Attending class is the best way to learn.  However, if you need to miss a class, below are links to my pre-recorded lectures.  These were used during remote learning in a previous semester, so they may not exactly sync with our current semester.

Chapter 1 Cosmology and the Birth of Earth Lecture 1 Lecture 2 Lecture 3

So what are the big takeaways from Chapter 1?  You should know the arrangement of objects in our solar system (Sun, planets, moons, asteroids and comets, etc.); the theory of the origin of the solar system from an interstellar cloud; and have an understanding that collisions of planetesimals will lead to a molten, early Earth.  In later chapters we will find it is from this molten state that we developed into a layered interior planet and we will explore how this produces plate tectonics.

Chapter 2 Journey to the Center of the Earth Lecture 1 Lecture 2 Apollo 15 Mission

We talk about the Earth's place in the solar system and the size, shape, and overall composition of the Earth.  We continue with a discussion of Earth's interior and the formation of our Moon.  (Hopefully, you notice how we revisit topics from previous chapters as we progress through the material, so there is not quite as much to memorize as it may seem.)  We talk about the Earth's interior and provide some contrast with the Moon.

Chapter 3 Drifting Continents and Spreading Seas Lecture 1 Lecture 2 (End of Ch 3 & Start of Ch 4)

We talk about the motions at the Earth's surface and explore the development of first the Theory of Continental Drift and how that led to the Theory of Seafloor Spreading.  We pay particular attention to evidence of these motions and geomagnetism.  At the end of the first lecture I provide additional information about how we study the sea floor, which we will continue in the second lecture.  We talk about studying the sea floor, sea floor sediment, opportunities for research with NOAA, and begin Chapter 4 by talking about buoyancy and plates.

Chapter 4 The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics Lecture 2

We talk about studying the lithosphere and asthenosphere; plates and plate boundaries; margins; rifting, subduction, and transform boundaries; and discuss the primary driving forces of surface motions. 

Chapter 5 Patterns in Nature: Minerals Lecture 1 Lecture 2

Chapter 6 Up From the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks Lecture 1 Lecture 2

Chapter 7 Pages of the Earth's Past: Sedimentary Rocks Lecture 1 Lecture 2

Chapter 9 The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions Lecture 1 Lecture 2

Chapter 12 Deep Time: How Old is Old Lecture 1 Lecture 2

Chapter 17 Streams and Floods: The Geology of Running Water Lecture 1 Lecture 2

Chapter 18 Restless Realm: Oceans and Currents Lecture 1 Lecture 2

Chapter 22 Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages Lecture 1 Lecture 2

Chapter 23 Global Change in the Earth's System Lecture 1 Lecture 2

Attending class is the best way to learn.  However, if you need to miss a class, below are my pre-recorded lectures along with instructions for what you should learn from each lecture.  These were used during remote learning in a previous semester, so they may not exactly sync with our current semester.

Chapter 1 Introduction and Vectors

Lecture

(Lecture recording quality improves after chapter 1.)  In it, I discuss units of measurement, scientific notation significant figures, vectors vs. scalars, and I show two short films to help with your understanding.  There was a minor technical issue with the videos I wanted to show; I had to edit the lecture and both films play at the end of the lecture instead.

IMPORTANT NOTE: I made a mistake in the lecture.  At about 1:34:17 I drew the vector B.  I correctly told you the x-component and y-component.  But then when I drew the vector I swapped which was the x-component and which was the y-component.  This mistake also affected how I calculated the angle of the vector.  But my calculation of magnitude for that vector is correct.  Sorry for the mistake.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  represent a number in scientific notation; convert units of measurement; determine the number of significant figures a number has; determine the number of significant figures an answer should have after addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division; understand the difference between a vector and a scalar; understand what the components of a vector are; understand what the unit vectors i, j, and k are; determine magnitude and angle of a vector given its components, and vice versa.  I will begin the next lecture with additional discussion of vectors before moving on to Chapter 2.

Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension

Lecture

My pre-recorded lecture is available for Chapter 2: Motion in One Dimension.

In this lecture, I discuss position, velocity and acceleration and kinematic formulas.  Once I talk about free fall I show a brief clip from the Apollo 15 mission to demonstrate falling objects in gravity fields.

IMPORTANT NOTE: There is an error in the lecture.  At 4:03 I state that B = 5i + 4j, but of course I meant to write B = 5i + 9j.  Sorry for these occasional errors.  During in person instruction a student will usually catch something like that, but it got past me here.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  define position, displacement, the difference between speed and velocity, acceleration, average versus instantaneous quantities; use kinematic formulas to solve for a particular quantity given several other quantities.  I will begin the next lecture with additional discussion of kinematics before moving on to Chapter 3.

Chapter 3 Motion in Two Dimensions

Lecture

In this lecture, I discuss position, velocity and acceleration and kinematic formulas in two dimensions using vector notation; projectile motion including range and maximum height formulas; centripetal, radial, and tangential accelerations; and frames of reference, including Newtonian frames of reference.  Once I start to talk about projectiles I show a brief clip from a documentary series to demonstrate cannons and trajectories.

