This website contains, in the jpg format, all the slides that were used in my presentation at the IMPPC in October, 2009. The title of talk was as follows. "What You Had Better Know About ABO Blood Groups" From History to Modern Genetics From Red Blood Cell to Kidney, Hair, Seminal Fluid From Blood Transfusion, Cell/Tissue/Organ Transplantation to Crime Scene Investigation From Humans to Animals I hope that you utilize these slides to enhance your knowledge on ABO. I also hope that you enjoy the presentation. Thank you in advance. Fumiichiro Yamamoto ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 001 What you had better know about the ABO blood groups ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 002 (From history to molecular genetics) This slide presentation was given at the IMPPC on October 5, 2009. ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 003 ABO phenotype is a hereditary trait. ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 004 Bernstein proposed the one gene locus-three alleles model in 1924.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 005 A and B alleles are co-dominant against recessive O alleles.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 006 Yamamoto family
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 007 The ABO blood types of Yamamoto family members
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 008 Potential ABO genotypes deduced from the ABO phenotypes
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 009 Mother's genotype cannot be A/A because her son has the O phenotype.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 010 Therefore, the mother's genotype should be A/O.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 011 Daughter's genotype cannot be A/A because her father has the O phenotype.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 012 Therefore, the daughter's genotype should be A/O. In this family all the ABO genotypes were determined based on the phenotypes and the inheritance.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 013 Here is another example of the ABO blood groups of another family.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 014 Potential ABO genotypes deduced from the ABO blood groups are shown.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 015 Mother's genotype cannot be B/B because her son has the A type.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 016 Therefore, the mother's genotype should be B/O.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 017 Son's genotype cannot be A/A because his mother has the B blood type.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 018 Therefore, the son's genotype should be A/O. Father's genotype is either A/A or A/O. However, only with the inheritance information, we cannot determine the genotype.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 019 Another example of ABO inheritance is shown. Father and mother exhibit weak A and B subgroup phenotypes, A2 and B3, respectively. Whereas their son has regular O phenotype, their daughter exhibits the rare A2B3 phenotype.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 020 Potential ABO genotypes are deduced from the ABO blood types.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 021 Father and mother cannot be homozygous (A2/A2, B3/B3) because their son has the O phenotype.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 022 Therefore, the father and mother should have the ABO genotypes of A2/O and B3/O, respectively. In this family also, the ABO genotypes of the family members are determined only with the ABO blood groups and the inheritance.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 023 A cis-AB inheritance case (right)
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 024 Father and his daughter have the A2B3 phenotype whereas the mother and son have the O blood group.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 025 If we assume that A2B3 phenotype is caused by the presence of 2 alleles of A2 and B3, ....
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 026 If ...., there is a contradiction in the inheritance of the alleles. A father of A2/B3 cannot have a son with the O blood group. A mother of O/O cannot have a daughter with the A2B3 blood group, either.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 027 In order to explain the inheritance, it is necessary to assume that the A2B3 phenotype is specified by a single gene, A2B3.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 028 Because both A2 and B3 phenotypes are inherited as the single unit in the cis manner, it was named as cis-AB allele.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 029 Contrastingly, the regular AB type is specified by 2 alleles (A and B) on 2 different homologous chromosomes. Therefore, it may be called as trans-AB although this naming is not used often.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 030 ABO phenotypes were initially recognized as ABO blood groups defined by the agglutination pattern of human red blood cells (RBCs).
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 031 Later A and B antigens were also identified on a variety of cells and tissues, including cells in the gastrointestinal digestive tract.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 032 A and B antigens are also expressed on the endothelial cells forming blood vessels. Therefore, the ABO matching is also important in transplantation, in addition to blood transfusion.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 033 Crime scene evidences such as blood, sweat, seminal fluid, and hairs may exhibit A and B antigens depending on the ABO genotype.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 034 The ABO phenotypes of the suspects may be determined.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 035 The ABO phenotypes of the evidences may also be determined and used to exclude certain suspects.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 036 The potential suspects will be further narrowed down if......
