Een hulpwerkwoord is een werkwoord dat, in tegenstelling tot zelfstandige werkwoorden, een betekenis toevoegt aan een ander werkwoord en daardoor in principe niet zelfstandig voorkomt.
Hulpwerkwoorden zijn belangrijk in het Engels, omdat je ze nodig hebt bij het maken van vragen, ontkenningen, question tags e.d.
Vormen:
| |
tegenwoordige tijd |
verleden tijd |
ontkennend tegenwoordige tijd |
ontkennend verleden tijd |
| can |
can |
could |
can't / cannot ** |
couldn't / could not |
| will |
will |
would |
won't / will not |
wouldn't / would not |
| may |
may |
might |
- / may not |
-/ might not |
| must |
must |
- ** |
mustn't / must not |
- |
| shall |
shall |
should |
shan't / shall not |
shouldn't / should not |
| to do |
do / does |
did |
don't / doesn't / do not / does not |
didn't / did not |
| to be |
am / are / is |
was / were |
- / aren't / isn't / am not / are not / is not |
wasn't / weren't / was not / were not |
| to have |
have / has |
had |
haven't / hasn't / have not / has not |
hadn't / had not |
* 'cannot' wordt altijd aan elkaar geschreven!
** Er bestaat geen verleden tijd van 'must', gebruik hiervoor: had to (zie: Link) (under construction)
Let op:
'to do' / 'to be' / 'to have' kunnen ook als zelfstandig werkwoord gebruikt worden:
He does his homework every day.
They are my parents.
She has a blue Volvo.
Gebruik:
Hulpwerkwoorden worden gebruikt bij:
- Voor het uitdrukken van modaliteit (verplichting, vaardigheid, mogelijkheid, toestemming enz.)
- Voor het uitdrukken van tijd (continuous, perfect, future)
- Voor het maken van vragen, ontkenningen, question tags en het uitdrukken van nadruk
- Voor het maken van lijdende zinnen
- Voor het vormen van een bijzin zonder zelfstandig werkwoord (ellips)
1) Modaliteit:
Present (tegenwoordige tijd):
| Hulpww |
Betekenis |
Voorbeelden |
| can |
- vaardigheid |
I can play the guitar.
|
| |
- mogelijk zijn |
I can come to your party. The English Channel can be very rough. |
|
- toestemming |
You can go home now. |
| may |
- toestemming |
You may go home now. |
| |
- mogelijkheid |
It may rain tonight. |
| |
- wens |
Long may he live! |
| must |
- verplichting |
You must do the dishes. |
|
- noodzakelijkheid |
You must eat something! |
|
- logische conclusie |
You've been working for hours, you must be very tired |
| shall |
- verplichting / sterke wil |
You shall do what I tell you! |
| |
- belofte |
You shall get a reward, if you find my watch. |
| |
- aanbod / voorstel |
Shall I open the window? Shall we go to the cinema? |
| will |
- sterke wil |
I will be obeyed! |
| |
- verzoek |
Will you close the window, please? |
| |
- onvermijdelijkheid |
People will make mistakes. |
| |
- gewoonte |
He will sit there for hours without saying anything. |
Past (verleden tijd):
| Hulpww |
Betekenis |
Voorbeelden |
| could |
- vaardigheid |
I could speak Chinese when I was young.
|
| |
- vaardigheid in niet werkelijkheid |
If he were here, he could help us. |
|
- toestemming |
Could I use your phone? When I was young, I could eat as many apples as I wanted. |
| |
- mogelijkheid |
It could be quite cold there in January. He could come tomorrow. |
| |
- verzoek |
Could you tell me the way to the station? |
| |
- suggestie |
You could help us with our homework... |
| might |
- toestemming (indirecte rede) |
She said I might come to her party. |
| |
- mogelijkheid |
It might rain tonight. |
|
- suggestie |
You might help us with our homework. |
| should |
- verplichting / advies |
You should study more! |
| |
- voorwaarde |
Should he come, tell him I'll be back soon. |
| |
- logische conclusie |
If this is a film by Spielberg, it should be good! |
| |
- retorische vragen |
Why should I apologize to him? |
| would |
- sterke wil |
He would always have his way. I warned you, but you wouldn't listen. |
| |
- gewoonte |
He would sit there for hours without saying anything. |
2) Tijd:
| Hulpww |
Tijd |
Present: |
Past: |
| will |
- future (toekomst) |
I will do the dishes tonight.
|
He would help you with your homework. |
| shall |
- future (toekomst) (alleen bij 'I' en 'we') |
I shall go to the party tonight. We shall do our homework now. |
- |
| to be |
- continuous (duurvorm) |
We are watching a movie.
|
She was talking to Jill. |
| to have |
- perfect (voltooide tijd) |
We have painted the fence.
|
They had found the treasure. |
Let op: In het Nederlands kunnen zowel 'hebben' als 'zijn' als hulpwerkwoord bij de voltooide tijd gebruikt worden: Ik heb gezongen / Ik ben naar huis gelopen.
Let op: 'Should' is de verleden tijd van 'shall', maar krijgt een hele andere betekenis (zie boven)
3) Vragen, ontkenningen, question tags, nadruk:
| |
|
Present: |
Past: |
| to do |
- vragen |
Do you want an ice cream? Does he have a brother?
|
Did you want an ice cream? Did he have a brother? |
| |
- ontkenningen |
We don't speak Spanish. |
We didn't speak Spanish. |
| |
- question tags |
He plays the piano, doesn't he? |
He played the piano, didn't he? |
| |
- nadruk |
I do like haggis! |
He did break the vase! |
4) Lijdende zinnen (passive)
| |
Present: |
Past: |
| to be |
The house is built. |
The house was built. |
Let op: In het Nederlands is het hulpwerkwoord bij lijdende zinnen 'worden':
Het huis wordt gebouwd - The house is built.
5) Ellips
Soms worden er bijzinnen gemaakt, waarin geen zelfstandig werkwoord voorkomt. Zie de voorbeelden hieronder:
| to do |
They like ice cream, and so do we. |
| can |
He can sing well, and so can she. |
| to be |
I am angry, so are you. |
| will |
Will you help me? Yes, I will. |
Alternatieven voor hulpwerkwoorden:
| be + to + ww |
will |
- afspraak |
They are to get married next month. |
| |
must |
- verplichting |
You are to wait here till we are back. |
| |
would |
- noodlot |
Many soldiers were never to return. |
| have to + ww |
must |
- verplichting |
We really have to go now. |
| have got to + ww |
must |
- verplichting |
We've really got to go now. |
| be able to + ww |
can |
- vaardigheid / mogelijkheid |
He is able to drive us to the station. |
| be allowed + ww |
may / can |
- toestemming |
You are allowed to go home now. |
| ought to + ww |
should |
- verplichting / advies |
You ought to study more! |
| |
should |
- logische conclusie |
If this is a film by Spielberg, it ought to be good! |
| be obliged to + ww |
must |
- verplichting |
You are obliged to drive on the left. |
| used to + ww |
verleden tijd |
- gewoonte in het verleden |
They used to swim in the pond every summer. |
| |
verleden tijd |
- toestand in het verleden |
There used to be a bookshop in this street. | |
|