IMPORTANT NOTE: Sigh... yet another error.  In this lecture at 1:08:50 I am summarizing the equations of projectile motion.  In the max height formula I forgot to square vi.  I only made the mistake here where I was listing a summary of the equations.  Earlier, when I derived it (say, for example at 1:03:30), the formula is correct.  I do apologize for these minor typos.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  define position, displacement, the difference between speed and velocity, acceleration, average versus instantaneous quantities; use kinematic formulas to solve for a particular quantity given several other quantities and do these things in two and three dimensions; apply the kinematic formulas to projectile motion finding quantities like position, velocity components, maximum height, and range.  You should be able to conceptually define centripetal, radial, and tangential acceleration, though we have not applied that to problems yet.  Frames of reference were also discussed and that will set us up for discussions in Chapter 4.

Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion

Lecture

In this lecture, I discuss forces, acceleration, free body diagrams, breaking vectors up into components, and applying Newton's laws of motion.  We will continue with these same ideas in the next chapter, where we will introduce resistive forces like friction and air resistance.  In doing so, we will revisit the inclined plane problem as well as other ideas from this chapter.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  know the difference between mass and weight; recognize the normal force, weight/gravity, tension, and applied forces; be able to draw free body diagrams for problems; choose the best directions for coordinate axes to solve problems; break up forces into components along those axes; pay particular attention to the inclined plane problem because that, more than other problems in this chapter, brings together all of these ideas.

Chapter 5 More Applications of Newton's Laws

Lecture

In this lecture, we continued to discuss applying Newton's laws of motion.  Here, we will introduce resistive forces like friction and air resistance and we discuss the centripetal force.  As you can see, Chapters 4 and 5 are mostly about defining forces and solving the F=ma equations.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  continue applying F=ma to solve problems that now include more realistic models of resistive forces like friction and air resistance.

Chapter 6 Energy of a System

Lecture

In this lecture, we introduced the concept of energy; dot (scalar) product; work for a constant force; work for a varying force; the work-kinetic energy theorem; springs and Hooke's law for the force of a spring; the work done by a spring vs the work done by an external force acting against the spring; potential energy; gravitational potential energy.  This will, of course, seem like a lot.  However, all of these ideas are pieces of a general formula for energy that allows us to solve for the motion of a problem.  In Chapter 7 it should start to seem a little more manageable.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  calculate the work done by a constant applied force; calculate the work done by a varying applied force; given how work varies with coordinate, calculate the components of the force; calculate kinetic energy; apply the work-kinetic energy theorem; calculate the work and force of a spring; calculate the gravitational potential energy.

Chapter 7 Conservation of Energy

Lecture

This pre-recorded lecture finishes up Chapter 6 and covers Chapter 7: Conservation of Energy.  In this lecture, I present to you the big energy equation.  ΔK+ΔU=Workadded−friction×distanceΔK+ΔU=Workadded−friction×distance  Energy problems will involve calculating the change in potential energy of a spring, the change in potential energy of a mass in a gravity field, and/or the kinetic energy of a mass and relating that to the energy you supply by work (if you are doing work) and the energy dissipated by friction (if any friction is present).

Note:  There is a small mistake at about 1:24:00.  I wrote ffric=−μk×n×dffric=−μk×n×d but, of course, I meant to write Wfric=−μk×n×dWfric=−μk×n×d.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to: calculate the change in potential energy of a spring, the change in potential energy of a mass in a gravity field, and/or the kinetic energy of a mass and relating that to the energy you supply by work (if you are doing work) and the energy dissipated by friction (if any friction is present).

Chapter 8 Momentum and Collisions

Lecture 1

In this lecture I introduce the concepts of momentum and impulse and discuss interactions of nonisolated systems like a tennis racquet hitting a tennis ball and isolated systems like colliding train cars and hockey pucks.

Lecture 2

I had to conclude Chapter 8 (Center of Mass) in a second recording.  In this lecture I show you how to calculate the center of mass for a collection of point masses and for a continuous distribution of mass.

At the end of the Pt 1 lecture you should be able to: calculate the momentum of a mass; calculate the impulse delivered to a mass in a nonisolated system; apply the idea of conservation of momentum to analyze collisions; recognize the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions and how that relates to kinetic energy; recognize what perfectly inelastic collisions are; and analyze both one and two dimensional collisions.  At the end of the Pt 2 lecture you should be able to: calculate the center of mass of a collection of point masses; calculate the center of mass of a 1 dimensional object of distributed mass.

Chapter 9 Relativity (Pre-recorded lecture not available)

Chapter 10 Rotational Motion

Lecture 1

In this lecture I show you how to calculate angular displacement, angular velocity, and angular acceleration; show how the kinematic equations for rotational motion are direct analogs of something you have already seen for translational motion in Chapter 2; and start to relate rotational quantities to translational quantities.

IMPORTANT: In the Chapter 10 lecture there is a small but important error where I am summarizing the equations.  It should be theta_f - theta_i = (wi)t + (1/2)alpha*t^2.  I seem to have left a factor of t out of both terms on the right side of the equation.  Please note the mistake.

Lecture 2

In this lecture we continue to show how there is a rotational version of all of the dynamic quantities we have been discussing.  I begin with a discussion of cross product and right hand rules; this is important here and will be very important next semester when you learn the principles of magnetism.  In this lecture you also see torque is the rotational version of force; moment of inertia is the rotational version of mass; there is a rotational version of kinetic energy and the work-kinetic energy theorem; there is a rotational version of Newton's second law and equilibrium means that forces AND torques are in balance; and angular momentum is the rotational version of momentum.