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 037 The ..... if the ABO genotypes are also determined of the suspects and evidences.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 038 In this example, the ABO blood groups and genotypes of the evidences do not match with those of the subjects 1, 3, 4, and 5. Therefore, these subjects are excluded.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 039 ABO blood groups were originally discovered with human RBCs.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 040 Later ABO blood groups were also found in such primates as chimpanzees and gorillas.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 041 A and B antigens were also found in such mammals as mice, rats,
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 042 , dogs,
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 043 , elephants, pigs, and others.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 044 Humans have four major groups of A, B, AB, and O. However, depending on the species, the kinds of the ABO phenotype are different. Also many species do not express A and B antigens on RBCs.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 045 The ABO blood groups were discovered by Landsteiner in 1900.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 046 He separated cellular component and liquid component of blood from himself and his colleagues and mixed in various combinations.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 047 When the cellular component and liquid component from the same individuals were mixed, nothing happened.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 048 However, hemagglutination (agglutination of RBCs) was observed after mixing the cellular component and liquid component in some combinations.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 049 Landsteiner found out that the individuals could be separated into groups depending on the hemagglutination pattern. Those 3 groups became A, B, and O. The fourth group (AB) was found in the next year by his colleagues.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 050 The other and more important finding is that blood transfusion should be avoided in the combination that will result in the hemagglutination. He explained the hemagglutination pattern, by postulating the presence of antigens, A and B, on RBCs. He also postulated antibodies against these antigens in the sera of the individuals that do not express the antigens.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 051 Landsteiner assumed that the A individuals express A antigen on RBCs and contain anti-B antibody in their sera.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 052 The B individuals express B antigens on RBCs and contain anti-A antibody in sera.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 053 The AB individuals express both A and B antigens on RBCs, but contain neither of anti-A or anti-B antibodies.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 054 The O individuals do not express A or B antigens on RBCs, but contain both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in sera.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 055 The A and B antigens were found to be oligosaccharide antigens. They are similar, but also different.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 056 The A antigen has a GalNAc residue whereas the B antigen has a galactose. These two sugars are different by the side group at the C2 position (-NHCOCH3 in GalNAc and -OH in galactose).
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 057 The H antigen, which lacks the GalNAc or galactose, was found present in the O individuals.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 058 Careful examination of the structures of A, B, and H antigens led to ....
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 059 .... the hypothesis of the biosynthetic pathways of A and B antigens from the common precursor of H antigen.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 060 We cloned cDNAs encoding the presumptive human A transferase.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 061 We took a unique approach to utilize degenerate oligo primers to amplify cDNA fragment encoding the protein.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 062 Rather than oligonucleotide probes, we used the 98 bp DNA fragment obtained by PCR as a probe to screen the cDNA library.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 063 cDNA library was constructed, using RNA from the MKN45 cells that express A antigens and exhibit strong A transferase activity.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 064 The cDNA library was screened, and several clones were identified.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 065 The Northern hybridization was performed, using RNAs from cells that exhibited different ABO phenotypes.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 066 Strong signal was observed with RNA from MKN45 cells as anticipated.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 067 Signal was also detected with COLO 205 cells that exhibited the O phenotype.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 068 Signal was also detected with cells that exhibited the AB phenotype.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 069 Signal was also detected with cells that exhibited B phenotype.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 070 The nucleotide sequence of one (59-5) of the cDNA clones from the MKN45 library was chosen as the standard and is schematically shown.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 071 This clone was temporarily assumed to represent the A allele.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 072 Two additional cDNA libraries were constructed and screened.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 073 The cDNA clones from SW48 library were separated into 2 groups depending on the differences in the nucleotide sequence.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 074 The cDNA clones, which were more homologous to 59-5, were assumed to represent the A alleles. The cDNA clones from the other group were assumed to represent the B alleles.