297 ? 00:00:00 ata/0
1300 ? 00:00:00 ata_aux
1306 ? 00:00:00 scsi_eh_0
1309 ? 00:00:00 scsi_eh_1
2038 ? 00:00:00 scsi_eh_2
2237 ? 00:00:00 kjournald
2394 ? 00:00:00 udevd
2603 ? 00:00:00 kpsmoused
3892 tty4 00:00:00 getty
3893 tty5 00:00:00 getty
3899 tty2 00:00:00 getty
3902 tty3 00:00:00 getty
3905 tty6 00:00:00 getty
3941 ? 00:00:00 syslogd
3960 ? 00:00:00 dd
3962 ? 00:00:00 klogd
3981 ? 00:00:00 sshd
4038 ? 00:00:00 mysqld_safe
4080 ? 00:00:00 mysqld
4082 ? 00:00:00 logger
4151 ? 00:00:00 atd
4165 ? 00:00:00 cron
4188 ? 00:00:00 apache2
4207 tty1 00:00:00 login
4208 ? 00:00:00 apache2
4209 ? 00:00:00 apache2
4210 ? 00:00:00 apache2
4211 ? 00:00:00 apache2
4212 ? 00:00:00 apache2
4213 tty1 00:00:00 bash
4238 tty1 00:00:00 su
4239 tty1 00:00:00 bash
4284 tty1 00:00:00 ps
arp -i eth0 (muestra las entradas ARP de la interfaz de red eth0)
uname -a
Linux ubuntu_server 2.6.24-19-server #1 SMP Wed Jun 18 15:18:00 UTC 2008 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux
Donde:
-s: nombre del kernel, en este caso "Linux".
-n: nombre del equipo en la red (host), en este caso "ubuntu_server".
-r: release del kernel, en este caso "2.6.24-19-server".
-v: versión del kernel, en este caso "#1 SMP Wed Jun 18 15:18:00 UTC 2008".
-m: nombre hardware de la máquina, en este caso "i686".
-p: tipo de procesador, en este caso "i686".
-i: tipo de plataforma hardware, en este caso "i386"
-o: nombre sistema operativo, en este caso "GNU/Linux".
ethtool eth0
Settings for eth0:
Current message level: 0x00000007 (7)
Link detected: yes
ip addr show
1: lo: mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:71:0d:2c brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.1.254/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global eth0
inet 192.168.1.253/32 scope global eth0
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe71:d2c/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
cal -3
fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000b554f
ps -e -orss=,args= | sort -b -k1,1n | pr -TW$COLUMNS
0 [aio/0]
0 [aio/1]
0 [ata/0]
0 [ata/1]
0 [ata_aux]
0 [btaddconn]
0 [btdelconn]
0 [cqueue]
0 [events/0]
0 [events/1]
0 [iwl3945/0]
0 [iwl3945/1]
0 [iwl3945]
0 [kacpi_notify]
0 [kacpid]
0 [kauditd]
0 [kblockd/0]
0 [kblockd/1]
0 [khelper]
0 [khpsbpkt]
0 [khubd]
0 [kintegrityd/0]
0 [kintegrityd/1]
0 [kjournald]
0 [kmmcd]
0 [knodemgrd_0]
0 [kondemand/0]
0 [kondemand/1]
0 [kpsmoused]
0 [krfcommd]
0 [kseriod]
0 [ksoftirqd/0]
0 [ksoftirqd/1]
0 [kstriped]
0 [ksuspend_usbd]
0 [kswapd0]
0 [kthreadd]
0 [led_workqueue]
0 [migration/0]
0 [migration/1]
0 [pccardd]
0 [pdflush]
0 [pdflush]
0 [scsi_eh_0]
0 [scsi_eh_1]
356 init [5]
420 startpar -f -- earlyxdm
540 /sbin/klogd -c 1 -x
556 /sbin/acpid
572 gnome-pty-helper
592 /usr/sbin/cron
624 /sbin/rpcbind
636 /sbin/mingetty tty3
636 /sbin/mingetty tty4
640 /sbin/mingetty tty2
640 /sbin/mingetty tty6
644 /sbin/mingetty tty5
660 /sbin/mingetty --noclear tty1
688 /sbin/audispd
704 pr -TW157
728 /usr/bin/dbus-launch --exit-with-session
728 dbus-launch --exit-with-session /usr/bin/gnome-session
756 sort -b -k1,1n
772 /sbin/auditd -s disable
792 ps -e -orss=,args=
828 /sbin/syslog-ng -a /var/lib/dhcp/dev/log -a /var/lib/named/dev/log
836 /usr/sbin/smartd
852 /usr/sbin/xinetd -pidfile /var/run/xinetd.init.pid
896 /sbin/dhclient -d -sf /usr/lib/NetworkManager/nm-dhcp-client.action -pf /var/run/dhclient-eth0.pid -lf /var/lib/dhcp/dhclient.leases -cf /var/run/nm-dh
1028 /usr/sbin/sshd -o PidFile=/var/run/sshd.init.pid
1032 hald-addon-acpi: listening on acpid socket /var/run/acpid.socket
1048 /bin/dbus-daemon --fork --print-pid 7 --print-address 9 --session
1072 /usr/lib/hal/hald-addon-leds
1076 /usr/lib/hal/hald-addon-cpufreq
1096 hald-addon-input: Listening on /dev/input/event0 /dev/input/event7 /dev/input/event6 /dev/input/event8 /dev/input/event4 /dev/input/event5
1100 hald-addon-storage: polling /dev/sr0 (every 2 sec)
1108 /usr/lib/hal/hald-addon-generic-backlight
1144 hald-runner
1176 /usr/lib/hal/hald-addon-rfkill-killswitch
1184 /sbin/udevd --daemon
1188 /usr/sbin/nscd
1212 /bin/dbus-daemon --system
1372 /bin/sh /usr/bin/firefox
1512 avahi-daemon: running [pcsuse.local]
1552 su - root
1604 /usr/sbin/bluetoothd
1640 /usr/sbin/wpa_supplicant -c /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf -u -f /var/log/wpa_supplicant.log
1692 pickup -l -t fifo -u
1736 qmgr -l -t fifo -u
1764 /usr/sbin/modem-manager