IMPORTANT: There is a small error in the lecture: at 1:56:21 I should have put a subscript i on the mass in the sum.  It should be obvious in context, though.

At the end of these lectures you should be able to: calculate angular displacement, angular velocity, and angular acceleration using kinematic relations; and relate angular velocity and angular acceleration to translational velocity and acceleration; calculate the cross product of two vectors; realize cross product should not be used to calculate an angle between vectors; use the right hand rule; calculate the torque of an applied force; calculate the moment of inertia of a collection of point masses or look up the moment of inertia from a table when given the dimensions of an object; calculate total force and total torque in an equilibrium problem; use the conservation of angular momentum; calculate rotational kinetic energy and apply the rotational version of the work kinetic energy theorem.

Chapter 11 Gravity, Planetary Orbits, and the Hydrogen Atom

Lecture

Note that this pre-recording only covers Sections 11.1 - 11.4.  In this lecture I discuss gravity and the force law for the Universal Law of Gravitation; how much you would weigh on other worlds; Kepler's Laws of gravitational orbits; potential energy in a gravity field; and escape velocity.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to: calculate the gravitational force on a point mass due to a collection of other point masses; construct the unit vector for use with the universal law of gravitation; apply Kepler's 3rd law to relate orbital velocity or period and semimajor axis to the mass of the object at the center of an orbit; calculate your weight and/or the acceleration due to gravity on other worlds; and calculate the escape velocity for a world.

Chapter 12 Oscillatory Motion

Lecture

Note that I do not have a pre-recording that covers 12.5 The Physical Pendulum.  In this lecture I discuss the oscillations of a mass on a spring and of the simple pendulum.

IMPORTANT: In the lecture for chapter 12 at the 30:28 mark I write E = 1/2 kA^2 and then, with k=m*(omega^2) the energy equation should be E = 1/2 m*(omega^2)*A^2.  So, A should still be squared.  Unfortunately, when I wrote it on the next line I was so focused on converting k to m*(omega^2) that I left off the squaring of A.  Hopefully, it is clear in context.  Sorry, again for the confusion.  Again.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to: calculate the position, velocity, acceleration, time, period, frequency, and angular frequency of the undamped spring and the simple pendulum; given the damping of a spring determine whether it is underdamped, critically damped, or overdamped; understand the frequency of forced oscillation will be the frequency of the driver of that oscillation; and explain how Equation 12.33 illustrates the idea of resonance.

Chapter 13 Mechanical Waves

Lecture

At the end of this lecture you should be able to: determine if a function describes a travelling wave; calculate the speed of a wave in a string under tension; determine if a string wave reflected from a boundary will be upright or inverted; relate the speed of sound in air to the temperature of the air; calculate the Doppler Shift of frequency for a moving source and/or observer; relate wave speed, frequency, wavelength, angular frequency, wave number, and period.

Chapter 14 Superposition and Standing Waves (Pre-recorded lecture not available)

Chapter 15 Fluid Mechanics

Lecture

At the end of this lecture you should be able to: relate pressure, force, and area; convert between Pascals, atmospheres, and mm Hg for units of pressure; use the formula for variation of pressure with depth; and use the principle of displacement to determine how an object will float on the surface of a fluid.

Chapter 16 Temperature and the Kinetic Theory of Gases

Lecture

I wasn't able to finish all of Chapter 16 in this first recording; in the next lecture recording we will finish with the Kinetic Theory of Gases relating temperature to the average kinetic energy of the molecules and then move on to Chapter 17.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to: convert between temperature scales, calculate thermal expansion of substances, and make use of the ideal gas law.

Chapter 17 Energy in Thermal Processes: The First Law of Thermodynamics

Lecture 1

Lecture 2

In the first lecture I complete the end of Chapter 16's discussion of the Kinetic Theory of Gases, relating temperature to the average kinetic energy of the molecules.  At the end of the second lecture I briefly discuss the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

At the end of these lectures you should be able to: relate temperature to the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a gas; relate heat transfer to temperature change (specific heat); relate heat transfer to phase change (latent heat); apply the first law to adiabatic, isothermal, isovolumetric (isochoric), isobaric, and free expansion processes; use the equations of molar specific heat; relate pressure and volume, or pressure and temperature, or volume and temperature before and after an adiabatic processes has taken place.

Chapter 18 Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics (Pre-recorded lecture not available)

Attending class is the best way to learn.  However, if you need to miss a class, below are my pre-recorded lectures along with instructions for what you should learn from each lecture.  These were used during remote learning in a previous semester, so they may not exactly sync with our current semester.

Chapter 19: Electric Forces and Electric Fields

Lecture 1

My lecture is available for Chapter 19: Electric Forces and Electric Fields (Part 1).  In it, I discuss charge, units of charge, like charges attract and opposites repel, the Coulomb Force law, and how to construct the unit vector.  I conclude with an introduction to the electric field of a point particle, but we will get more into that in our next lecture.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  calculate the magnitude of the force between charges, calculate the force in full vector notation, construct the unit vector, and realize that the smallest increment of charge is +/- 1.60 x 10^-19 C (the charge of a proton or electron).