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 075 The cDNA clones from SW948 library showed the same nucleotide sequence. Compared with the 59-5 clone, these clones contained a single nucleotide deletion, which may abolish the enzyme activity by frameshifting.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 076 Therefore, those cDNA clones from SW948 were assumed to represent the O alleles, which fits well with the non-functionality hypothesis of O alleles.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 077 Two additional cDNA libraries were constructed and screened.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 078 The cDNA clones from COLO 205 all contained the single nucleotide deletion. Additionally, they contained additional nucleotide substitutions.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 079 Because of the single nucleotide deletion, the cDNA clones from COLO 205 were assumed to represent the O alleles.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 080 The cDNA clones from the SW1417 library were divided into 2 groups.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 081 The cDNA clones from one group showed the same sequence as the cDNA clones that were assumed to represent the O allele. The cDNA clones of the other group were identical to the SW48 clones that were assumed to represent the B allele.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 082 Based on the results, these cDNA clones were shown to represent the ABO alleles. Additionally, the genotype of the individual from whom the SW1417 was derived was demonstrated to be BO.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 083 The deduced amino acid sequences are compared among representative A, B, and O alleles.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 084 Due to the single nucleotide deletion, the O allele encodes a truncated protein.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 085 Four amino acid substitutions are observed between the proteins encoded by A and B alleles.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 086 The presence and absence of the O allele-specific single nucleotide deletion result in the cleavage sites of the restriction enzymes, KpnI and BstEII, respectively. Therefore, we performed RFLP and Southern hybridization of genomic DNAs from the cells that were used for the cDNA library constructions. The BstEII digested 2 alleles of MKN45 cells and SW48 cells and 1 allele of SW1417 cells.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 087 On the other hand, both alleles of the SW948 and COLO 205 cells and 1 allele of the SW1417 cells were cleaved with KpnI. Based on those results, it was shown that MKN45 cells and SW48 cells do not possess the single nucleotide deletion. The SW1417 is heterozygous, and SW948 and COLO 205 cells are homozygous of the single nucleotide deletion.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 088 Three of the four locations of amino acid substitutions between A and B alleles also result in RFLP. For example, BssHII and NarI cut A/O alleles and B allele, respectively. We used PCR and RFLP to examine the genomic DNAs from those cells that were used to construct the cDNA libraries.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 089 Another location that discriminates A/O alleles and B allele can also be examined by PCR and RFLP using HpaII and AluI.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 090 In addition to the cells that were used for the cDNA library constructions, it was important to examine whether the same differences existed in blood specimens or not. We performed the RFLP and deduced the ABO genotypes of the 14 blood specimens.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 091 The presence or absence of the O allele-specific single nucleotide deletion was determined by RFLP using KpnI and BstEII and Southern hybridization.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 092 The discrimination between A/O alleles and B allele was done by PCR and RFLP using the combination of BssHII and NarI, and separately the combination of HpaII and AluI.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 093 Possible ABO genotypes were deduced based on the RFLP results.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 094 We compared the blood groups of those specimens with the deduced ABO genotypes, and found no contradictions. This suggested that the allele-specific differences are commonly present.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 095 The Central dogma of biology is that the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA, and then to protein.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 096 In case of the ABO, the final products are not proteins but the oligosaccharide antigens. Therefore, the Central dogma may be modified to "from DNA to RNA, protein, and to oligosaccharide antigen".
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 097 By the cDNA cloning and characterization, we were able to correlate the nucleotide sequences of the A, B, and O alleles with the expression of the A, B, and H antigens.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 098 In other words, we successfully demonstrated the Central Dogma of ABO.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 099 By 1993 we determined the differences in the nucleotide sequences of several ABO alleles.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 100 We found 4 amino acid substitutions that discriminate A and B transferases.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 101 We found the single nucleotide deletion in a majority of O alleles. We also found the O alleles that lack the single nucleotide deletion but contain amino acid substitutions.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 102 We also identified the A2 allele-specific single nucleotide deletion. We also found missense mutations in the A3, Ax, and B3 alleles.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 103 We also identified amino acid substitutions that specified phenomena named cis-AB and B(A).
