Embedded Files
Part 1: Video Notes
Directions: Watch the "Pantheon of Rome" and "How Seawater Strengthens Roman Concrete" videos to help you answer the questions on your worksheet. Add more facts from the class discussion to the right.
Part 2: Reading
Directions: Read "How Roman Concrete Outlasts Our Own" and study the infographic to help you answer the questions on your worksheet.
How Roman Concrete Outlasts Our Own
Why are millennia-old ancient Roman piers still standing strong as veritable concrete islands, while modern concrete structures built only decades ago crumble from an onslaught of wind and waves? The answer lies in an until-now undocumented Roman recipe.
Researchers at the University of Utah discovered that as seawater filters through piers and breakwaters made of age-old Roman concrete, the structures actually become increasingly stronger because of the growth of interlocking minerals — including some minerals that are rare or expensive to cultivate in lab settings.
The study, published in the journal American Mineralogist, found that as seawater percolates through the concrete in the piers and breakwaters, it dissolves parts of the volcanic ash that was used in construction. This allows new minerals like Al-tobermorite and phillipsite to grow from the leached fluids. These minerals, similar in shape to the crystals in volcanic rocks, then formed interlocking plates in gaps within the ancient concrete, making the concrete stronger over time.
Microscopic image of the lumpy calcium-aluminum-silicate-hydrate (C-A-S-H) binder material that forms when volcanic ash, lime and seawater mix
This is pretty much the opposite of what happens to modern concrete structures, which are worn down by the elements and become increasingly cracked and brittle as pores and gaps are compromised by infiltrating seawater.
So why aren't we using Roman-style concrete? For one, we don't know the recipe. We may think we're at the height of human knowledge, but the ancients did possess precious knowledge that has been lost to time.
Although University of Utah geologist and lead study author Marie Jackson has pored through ancient Roman texts, she hasn't yet discovered a precise method for mixing the marine mortar. "The recipe was completely lost," said Jackson, who is working with geological engineers to recreate the right mix.
There's also a load-bearing issue. "Ancient" is the key word in these Roman structures, which took a long, long time to develop their strength from seawater. Young cement built using a Roman recipe would probably not have the compressive strength to handle modern use — at least not initially.
But that doesn't mean concocting a concrete mix using Roman engineering savvy wouldn't be useful. The concrete could potentially be used to replace other corrodible building materials — like steel and modern concrete — in newly constructed tidal lagoons, for instance, and other sea or sea-adjacent structures.
The chunks of volcanic tuff and brick bound together by a volcanic ash-lime mortar that make up Roman Concrete
Adapted from the December 2021 Laurie L. Dove article, We Finally Know Why Ancient Roman Concrete Outlasts Our Own.
The Pantheon in Rome, built 2,000 years ago out of Roman concrete, features the largest unsupported dome in the world.
Infographic: Roman Engineering Achievements
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