I will begin the next lecture continuing on with electric fields.

Lecture 2

My lecture is available for Chapter 19: Electric Forces and Electric Fields (Part 2).  In it, I discuss how to calculate the electric field of a point charge, the electric field of a dipole and of a collection of charges, symmetry arguments, the electric field of a line of charge, electric flux and field lines, and Gauss's Law.  Gauss's Law is only applied to certain symmetries: the solid sphere, the spherical shell, the infinite plane, and the infinite cylinder.  In this lecture I was able to cover the solid sphere.  In the next lecture I will cover the spherical shell and the infinite plane;  we will NOT apply Gauss's law to the infinite cylinder.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  calculate the electric field of a point charge and a collection of point charges; make symmetry arguments; calculate the electric field due to a line of charge for a field point on either the x or y axis; draw field lines; calculate the electric flux of a collection of charges; and use Gauss's Law for flux to calculate the electric field of a solid sphere.

Chapter 20: Electrical Potential and Capacitance

Lecture 1

My lecture is available for Chapter 20: Electrical Potential and Capacitance (Pt 1).  I begin by concluding Gauss's Law from Chapter 19 for the spherical shell and the infinite plane.  Then I introduce electric potential (voltage); relate potential to energy and to the electric field; explain the direction of electric field lines is toward decreasing potential; calculate the potential of a point charge and for a collection of point charges, such as the dipole; relate changes in voltage to the components of the electric field; calculate the potential due to a distribution of charge; and define a conductor in terms of charge, electric field, and potential.  In the next lecture I will conclude Chapter 20 with a discussion of capacitors and we will begin discussing electric circuits.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  follow the derivation using Gauss's Law to find the electric field of a spherical shell and an infinite plane; calculate the potential difference between two points in an electric field; calculate the potential of a point charge and a collection of point charges; calculate the components of the electric field given how potential varies with coordinate; understand electric field lines point positive to negative, which is the same as saying electric field lines point from high potential to low potential; calculate the potential of a one dimensional distribution of charge.

I continue Chapter 20 in the next lecture.

In this lecture I neglected to mention that there is another unit of measurement for energy, the electron volt (eV).

Consider that you have an electron that you want to move from one location to another and there is a potential difference of 1 volt between those two points.  The work you would have to do is W = q x Voltage = (-1.60 x 10^ -19 C) x (1 V) = - 1.60 x 10^-19 Joules

Alternatively, I could just say q = e and Voltage = 1 volt, so that

W = e x (1 V) = 1 eV

So that 1 eV = 1.60 x 10^-19 J

So, you will note that 1 eV is a unit of energy that equals a certain number of Joules of energy.  And the number of Joules just happens to be the same number as the charge in Coulombs of the electron or proton.  That is because in order to define it we have used the motion of an electron.  This makes it an easier conversion factor to consider.  We won't make much use of electron-volts for energy until later in the semester.  For example, energies in atomic states are so small that the electron volt is more convenient than the Joule as a unit of energy.

Lecture 2

My lecture is available for Chapter 20: Electrical Potential and Capacitance (Pt 2).  In it, I discuss capacitors, series and parallel combinations of capacitors, energy stored in a capacitor and (more generally) in an electric field, and various types of capacitors.  I also provide a review/overview of many of the formulas we've encountered so far.  Additionally, I provide a video clip from the PBS Crash Course Physics series discussing capacitors and defibrillators before I conclude the lecture.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  calculate the relationship between charge, voltage, and capacitance C=Q/V; calculate the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor; calculate the equivalent capacitance replacing a series, a parallel, or a series-parallel arrangement of capacitors; calculate the charge or voltage across a capacitor that is part of a combination of capacitors connected to a battery; and calculate the energy stored on a capacitor.

Chapter 21: Current and Direct Current Circuits

Lecture 1

My lecture is available for Chapter 21: Current and Direct Current Circuits (Pt 1).  In it, I discuss current, resistance, resistivity, and conductivity; relate current and resistance to microscopic behavior; power; emf and batteries; and series/parallel combinations of resistors.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  relate current to drift velocity; calculate the resistance of a resistor given its dimensions and material; use Ohm's Law V=IR; use the power formulas P=IV, P=(I^2R), and P=(V^2)/R; understand the difference between the emf and the terminal voltages of a battery; and apply series and parallel formulas to combine resistors.  Given a series-parallel combination in connection to a battery, you should also be able to determine the current, voltage drop, and power dissipated at that resistor.

Lecture 2

My lecture is available for Chapter 21: Current and Direct Current Circuits (Pt 2).  In it, I discuss Kirchhoff's Laws and RC circuits.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  apply Kirchhoff's circuit rules to determine the current in resistors in circuits that are complicated combinations of multiple resistors and batteries; given R and C you should be able to determine the RC time constant for an RC charging/discharging circuit.

