Amer Aziz AL-Zubaidi عامر عزيز الزبيدي, BS, MS, ABD (All But Dissertation for PhD)Scientific Researcher  باحث علمي

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جميع المواد للقراءة أو توزيعها من خلال البريد الإلكتروني ، ولكن إذا كنت ترغب في طباعتها ، الرجاء إرسال البريد الإلكتروني وسوف تحصل عليها كمرفقات .

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The Atom refers to basic building block of matter. It is related to the physical atom that is constructed of two types of elementary particles: electron (s) and quark (s). Quarks are comprised of protons and neutrons, except for the simplest atom of hydrogen. This atom’s nucleus consists only of a single proton surrounded by a single electron. The nucleus is held together by the strong nuclear force and it counteracts the tendency of the positively-charged protons to repel each other, as well as holds together the quarks that make up the protons and neutrons. The planets orbit around the sun. The moon orbits the earth similar to the electron(s) revolving about the nucleus of the atom, without crashing into the nucleus. It is impossible to see the atom by the human eye. The understanding of the structure of the atom from nuclear fission and fusion in particle accelerators or the nuclear reactors, has led to the development of many great contributions in various fields of science and has practical applications in medicine and industry and in developing new technologies. To understanding the structure of the atom, please click  here. 

Neutrons interact with matter through processes and these processes have high cross sections for low energy neutrons, please click here. The nuclear reactor has become a source of high neutron flux and thus is a powerful tool in the study of crystal structure. The wave length of thermalized neutrons has the same order of magnitude as that of the interatomic spacing of crystals. For coherent scattering, the Bragg equation applies. Since thermal neutrons are nonrelativistic and thus the velocity of thermal neutrons depends only on the neutron temperature,which for a Maxwell- Boltzmann distribution and that the interatomic spacing of crystals depends on the temperature only and at room temperature (20°C) the neutron wave length is  ~ 1.8 A correspondingto an energy of 0.025 eV, please click here.

Simply, force is push or pull. In nature, there are four forces: 1. the gravitational, 2. the electromagnetic, 3. the weak interaction and 4. the strong interaction. Frictional force is not included because it arises as a reaction to other applied forces. Similarly, the centripetal force is not included because it causes an object to move in a circle. The gravitational force attracts pairs of objects and tends to pull them toward one another in the Universe. This force is always attractive. In the context of electromagnetic forces charged particles electrically interact with each other as well as with magnetic fields. This interaction between the charged particles can be result in force of attraction or repulsion, which holds the atoms together as well as result in the emission and absorption of light and electromagnetic radiation. The weak interaction nuclear force causes the radioactive decay of particular atomic nuclei. The strong interaction nuclear force binds the protons and neutrons together that comprise an atomic nucleus and prevents the mutual repulsion between positively charged protons from causing them to fly apart. This force holds the nucleus together and must be extremely strong, but our understanding of the force and structure within the nucleus is still incomplete. The four forces are distinct from one another and have very different strengths. Scientists are working to unify these forces. They are trying to induce weak and electromagnetic forces to lose their separate identities at very high energies and merge into a single electro-weak force. Also, the strong and electro-weak forces behave as a single unified force. The law of motion always occurs in force pairs, “For every action (force) there is an equal and opposite reaction (force).” Scientists common theory believe that a embraces all four forces, but have not yet resolved this issue; this concept requires the theory of everything (TOE) to unify the four forces. To understanding the nature of force, please click here.

The benefits of the peaceful use of radioactive materials and  how to make it possible to enjoy the benefits in many applications such as sciences, agriculture, medicine, research, commercial, and industrial activities. It is important to emphasize the need to minimize the radiation exposure. It is accepted by scientists’ community that exposure to radiation can cause damage to, or destruction of, the cell of living tissues, and no matter how small, it involves some risk. The effectiveness of shield materials are used to either deflect or absorb radiations emitted from sources to provide protection from radiation. In addition, shielding efficiency against radiation is essential. It eliminate most of the background and prevent harm to the workers and people to kept out the radioactive materials of the environment in closed handling facilities such as radioactive isotopes, or operated within closed systems with multiple barriers such as in accelerators and nuclear reactors. The main objectives of any facility is to make the maximum possible benefits from the use of the nuclear sources for its peaceful use and to minimize the radiation exposure received by the workers and public, according to the guideline of the Nuclear Regulatory: ‘the less radiation the better’.  Please click here. To view, Briefing Paper on the construction and operation of the proposed uranium enrichment center, please click here.

The sensitivity, especially to ionizing radiation’s exposure was noted in surviving victims, as well as workers, researchers, and students involved in related studies. Their irradiation without their knowledge or consent, and even denial and termination from their jobs or studies is inexcusable. Humanity should formulate laws, instructions, guidance, regulations, and standards contain the potential harmful risks and effects of radiation in order to protect all people and the environment. There are many well-known ways for the peaceful use of radiation, and these should be conducted with caution to avoid unknown harm to humans. Those who are genuinely interested in global peace  should continue to find new, peaceful, beneficial, and safe ways of using radiation, to improve lives worldwide, and should work to establish policies dealing with human exposure to radiation that result in harm to them. To minimize the radiation exposure.  To view, Princeton Community Hospital-Evaluation Report, please click here.

