Mesopotamia Research

Akkadians: 2360-2230 BCE

1. Mesopotamian Government from Britannica A to Z, Gale in Context, Elementary (See section on New Forms of Government)

2. The Akkadians_ from Calliope, Gale in Context, Elementary

3. ​Akkadians from Exploring Ancient Civilizations 

4. Sargon of Akkad from The World Book (Hint: Log in to WorldBook first. Then you can press the link to go straight to the article.)

5. Sumerians - Section on Akkadians  from The Ancient and Medieval World

6. Sargon of Akkad from Civilizations and Societies: The Ancient and Modern Worlds

7. ​Sargon of Akkad from World Eras

8. ​Akkad and the Akkadians from The Ancient Near East: An Encyclopedia for Students, Gale in Context: World History

9. Empire of Akkad from Gale Encyclopedia of World History, Gale in Context: Middle School

10. Akkadian Empire from The Greenhaven Encyclopedia of Ancient Mesopotamia, Gale in Context: World History

11. Mesopotamian Mythology - Good starting point from Lincoln Library of Mythology

12. MFA Artifact

13. Artifacts from the British Museum - Hint: The cylinder seals are especially interesting!

14. ​Artifacts from the MET

15. Map: From Exploring Ancient Civilizations

16. Leader: Sargon

Assyrians: 1115-612 BCE

1. Assyria from Mesopotamia, Gale in Context, Elementary

2. Assyrians from Exploring Ancient Civilizations 

3. Assyria from The World Book (Hint: Log in to WorldBook first. Then you can press the link to go straight to the article.)

4. Assyrians from The Ancient and Medieval World

5. Assyria from Civilizations and Societies: The Ancient and Modern Worlds

6. ​Assyria from FactCite: Lincoln Library of Essential Information Online

7. Assyrian Empire from Gale Encyclopedia of World History, Gale in Context: World History

8. Assyria and the Assyrians from Ancient Near East, Gale in Context: World History

9. ​Nabu from Mythology, FactCite

10. Sargon II from Encyclopedia of World Biography, Gale in Context, Middle School

11. Ashurbanipal from Exploring Ancient Civilizations

12. Mesopotamian Mythology - Good starting point from Lincoln Library of Mythology

13. MFA Artifact from Assyria

14. Artifacts from the British Museum

15. Map from Exploring Ancient Civilizations

16. Leaders: Assurbanipal, Sargon II, Sennacherib

Babylonians: 3000-539 BCE OR 3000-1600 BCE 

1. ​Babylon from Mesopotamia, Gale in Context, Elementary

2. ​Babylonians from Exploring Ancient Civilizations (You need to select Babylonians from the B index.)

3. ​Babylonia from The World Book (Hint: Log in to WorldBook first. Then you can press the link to go straight to the article.)

4. Babylonians from The Ancient and Medieval World

5. Babylonia from Civilizations and Societies: The Ancient and Modern Worlds

6. ​Babylonia from FactCite: Lincoln Library of Essential Information Online

7. Hammurabi from UXL Biographies, Gale in Context: Middle School

8. The Rise of Babylon from Calliope, Gale in Context, Elementary

9. Babylon and the Babylonians from Ancient Near East, Gale in Context: World History

10. Mesopotamian Mythology - Good starting point from Lincoln Library of Mythology

11. In Honor of Marduk from Calliope Magazine, Gale in Context: Middle School

12. Marduk from Mythology, FactCite

13. MFA Artifact

14. Artifacts from the British Museum

15. Artifacts from the MET - Note that Old Babylonians would need to limit to 3000-1600 BCE ​

16. Map from Exploring Ancient Civilizations

17. Leaders: Hammurabi

Chaldeans (also called Neo-Babylonians)  626-539 BCE

1. Chaldeans from World Book (Hint: Log in to WorldBook first. Then you can press the link to go straight to the article.)

2. The New Empire from The Ancient and Medieval World

3. Chaldeans from Civilizations and Societies: The Ancient and Modern Worlds

4. Nebuchadnezzer II from Ancient Civilizations Reference Library, Gale in Context: Middle School

5. Persia Conquers Babylon from Historic World Events, Gale in Context: Middle School

6. The Rise of Babylon from Calliope, Gale in Context: Elementary (final 3 paragraphs)

7. Babylon and the Babylonians from Ancient Near East, Gale in Context: World History

8. Marduk from Mythology, FactCite

9. Nebuchadrezzar from Exploring Ancient Civilizations

10. Nebuchadnezzar II from UXL Biographies, Gale in Context, Middle School

11. On display on the MFA

12. Artifacts from the British Museum

13. Map from World Book

14. Leaders: Nebuchadnezzar, Nabopolassar

Hittites: 1650-1193 BCE

1. Hittites from Exploring Ancient Civilizations   (Please scroll through the H index to find your article.)

2. Hittites from The World Book (Hint: Log in to WorldBook first. Then you can press the link to go straight to the article.)