Chapter 22: Magnetic Forces and Magnetic Fields

Lecture 1

My lecture is available for Chapter 22: Magnetic Forces and Magnetic Fields (Pt 1).  In it, magnetism, the force on a moving charge, the force on a wire, the torque on a wire loop, the magnetic dipole, and magnetization.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  calculate the force on a moving charged particle in a magnetic field, calculate the radius of the circle of the moving charged particle, calculate the velocity allowed through a velocity selector, calculate the force on a straight segment of wire in a uniform magnetic field, determine the direction of a magnetic dipole, calculate the torque on a magnetic dipole.

Lecture 2

My lecture is available for Chapter 22: Magnetic Forces and Magnetic Fields (Pt 2).  In it I discuss how magnetism arises from current, the Law of Biot-Savart, the force parallel current carrying wires, and Ampere's Law.  I conclude with a discussion of solenoids.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  understand the basic ideas behind Bio-Savart, although we won't be calculating magnetic fields directly with that law; you should be able to use Ampere's law to calculate magnetic fields given a distribution of currents; apply the right hand rule to determine the direction of a magnetic field around a current; and calculate the force between parallel current carrying wires.

Chapter 23: Faraday’s Law and Inductance

Lecture 1

My lecture is available for Chapter 23: Faraday's Law and Inductance.  In it we define magnetic flux; relate changes in magnetic flux to induced EMF; use Lenz's Law to find the direction of induced current; discuss self inductance and RL circuits; and use the solenoid as an example to help us find the energy density of magnetic fields.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  calculate the induced EMF from changing magnetic fields, loop areas, and angles between magnetic fields and loop areas; determine the direction of induced current with Lenz's Law; understand generally what is meant by self inductance and see that RL circuits are similar to RC circuits; calculate the energy density of a given magnetic field.

Chapter 24: Electromagnetic Waves

Lecture 1

My lecture is available for Chapter 24: Electromagnetic Waves (and Light).  In it I talk about the nature of light, EM waves and the speed of light, color, how light is used to learn temperature and chemical composition, and Malus's Law.  Very important: For some reason, Panopto would not allow me to insert the section on Malus's Law into the main presentation.  So you will have to access the lecture in two links.

Please note the power point lecture is in the main display.  At several points during the lecture I have inserted a doc cam lecture that you will see in the second window.  Panopto allows you to swap back and forth to change which is the main display.

Lecture, Polarization & Malus's Law

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  calculate the brightness of light after unpolarized light passes through a polarizing filter; calculate the brightness of light after already polarized light passes through a second polarizing filter (Malus's Law); understand how light is an electromagnetic wave whose speed is related to the permeability and permittivity of free space; have a conceptual understanding of the electromagnetic spectrum, including the colors of the visible portion of the EM spectrum.

Optional Lecture on EKG showing applications

Lecture 1

I have recorded a lecture that is optional to view.  In it, I discuss how many of the principles we have been discussing (charge, current, electric field, voltage, RC time constants, Kirchhoff's laws) relate to problems in arrhythmia research and EKGs.  Again, this is an entirely optional lecture, but sometimes it's nice to take a break from the text and see how all these ideas come together.

Chapter 25: Reflection and Refraction of Light

Lecture 1

My lecture is available for Chapter 25: Reflection and Refraction.  In it I talk about the Law of Reflection, the Law of Refraction, the index of refraction, Huygen's Principle, dispersion and prisms, total internal reflection, and how these principles apply to acoustics and fiber optics.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  calculate the angle of reflection; calculate the index of refraction; calculate the angle of refraction; calculate the critical angle for total internal reflection; and understand the principle of total internal reflection.

Chapter 26: Mirrors and Lenses (No Pre-Recorded Lecture Available)

Chapter 27: Wave Optics

Lecture 1

My lecture is available for Chapter 27: Wave Optics (Part 1).  In it I talk about coherent vs incoherent light sources; interference; Young's double slit experiment; phase reversal upon reflection; and thin films.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  calculate the angle or y-value where you would observe constructive or destructive interference in Young's double slit experiment; determine if a particular point satisfies either the constructive or destructive interference equation (because all information is given except m, which must solve as an integer); understand the difference between counting the spots and their order (or value of m); calculate constructive and destructive interference for thin films; understand that we are discussing constructive and destructive interference, but partially constructive interference does occur in between these points so that being visible means the condition for destructive interference is not satisfied (that is, to determine if something is visible you check to see if the condition for invisibility is not satisfied).

Lecture 2

My lecture is available for Chapter 27: Wave Optics (Part 2).  In it I talk about single slit diffraction; angular resolution and resolving of objects at a distance; diffraction gratings; and Bragg's Law for x-ray diffraction by crystals.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  relate order, angle, and wavelength to the size of a single slit opening to determine where destructive interference will occur; apply Rayleigh's criterion to determine if you can resolve an object at a distance with a circular opening and also with a slit opening; relate order, angle, and wavelength to the spacing between lines in a diffraction grating to determine where constructive interference will occur; relate order, angle, and x-ray wavelength to the spacing between atoms in a crystal.

Chapter 28: Quantum Mechanics

Lecture 1

Lecture 2

My lectures are available for Chapter 28: Quantum Mechanics.  Because quantum mechanics can be a little difficult, I am providing both lectures now so that you can work your way through the material at your own pace.  In Part 1 I discuss wave-particle duality; blackbody radiation and the ultraviolet catastrophe; some equations we need from the photoelectric effect (but we are skipping the photoelectric effect itself); Compton scattering; the double slit experiment in quantum mechanics; the Davisson-Germer experiment; and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.

