Scientists describe how magma and water shaped the Columbia River Gorge

(JANUARY 4, 2024) Researchers from the University of Oregon recently shared new information about the geological history of the Columbia River Gorge. This wide river canyon is located on the Oregon-Washington border. It has rugged cliffs and stunning waterfalls. The scientists explained how magma and water played significant roles in shaping these features.

According to the study published in Science Advances, magma, which is molten rock beneath the Earth's surface, and water acted like opposing forces in shaping the gorge. The long-term rising of magma bent the river channel and formed cliffs, while water carved a deep channel between them.

Leif Karlstrom is a geologist. He said that volcanic systems are more than just the visible volcanoes. There is a large network of magma that moves underground. Lead researcher Nate Klema pointed out that the Columbia River is unique. It cuts through volcanic rock that is part of the Cascades mountain range. The river has been flowing for millions of years. However, approximately 3.5 million years ago, volcanic flows changed its course. That is what created the famous gorge.

The researchers used various data to track magma movements. They identified a "strain marker" as evidence for magma uplift. Heat measurements and seismic wave-based maps supported the presence of magma beneath the gorge.

The study also showed ongoing magma effects in the region. Despite the absence of visible volcanoes, a molten magma pool beneath the gorge has been pushed to the sides as the crust bends. Klema suggested that this suggests there will be future volcanic activity and additional layers forming in the area. Overall, the research provides insights into the dynamic geological processes that shape the Columbia River Gorge.