1788 /usr/lib/postfix/master
2072 /usr/bin/gnome-keyring-daemon -d --login
2076 /usr/lib/gvfs//gvfs-fuse-daemon /home/alonso/.gvfs
2164 /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd
2196 -bash
2200 bash
2236 /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd-burn --spawner :1.9 /org/gtk/gvfs/exec_spaw/1
2256 /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfs-gphoto2-volume-monitor
2424 /usr/sbin/gdm
2428 /usr/sbin/cupsd
2436 /usr/lib/pulse/gconf-helper
2532 /usr/lib/gdm/gdm-session-worker
2592 /usr/sbin/console-kit-daemon
2688 /usr/sbin/NetworkManager
2744 /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd-trash --spawner :1.9 /org/gtk/gvfs/exec_spaw/0
2876 /usr/lib/gdm/gdm-simple-slave --display-id /org/gnome/DisplayManager/Display1
2876 /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfs-hal-volume-monitor
3000 /usr/sbin/nm-system-settings --config /etc/NetworkManager/nm-system-settings.conf
3532 /usr/lib/bonobo/bonobo-activation-server --ac-activate --ior-output-fd=17
3676 /usr/lib/gnome-session/helpers/gnome-keyring-daemon-wrapper
4560 /usr/bin/pulseaudio --start --log-target=syslog
4784 /usr/sbin/hald --daemon=yes
6264 gnome-screensaver
7176 bluetooth-applet
8800 /usr/bin/gnome-session
11520 gpk-update-icon
11980 gnome-power-manager
12460 /usr/bin/metacity
13380 /usr/lib/GConf/2/gconfd-2
14004 nm-applet --sm-disable
15088 python /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/system-config-printer/applet.py
17472 /usr/lib/gnome-panel/mixer_applet2 --oaf-activate-iid=OAFIID:GNOME_MixerApplet_Factory --oaf-ior-fd=21
19240 gnome-terminal
19620 /usr/bin/X :0 -br -verbose -auth /var/run/gdm/auth-for-gdm-vrT34p/database -nolisten tcp vt7
22092 gnome-panel
29632 /usr/lib/gnome-settings-daemon/gnome-settings-daemon
36232 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox
45100 nautilus --no-desktop --browser
75060 beagled /usr/lib/beagle/BeagleDaemon.exe --replace --bg
last reboot
reboot system boot 2.6.24-19-server Sat Jan 10 02:55 - 06:15 (03:20)
reboot system boot 2.6.24-19-server Sat Jan 10 01:08 - 02:54 (01:45)
wtmp begins Sat Jan 10 01:08:39 2009
head -n1 /etc/issue
Para un sistema operativo GNU Linux Ubuntu:
Ubuntu 8.04.1
Para un sistema operativo GNU Linux openSUSE:
openSUSE 11.1 - Kernel
grep "model name" /proc/cpuinfo
model name: Intel(R) Core (TM)2 Quad CPU Q9400 @ 2.66GHz
hdparm -tT /dev/sda
/dev/sda:
Timing cached reads: 4284 MB in 2.00 seconds = 2142.42 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 64 MB in 3.10 seconds = 20.67 MB/sec
lspci -tv
-[0000:00]-+-00.0 Intel Corporation Mobile 945GM/PM/GMS, 943/940GML and 945GT Express Memory Controller Hub
+-01.0-[0000:01]----00.0 nVidia Corporation G72M [Quadro NVS 110M/GeForce Go 7300]
+-1b.0 Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) High Definition Audio Controller
+-1c.0-[0000:02]----00.0 Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168B PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet controller
+-1c.3-[0000:03]----00.0 Intel Corporation PRO/Wireless 3945ABG [Golan] Network Connection
+-1d.0 Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB UHCI Controller #1
+-1d.1 Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB UHCI Controller #2
+-1d.2 Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB UHCI Controller #3
+-1d.3 Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB UHCI Controller #4
+-1d.7 Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller
+-1e.0-[0000:04-08]--+-01.0 Ricoh Co Ltd RL5c476 II
| +-01.1 Ricoh Co Ltd R5C552 IEEE 1394 Controller
| +-01.2 Ricoh Co Ltd R5C822 SD/SDIO/MMC/MS/MSPro Host Adapter
| -01.3 Ricoh Co Ltd R5C592 Memory Stick Bus Host Adapter
+-1f.0 Intel Corporation 82801GBM (ICH7-M) LPC Interface Bridge
-1f.1 Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) IDE Controller
lsusb -tv
/: Bus 05.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=ehci_hcd/8p, 480M
/: Bus 04.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=uhci_hcd/2p, 12M
/: Bus 03.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=uhci_hcd/2p, 12M
/: Bus 02.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=uhci_hcd/2p, 12M
/: Bus 01.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=uhci_hcd/2p, 12M
|__ Port 1: Dev 3, If 0, Class=HID, Driver=usbhid, 1.5M
id root
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) grupos=0(root),1(bin),2(daemon),3(sys),4(adm),6(disk),10(wheel)