In Part 2 I discuss rules for probability; the Schrodinger wave equation; the wave function; the particle in a box; and quantum tunneling.

At the end of Part 1 you should be able to calculate the change in wavelength and change in energy of an x-ray scattered by Compton scattering; relate the minimum uncertainty in position/velocity/momentum of an experiment; consider what the uncertainty relationship would say in a universe where Planck's constant was different.

At the end of Part 2 you should understand what is meant by the wave function; why probability is part of quantum mechanics; why discrete energy levels arise in a bound/confined system; and what quantum tunneling is.

Chapter 29: Atomic Physics (No Pre-Recorded Lecture Available)

Chapters 30/31: Nuclear Physics

Lecture 1

Lecture 2

My lecture is available for Chapters 30 and 31: Nuclear Physics are available.  Remember, our final exam is Wednesday, August 18.  So I am posting both of these last two lectures at the same time in order to allow you to decide how to manage your study time.  Also, I have attached the power point used in these lectures to this message.

In these lectures I talk about why some atoms decay, anti-particles, exponential decay, and decay modes and types of radiation.  The last half of the Part 2 lecture is optional and focuses on background radiation, health effects of radiation, fissile materials, and nuclear reactors for those of you interested in learning more about these subjects.

At the end of these lectures you should be able to:  use the exponential decay formula to relate the number of parents at time t to the number of parents you started with and the half life; relate half life to lambda; and determine the parent isotope, daughter isotope, or mode of decay (determine one of these given the other two) for alpha, beta+, beta-, electron capture, and gamma decay.

Attending class is the best way to learn.  However, if you need to miss a class, below are my pre-recorded lectures along with instructions for what you should learn from each lecture.  These were used during remote learning in a previous semester, so they may not exactly sync with our current semester.

Part 1 The Use of Vectors and Unit Vectors

Lecture 1

In this lecture I remind you about some of the basic ideas regarding vectors that you learned in the first semester; I introduce you to the unit vectors i-hat, j-hat, and k-hat, and how you use them to represent a vector; and how you use them to add and subtract vectors.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  understand what axis each of the unit vectors refers to (i, j, and k refer to x, y, and z); write a vector in terms of its components or by using the unit vectors; and add or subtract vectors.  Remember that, while we are introducing unit vectors because they can make working with electric forces easier, it is not necessary that you use unit vectors during this semester.  I just ask that you give it a try and see if you find it easier to work with.

Lecture 2

In this lecture I review multiplying vectors, specifically the dot and cross products.  There was a recording issue in which I mistakenly had it capture the computer screen while I was working with the document camera.  So if you just click on the document camera window you can maximize it so that it is the only window displayed.

By now you should be able to write a vector in its i-hat, j-hat, and k-hat notation and add and subtract vectors.  Here, we introduced using that notation to multiply vectors.  We will take our time with this and do more examples as needed during the semester.

Chapter 15 Electric Forces and Electric Fields

Lecture 1

In this lecture, I discuss charge, units of charge, like charges attract and opposites repel, the Coulomb Force law, and how to construct the unit vector.  The focus of this lecture is an introduction to the electric force.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  express the magnitude of the force between charges, express the force in full vector notation, construct the unit vector, and realize that the smallest increment of charge is +/- 1.60 x 10^-19 C (the charge of a proton or electron).  Numeric examples will be done next lecture.

Lecture 2

In this lecture, we do examples of calculating the electric force on a charge with and without using the unit vector approach.  At the very end I briefly introduce a definition of the electric field, but we will have to get to that in the next lecture.  You should watch this lecture on Friday 1/14.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  calculate the electric force on a charge due to other charges; understand the difference between the force (with components expressed) and the magnitude of the force (just a strength); and you should understand that we do not encounter in nature free charges smaller than the charge of a proton or electron.

Lecture 3

In this lecture, we define the electric field and we do examples of calculating the electric field due to a collection of point charges.  However, I made a big mistake.  (ugh!)  When I calculate the electric field of a dipole, my calculations are actually for two positive charges instead of a positive and a negative charge.  That's a big error, because two positive charges are not a dipole.  However, as long as you keep that in mind it is actually a useful example to see me calculating the electric field of two positive charges.  So, I left it in the recording.  But in order for you to see me calculating the electric field of an actual dipole, I have provided a link for a second recording.  So, you'll want to watch both lectures.

Main Lecture

Lecture for the Dipole

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  calculate the electric field at a point in space due to the presence of a collection of point charges; and you should understand that electric force and electric field are two different (related) quantities that should not be confused.

Lecture 4

In this lecture, we discuss Gauss's law and solve the only three examples of its application that you need to know: the infinite plane, the spherical shell, and the solid sphere.  This lecture is only 45 minutes long because of a mistake in the previous part.  That should allow you to stay within the class time as you watch them.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  calculate the electric field of a point in space due a charge distribution of an infinite plane; calculate the electric field of a point in space a distance r away from the center of a charged spherical shell (both inside and outside the shell); and calculate the electric field of a point in space a distance r away from the center of a charged solid shell (both inside and outside of the sphere).