It would be beneficial to the personnel, not to experience the past. The personnel should get involved in educational workshops and seminars, both local and international, related to their field of work. They could maintain growth in scientific and technical knowledge related to the radiation safety and environmental concerns. It is better to play it safe. In addition, radioactive materials, instruments with high standards and better quality, following procedures and guidelines of the Rules and Regulatory provided by the State and Federal agencies, will improve and make unique capabilities at the present facility. These investments will benefit the hospital and the community, please click here.

The universe is comprised of matter and anti-matter, and is composed of galaxies. The most important of these galaxies ‘Milky Way, which contains the earth. Most of the universe is in the plasma state, the fourth state of matter in which the atoms and molecules are almost completely ionized in the interior, and also produce electric and magnetic fields. The stars in the galaxies are celestial bodies existing in the state of high temperatures, and release electromagnetic radiation, especially light, as a result of massive nuclear reactions. Each of these untold billions of the stars, planets, and moons act on, and react to, each other, no matter where and how distant they are from each other, by the law of gravity, which permeates the whole universe, and through light and heat. The established system continues without any impediment according to an established law and it is an all‑pervasive never-stopping system.The solar system consists of the Sun which is a star, and the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, and the new discovered, Sedna. The whole solar system, together with the local stars, is called the Milky Way. The inner solar system contains the Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, and the outer planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, and Sedna. The orbits of the planets are elliptical in general with the Sun at one focus, although the orbits of all except Mercury and Pluto are very nearly circular.The earth is the third planet in the solar system in terms of the distance from the sun, which revolves around the sun in an orbit. It is the fifth largest planet and is the densest major body in the solar system and the only celestial body known to carry life at the present time. The Earth is nearly-spherical, being slightly oblong. Human beings are earthly creatures, they live on it, and after their death return to it. Their existence and life depends on the whole universe in a unified and inter‑related way. The heavenly bodies with the light and heat they generate, the earth with its alternating days and nights, the winds, the clouds and the rains, the beneficial goods the earth produces that are transported by wind and water from region to region, are all things that are required for the physical needs and existence of humans and their continuation of life. Mankind does not know how many systems like the solar system have completed their terms, and how many are in the process of development, and how many will come into being in the future. To read more, please click here.

Stars are extremely luminous. They are composed of hot gases in which the atoms and molecules are almost completely ionized in the interior. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun. The stars are at enormous distances from Earth, and although many times larger and brighter than the sun, can only seen dimly in the night sky from earth. To read more, please click here.

Fusion is a reaction in which the lighter nuclei join together or fuse to make a larger nucleus while releasing energy. In this process some, of the mass of the hydrogen is converted into energy. This reaction is similar to that by which the Universe was formed from a gaseous mass. Hydrogen atoms, deuterium and tritium, combined to make a helium atom plus an extra particle such as the neutron. To read more, please click here.

There are mysteries that no human beings know about and if the whole Universe should work for their own personal interest and that too for the temporary gain. Sometimes the difficulties that we face today turn to our benefit tomorrow, especially for all succeeding generations. But we do not feel satisfied unless they give us fruitful result only today. Scientists have examined the evolution of the universe, and have studies objects in the universe, trying to explain the most mysterious such as the Big Bang Theory. Scientists suggest that with at the beginning of the universe the temperature was very high. Then, the density and the temperature of the Universe could drop as it expanded. At some point after the Big Bang, the temperature dropped to a point where ionization could no longer take place. The number of free particles drops by a large fraction. And suddenly the photons were free to travel without collisions. More studies of this phenomenon, led to the cause of the domination of matter over anti-matter in the present day universe. Despite the remarkable progress made in this area, the missing information such as the mass, energy, etc. of these particles still remains unsolved. It is important to understand that to conduct further research to this area. Physicists describe by the quantum theory the unitary nature of the universe, simply by the behavior of the spin of pair of particles. Nuclear physicists are seeking for an answer to the nuclear force with little success. The weaknesses and limitations of human beings are too self-evident and they have limited knowledge. It is rare that something untested remains accepted.

May justice and equity be accepted, so mankinds never suffer again?

Scientists must perform experiments, and then fit it with theories. This is basic in any field for otherwise, it would be like

Putting the Cart before the Horse . نضع العربة قبل الحصان

Governments and schools control scientific research, but many assert that politics and religion, should not interfere with scientific discoveries that can lead to a wealth of practical and technological breakthrough that can benefit all mankind. Violence and the use of harmful materials against humanity, particularly in the misuse of nuclear and chemical weapons, coupled with the misuse of science and technology for evil or self-desires, should be strictly prohibited and prevented. These technologies are gifts of the Almighty Lord that are meant to be used for peaceful purposes that benefit mankind, and nations and authorities should formulate laws, instructions, guidelines, regulations, and standards to mitigate the potentially harmful risks and effects of misusing these gifts, in order to protect all people and the environment. The world would be wonderful if such beneficial resources and know-how were used wisely to bear peaceful fruits and to yield results that improve the life of mankind, and to establish a blessed system of life. To read more, please click here.

 Those among humankind who invest the social life with peace, harmony, love, care, kind and pursue justice, equality, and knowledge are praiseworthy. Blameworthy are those who commit injustice with arrogance, who take innocent lives and destroy resources and they have deviated from the Divine law and humility, for their thoughts and actions are of evil and transgression.

If we could raise a generation without distortion, corruption, prejudice, discrimination, harassment, hatred, and harm we could solve almost all the problems on earth.

Peace On Earth - Good Will To All.