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 104 The number of ABO alleles characterized has increased drastically during the past decade.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 105 This table prepared by Prof. Blumenfeld shows more than a hundred of alleles.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 106 Only the differences in the nucleotide sequences from the standard A101 allele are shown. The orientation of the gene is from left to right, and the coding sequences are highlighted in gray.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 107 The coding region of the ABO gene is carried on 7 exons.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 108 The A alleles are indicated.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 109 There are several cis-AB and B(A) alleles.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 110 The B alleles are indicated.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 111 The O alleles are indicated.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 112 The four arrows indicate the locations of the four amino acid substitutions that discriminate A and B transferases.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 113 The arrow indicates the location of the single nucleotide deletion present in a majority of O alleles.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 114 In order to show the huge size of the table, the area surrounded by the rectangle ....
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 115 ... was enlarged, and is shown below.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 116 Using the Zoo blot of genomic DNA and hybridization with the human A transferase cDNA probe, we found the presence of homologous sequence in mouse.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 117 And probably in chicken DNA, too.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 118 We also examined genomic DNA from mammalian species.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 119 The results showed the presence of homologous sequences in genomic DNA of all the species examined.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 120 Dog, cat, and rabbit exhibited surprisingly strong signals of hybridization.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 121 We determined the partial nucleotide sequences of the ABO genes from primates.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 122 All the A antigen-expressing animals possessed the conserved leucine and glycine residues at the last 2 of the 4 amino acid substitutions that discriminate human A and B transferases.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 123 On the contrary, the corresponding amino acid residues from the B antigen-expressing animals were methionine and alanine as was the human B transferase.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 124 Based on the nucleotide sequences, a phylogenetic tree of the ABO gene was constructed.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 125 B alleles are shown red in the figure.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 126 Apparently, A to B transition seems to have occurred at three different occasions in this lineage.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 127 We also determined the ABO gene of mice. Mice express A antigens in the gastrointestinal tract in vivo. We found that mice produce an enzyme which can transfer both GalNAc and galactose to synthesize A and B antigens in the in vitro experiments.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 128 We elucidated the molecular genetic basis of the pig AO system. The pig O allele seems to lack most of the coding sequence.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 129 Rats have both A and B genes, but they are not alleles.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 130 Genome DNA sequences have been determined of a variety of species. Many species shown in the figure were demonstrated to possess the ABO gene equivalents.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 131 The phylogenetic tree of the ABO gene was constructed, using the sequence information that was available from the public databases.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 132 The deduced amino acid sequences of the ABO genes surrounding the codons 266 and 268 of the human A and B transferases and corresponding sequences from the other species are shown.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 133 The positions of the codons 266 and 268 of the human A and B transferases are marked with asterisks.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 134 In order to assess the effects of mutations identified in the ABO alleles, we employed the DNA transfection assays.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 135 Firstly, A and B transferase cDNA expression constructs were prepared.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 136 The constructs were transfected to the human cancer cells of uterus, HeLa cells.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 137 The HeLa cells express H antigens on cell surface.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 138 If the constructs encode functional proteins with A and/or B transferase activity, A and/or B antigens will be synthesized.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 139 Those newly synthesized A and/or B antigens will be immunologically detected using the antibodies against A and/or B antigens and the plant lectins that are specific to the terminal sugars.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 140 The results of DNA transfection experiments are shown.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 141 The transfection of the A and B transferase constructs resulted in the appearance of cells expressing A and B antigens, respectively.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 142 When A2 allele or A3 allele-specific mutations were introduced into the original A transferase expression construct, the A antigen expression decreased.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 143 When the O allele-specific single nucleotide deletion or the O allele-specific amino acid substitutions were introduced into the original A transferase expression construct, the A transferase activity was lost.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 144 We constructed 14 A-B transferase chimeras that possess A allele or B allele-specific amino acid residues at the locations of the four amino acid substitutions that discriminate human A and B transferases.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 145 The constructs containing leucine and glycine at the 3rd and 4th positions allowed the expression of only A antigens.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 146 When the constructs contained methionine and alanine at the 3rd and 4th locations allowed the expression of only B antigens.