Chapter 16 Electrical Energy and Capacitance

Lecture 1

In this lecture, we discuss the electrical potential energy when a charged particle is moved in an electric field; we introduce the relationship between electric field and voltage (potential); and we learn how to calculate the voltage difference between two points in a uniform electric field.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  calculate the voltage difference between two points in a uniform electric field; calculate the potential energy change when a charged particle is moved in an electric field; relate voltage to electric field.

Lecture 2

My lecture is available for Part 2.  In it, we discuss the electrical potential (voltage) due to point charges including the dipole arrangement; review equations; define a conductor; and introduce capacitors; we we will talk about capacitor circuits in the next lecture.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  calculate the voltage due to a collection of point charges and calculate the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor.

Lecture 3

My lecture is available for Part 3.  In it, we discuss combinations of capacitors in electrical circuits, the charge on capacitors, the voltage across a capacitor, and the energy stored in a capacitor.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  combine capacitors in series; combine capacitors in parallel; determine the charge on a capacitor in a circuit connected to a battery; determine the voltage across a capacitor connected to a battery; and determine the energy stored in a fully charged capacitor.

Chapter 17 Current and Resistance

Lecture

In this lecture, we define electrical current; and we discuss resistance; the Ohm's Law relationship between resistance, voltage, and current; the relationship between resistance and resistivity; the temperature dependence of resistance; and the power dissipated by a resistor.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  calculate the voltage across, resistance of, or current through a resistor using Ohm's Law; calculate the power dissipated by a resistor; define the relationship between drift velocity and current; and calculate the relationship between resistance and temperature or resistance and resistivity.

You may have noticed an error in one of the example problems.  The problem states that a 0.900 V potential difference is maintained across a 1.50 m length of tungsten wire that has a cross sectional area of 0.600 m^2.  That's a pretty significant cross section, so I should have caught the mistake.  The cross sectional area should be square millimeters.  Then, of course, to solve the problem I should have shown a conversion from square millimeters to square meters.  My final answer is actually the correct answer for the problem, I just made the mistake in listing what the cross sectional area was in the problem itself.   Apologies for the error.

Chapter 18 Direct-Current Circuits

Lecture 1

In this lecture, we define emf and batteries; discuss how to combine resistors in series and parallel; and how to determine the current through, voltage drop across, and power dissipated by a resistor in a circuit combination of resistors connected to a battery.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  combine resistors in series and parallel arrangements; determine the current through, voltage drop across, and power dissipated by a resistor in a circuit.

Lecture 2

In this lecture, we discuss Kirchhoff's Laws for analyzing circuits with multiple batteries and resistors.  You should watch this lecture Monday 2/7.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  analyze a circuit with multiple resistors and capacitors in order to determine the current flowing through any particular resistor, the direction of that current flow, the voltage dropped across that resistor, and the power dissipated at that resistor.

Lecture 3

I'm not sure why, but it looks like I somehow deleted today's this lecture by mistake.  My apologies.  I'll have to provide you with a recording on RC circuits from the calculus based class.  You can watch the lecture and just don't worry about the differential equation.  Alternatively, of course, you can attend lecture and we will cover this topic in an algebra based approach.

The only takeaways from today's lecture are that capacitors take time to charge, and that there is an RC time constant.

By the way, those of you with a biomedical interest will recognize that two conductors (water rich intracellular and extracellular spaces) separated by a nonconductor (the phospholipid membrane) make the cell inherently a capacitor.  Ion channels in the membrane offer resistance to charges flowing across them.  This RC "circuit" gives these ion channels an effective RC time constant.

Chapter 19 Magnetism

Lecture 1

Lecture 2

In this recording, we define the magnetic field; cross product and right hand rules; the magnetic force on a moving charge; moving charges are deflected in circles and helical pathways; the velocity selector and the mass spectrometer; the magnetic force on a current carrying wire.

Calculate the magnitude of the force on a moving charge; calculate the magnitude of the force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field; use the right hand rule to determine the direction of these forces; relate the radius of the circular path of a moving charged particle to the magnetic field it is in; calculate the speed permitted to pass through a velocity selector; understand the working principles of a mass spectrometer.

Chapter 20 Induced Voltages and Inductance

Lecture

Concluding Remarks

For part of these lecture recordings I mistakenly had it capture the computer screen as well as the document camera; when it does that, please just maximize the document camera display and ignore the computer screen.  And, for some reason, it would not let me put them all into a single link, so there are separate links here.  Here, we discuss Faraday and Lenz's Laws.  I do not have a pre-recorded lecture covering solenoids, self inductance, or RL circuits.

At the conclusion of all of this you should be able to calculate the magnetic field due to a wire or a parallel bundle of wires using Ampere's law; calculate the magnetic field of a very long current carrying wire; use the right hand rule to determine the direction of the magnetic field around a current carrying wire; calculate the force of attraction or repulsion between current carrying wires; calculate the magnetic flux and the rate of change of magnetic flux for a current carrying loop and relate that to emf; determine the direction of induced current flow using Lenz's law when the magnetic flux is changing.

Optional Lecture on EKG and Arrhythmia

Lecture

When I teach second semester physics I usually include an optional lecture on Arrhythmia and EKGs.  This isn't part of an exam, but just shows how physics applies to research and how all of the topics we've been discussing come together.  Many of the biology, premed, and health science students tell me they find it useful.  Again, this is entirely optional to watch.

Chapter 21 Alternating Current Circuits and Electromagnetic Waves

Lecture

In this lecture, I talk about the nature of light, EM waves and the speed of light, color, and how light is used to learn temperature and chemical composition.

Please note the power point lecture is in the main display.  At several points during the lecture I have inserted a doc cam lecture that you will see in the second window.  Panopto allows you to swap back and forth to change which is the main display.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  understand how light is an electromagnetic wave whose speed is related to the permeability and permittivity of free space; have a conceptual understanding of the electromagnetic spectrum, including the colors of the visible portion of the EM spectrum.  Our focus in this chapter is more qualitative and conceptual and will help us as we go into the next few chapters on light.

Chapter 22 Reflection and Refraction of Light

Lecture

In this lecture, I talk about the Law of Reflection, the Law of Refraction, the index of refraction, Huygen's Principle, dispersion and prisms, total internal reflection, and how these principles apply to acoustics and fiber optics.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  calculate the angle of reflection; calculate the index of refraction; calculate the angle of refraction; calculate the critical angle for total internal reflection; and understand the principle of total internal reflection.

Chapter 23 Mirrors and Lenses (Pre-recorded lecture not available)

Chapter 24 Wave Optics & Chapter 25 Optical Instruments

Lecture 1

In this recording, I talk about coherent vs incoherent light sources; interference; Young's double slit experiment; phase reversal upon reflection; and thin films.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  calculate the angle or y-value where you would observe constructive or destructive interference in Young's double slit experiment; determine if a particular point satisfies either the constructive or destructive interference equation (because all information is given except m, which must solve as an integer); understand the difference between counting the spots and their order (or value of m); calculate constructive and destructive interference for thin films; understand that we are discussing constructive and destructive interference, but partially constructive interference does occur in between these points so that being visible means the condition for destructive interference is not satisfied (that is, to determine if something is visible you check to see if the condition for invisibility is not satisfied).

Lecture 2

In this lecture, I talk about single slit diffraction; angular resolution and resolving of objects at a distance; diffraction gratings; and Bragg's Law for x-ray diffraction by crystals.

IMPORTANT NOTE: Bragg's Law is actually a topic from Chapter 27 Quantum Mechanics.  However, it just seems to make more sense to me to discuss Bragg's Law at this point in the semester when we are talking about wave optics.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  relate order, angle, and wavelength to the size of a single slit opening to determine where destructive interference will occur; apply Rayleigh's criterion to determine if you can resolve an object at a distance with a circular opening and also with a slit opening; relate order, angle, and wavelength to the spacing between lines in a diffraction grating to determine where constructive interference will occur; relate order, angle, and x-ray wavelength to the spacing between atoms in a crystal.

Malus's Law

My lecture is available Malus's Law for the polarization of light.  At the end of this lecture you should be able to:  calculate the new brightness that follows from the use of a polarizing filter.

Chapter 26 Relativity (Pre-recorded lecture not available)

Chapter 27 Quantum Physics

Lecture 1

In this recording, I discuss wave-particle duality; blackbody radiation and the ultraviolet catastrophe; some equations we need from the photoelectric effect (but we are skipping the photoelectric effect itself); Compton scattering; the double slit experiment in quantum mechanics; the Davisson-Germer experiment; and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.

After these lectures you should be able to calculate the change in wavelength and change in energy of an x-ray scattered by Compton scattering; relate the minimum uncertainty in position/velocity/momentum of an experiment; consider what the uncertainty relationship would say in a universe where Planck's constant was different.

Lecture 2

In this recording, I probability and the wave function and how we calculate the wave function.  Importantly, you will NOT have to solve Schrodinger's Equation or solve for the wave function on the exam.  However, I think it is important to go over this material so that you can see what the wave function is.  This requires a brief mention of calculus, but don't be intimidated seeing a derivative.  We'll take the solution as a given, and there is a lot that we can still comment on without knowing too much calculus.  We conclude looking at the problems of the particle in a box and quantum tunneling.

After this lecture you should understand conceptually what the wave function is and have an understanding that bound states immediately mean discrete energy levels.

Chapter 28 Atomic Physics (Pre-recorded lecture not available)

Chapter 29 Nuclear Physics & Chapter 30 Nuclear Energy and Elementary Particles

Lecture 1

In these lectures I talk about why some atoms decay, anti-particles, exponential decay, and decay modes and types of radiation.

At the end of these lectures you should be able to:  use the exponential decay formula to relate the number of parents at time t to the number of parents you started with and the half life; relate half life to lambda; and determine the parent isotope, daughter isotope, or mode of decay (determine one of these given the other two) for alpha, beta+, beta-, electron capture, and gamma decay.

Lecture 2

The last half of the recording is optional and focuses on background radiation, health effects of radiation, fissile materials, and nuclear reactors for those of you interested in learning more about these subjects.

At the end of these lectures you should be able to:  use the exponential decay formula to relate the number of parents at time t to the number of parents you started with and the half life; relate half life to lambda; and determine the parent isotope, daughter isotope, or mode of decay (determine one of these given the other two) for alpha, beta+, beta-, electron capture, and gamma decay.