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 147 When the constructs contain leucine and alanine at the 3rd and 4th positions, the specificity depended on the second position. When it is glycine, the constructs showed only A transferase activity.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 148 On the other hand, when the 2nd position is serine, in addition to A transferase activity, the constructs expressed weak B transferase activity also.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 149 When the constructs contain methionine and glycine at the 3rd and 4th positions, they directed the expression of both A and B antigens.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 150 We also constructed the in vitro mutagenesis constructs that contained any one of 20 amino acid residues at codon 268 of the A transferase. The activity and specificity of the constructs were determined by DNA transfection.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 151 The original A transferase possesses glycine residue at codon 268. Only A transferase activity was detected with the construct.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 152 When the glycine was replaced by alanine, weak B transferase appeared, in addition to the strong A transferase activity.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 153 When the glycine was replaced by cysteine or serine, which possess relatively small side groups, the constructs exhibited B transferase activity although A activity diminished.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 154 When the glycine was replaced by asparagine or threonine, the A activity was lost while weak B activity was still present.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 155 The differential activity and specificity by the amino acid substitutions may be explained by assuming the cavity around the codon 268. When codon 268 is glycine, GalNAc fits well to the cavity. Galactose may not be held tight because the cavity is too big to fit in.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 156 The construct with alanine at codon 268 may allow galactose, in addition to GalNAc, to fit in the cavity because alanine is a little bigger than glycine.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 157 The cysteine and serine constructs may also allow the use of both galNAc and galactose although the efficiency drops with GalNAc.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 158 The asparagine and threonine constructs may still allow the use of galactose although it is very inefficient. Those constructs may not transfer GalNAc because the cavity became too small.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 159 Similar experiments were performed using the in vitro mutagenized B transferase constructs at codon 268.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 160 The original B transferase has alanine at codon 268.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 161 When the alanine was replaced by glycine, the protein exhibited not only B transferase activity, but also A transferase activity.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 162 The cysteine and serine substitution constructs exhibited strong B transferase activity.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 163 The B transferase activity was a bit decreased with the leucine, threonine, and valine substitution constructs.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 164 The comparison between the asparagine and glutamine constructs (and the aspartic acid and glutamic acid constructs) suggests the importance of the size of the side group of codon 268. The comparison between the asparagine and aspartic acid constructs (and glutamine and glutamic acid constructs) suggests the importance of the charge of the side group.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 165 The differences in the specificity and activity of the codon 268 amino acid substitution constructs of the human B transferase can also be explained by assuming a cavity around codon 268. With the original alanine, galactose fits well, but GalNAc does not.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 166 The glycine construct has wider space that may accommodate either GalNAc or galactose.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 167 The cysteine and serine constructs still possess strong B transferase activity.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 168 The side groups of asparagine, asparatic acid, glutamine, and glutamic acid are compared.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 169 The three dimensional structures of A and B transferases were determined in 2002.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 170 The amino acid residue at codon 176, the first of the four amino acid substitutions between A and B transferases, is found far from the catalytic domain.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 171 The amino acid residue at codon 235, the second of the four amino acid substitutions between A and B transferases, is found close to the catalytic domain.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 172 And the amino acid residue at codon 266 is located at the center of the catalytic domain.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 173 The amino acid residue at codon 268 is also situated in the center of the catalytic domain.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 174 There is a CpG island around the initiation site(s) of transcription of the ABO gene. The methylation status differs among the cell lines.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 175 There is a reverse correlation between the DNA methylation of the CpG island and the ABO gene expression. When the promoter region is methylated, the gene transcription is suppressed.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 176 There are several different levels of control for the A/B antigen expression.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 177 The transcription of the ABO gene is regulated by cis and trans elements.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 178 There are more than a hundred ABO alleles that have been documented to date.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 179 The nucleotide sequence information of those ABO alleles are deposited in the ABO system portion of the Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 180 The A alleles include A1, A2, A3, Ael, Aint, Am, Aw, and Ax alleles.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 181 There are several cis-AB and B(A) alleles deposited in the database.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 182 The B alleles include B (B1), B3, Bel, Bw, and Bx alleles.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 183 There are many O alleles.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 184 The differences in the sequence may be divided into several different categories. These include missense mutations.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 185 Nonsense mutation due to nucleotide substitution has not been identified.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 186 However, frameshift mutations due to the insertion or deletion have been identified.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 187 The mutations that affect splicing have also been identified.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 188 One mutation was identified to change the initiation codon.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 189 Mutations in the promoter region have been identified. Whether the mutations affect the transcription or not has yet to be determined for most of them.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 190 Combinations of mutations were found in several alleles, suggesting the recombination in the past.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 191 A mutation resulting in the mislocalization (not to the Golgi apparatus but to the cytoplasm) of the protein has been identified.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 192 In addition to A and B transferases, there are additional enzymes with similar specificities.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 193 One of them is the enzyme to synthesis the alpha 1-3 Gal epitope.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 194 This enzyme, alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase, is encoded by the GGTA1 gene. The gene is nonfunctional pseudogene in Homo sapiens. Humans cannot produce the alpha 1-3 Gal epitope, but contains the antibody against the epitope in the serum.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 195 Another enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of iGb3 Cer.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 196 This enzyme, isogloboside 3 synthase, is encoded by A3GALT2 gene.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 197 Another example is the enzyme to synthesize the Forssman antigen.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 198 The Forssman synthetase encoded by GBGT1 gene is responsible for the synthesis.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 199 The phylogenetic tree of the ABO and other alpha 1,3 galactose (GalNAc) transferase genes was constructed, using the sequence information from the databases. It was demonstrated that the genes encoding these enzymes are evolutionarily related.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 200 In addition to the ABO, GGTA1, A3GALT2, GBGT1 families of genes, another group of genes were identified to possess sequence homology, and they were named as GLT6D1 genes.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 201 The amino acid sequence surrounding codons 266 and 268 of the human ABO gene and corresponding sequences from the related genes from a variety of species were aligned and are shown in the figure.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 202 The ABO gene portion was enlarged, and is shown with the asterisks at codon s 266 and 268 of the human ABO gene.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 203 The GLT6D1 gene portion was enlarged. No glycosyltransferase activity has been confirmed of this family of genes.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 204 The histidine and alanine residues are well conserved in the GGTA1 genes among different species.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 205 The histidine and alanine residues are also conserved in the A3GALT2 genes.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 206 The GBGT1 genes encode the Forssman synthetases to transfer GalNAc. The corresponding amino acid residues are glycine and alanine, rather than histidine and alanine in the GGTA1 and A3GALT2 genes that encode enzymes with galactose specificity.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 207 In addition to the alpha 1, 3 GalNAc (galactose) transferases such as A and B transferases, there are more than a hundred genes encoding glycosyltransferases with different specificities.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 208 Glycosyltransferases are categorized, depending on the sugar the enzymes transfer.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 209 In this table, B transferase is indicated by an arrow.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 210 We developed the Systematic Multiplex RT-PCR (SM RT-PCR) method to analyze the expression of multiple genes.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 211 Using the method, we examined the gene expression of dozens of glycosyltransferases. These included sialyltransferases, fucosyltransferases, galactosyltransferases, GalNAc transferases, glucosyltransferases, and GlcNAc transferases.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 212 We examined the gene expression in a variety of human tissues.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 213 The tissue expression of the A/B transferases is indicated by an arrow.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 214 Based on the SM RT-PCR results, the tissues were sorted by the glycosyltransferase gene expression, using the hierarchical clustering method.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 215 The A/B transferase genes are indicated by an asterisk.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 216 Anatomically related tissues of colon and rectum exhibited similar expression patterns and were clustered.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 217 Penis and vulva were also clustered because of similar glycosyltransferase gene expression.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 218 Brain cerebrum and cerebellum also showed similarity in glycosyltransferase expression.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 219 In summary, we cloned the human ABO genes and elucidated the molecular genetic basis of the blood group ABO system. We also demonstrated the Central Dogma of ABO.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 220 We also characterized mutations in the human ABO alleles.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 221 We showed that the ABO genes are present in a variety of organisms, and studied the evolution of the ABO genes.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 222 We studied the structural basis of the human A and B transferases and characterized mutations that affect the activity and specificity of the enzymes.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 223 We cloned the genomic DNA of the human ABO gene and defined the promoter region.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 224 We determined the expression of several dozens of glycosyltransferase genes in various human tissues.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 225 Functionality of the ABO and related genes remains to be elucidated.
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 226 This lists the collaborators of my research on ABO.
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