3. Hittites from Britannica Encyclopedia

4. Hittites from The Ancient and Medieval World

5. Hittites from Civilizations and Societies: The Ancient and Modern Worlds

6. ​Hittite Empire from Gale Encyclopedia of World History: Governments. Gale in Context: Middle School

7. Hittites from FactCite: Lincoln Library of Essential Information Online

8. Suppiluliumas from UXL Biographies, Gale in Context: Middle School

9. Khattushili III from The Ancient Near East, Gale in Context: World History

10. Hittites (first paragraph is about Mursilis) from World History in Context: Greenhaven Encyclopedia of Mesopotamia 

11. Hittites from Gods, Goddesses and Mythology 

12. On display at the MFA

13. Artifacts from the British Museum

14. ​Artifacts from the MET

15. Map from Exploring Ancient Civilizations

16. Leaders: Mursilis, Suppiliumas I

Israelites or Hebrews 1010-560 BCE

1. ​Hebrews from Exploring Ancient Civilizations

2. ​Jews from The World Book (See Ancient Jewish History section) (Hint: Log in to WorldBook first. Then you can press the link to go straight to the article.)

3. Israelites from The Ancient and Medieval World

4. Jews and Judaism, Ancient Middle East from Civilizations and Societies: The Ancient and Modern Worlds

5. Hebrew Music from FactCite: Lincoln Library of Essential Information Online

6. Hebrews and Israelites from The Ancient Near East, Gale in Context: World History

7. On display at the British Museum (note that the MFA doesn't have artifacts; they are rare!)

8. Map from Exploring Ancient Civilizations

9. Leaders: Saul, David, Solomon

Persian Empire (also known as Achaemenids) 550-330 BCE

1. ​Achaemenids from Exploring Ancient Civilizations (You will need to select your article from the A titles.)

2. Ancient Persia from The World Book (Hint: Log in to WorldBook first. Then you can press the link to go straight to the article.)

3. Persians from The Ancient and Medieval World

4. Persia from Civilizations and Societies: The Ancient and Modern Worlds

5. Persian Empire from The Ancient Near East, Gale in Context: World History

6. Mithras from UXL Encyclopedia of Mythology, Gale in Context: World History

7. Cyrus the Great from Exploring Ancient Civilizations 

8. Darius I from Exploring Ancient Civilizations 

9. Ahura Mazda (religion) from Exploring Ancient Civilizations

10. MFA Artifact

11. Artifacts from the British Museum

12. Artifacts from the MET

13. Map from Exploring Ancient Civilizations

14. Leaders:  Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes

Phoenicians: 2000-612 BCE

1. Phoenicians from Exploring Ancient Civilizations 

2. ​Phoenicia from The World Book (Hint: Log in to WorldBook first. Then you can press the link to go straight to the article.)

3. ​Phoenicians from The Ancient and Medieval World

4. Phoenicians from Science and its Times, Gale in Context (good for how they influenced the world)

5. ​Phoenicians from Civilizations and Societies: The Ancient and Modern Worlds

6. Phoenicia, Syria, and Arabia from Ancient Civilizations Reference Library

7. Phoenicia from FactCite: Lincoln Library of Essential Information Online

8. Phoenicia and the Phoenicians from The Ancient Near East, Gale in Context: World History

9. Phoenician Religion from World Religions, Gale in Context: World History

10. Tyre from Exploring Ancient Civilizations

11. Sidon from Greenhaven Encyclopedia of Mesopotamia , Gale in Context: World History

12. Byblos from Greenhaven Encyclopedia of Mesopotamia , Gale in Context: World History

13. MFA Artifact

14. Artifacts from the British Museum

15. Map from Exploring Ancient Civilizations

16. No leaders, but city-states such as Tyre, Byblos, and Sidon

Sumerians: 3000-2360 BCE and 2120-2000 BCE

1. ​Sumer from Mesopotamia, Gale in Context, Elementary​

2. ​Sumer from The World Book (Hint: Log in to WorldBook first. Then you can press the link to go straight to the article.)

3. Sumer from Exploring Ancient Civilizations

4. Sumerians from The Ancient and Medieval World

5. ​Sumer from Civilizations and Societies: The Ancient and Modern Worlds

6. ​Sumer from FactCite: Lincoln Library of Essential Information Online

7. Sumer and the Sumerians from The Ancient Near East, Gale in Context: World History

8. Mesopotamian Mythology - Good starting point from Lincoln Library of Mythology​

9. MFA Artifact

10. Artifacts from the British Museum

11. Map from Exploring Ancient Civilizations

12. ​No leaders, but city-states - Ur is especially important after Sargon of Akkad

Strategies for finding pictures

MFA Collections Search 

Artifacts from The MET

Artifact Search: British Museum

Image search: Use Britannica ImageQuest

Noodletools 

• ​How to cite a web page: Screencast Written directions

• How to cite a map from a database: Screencast Written directions

• How to cite an image from Britannica ImageQuest: Screencast Written directions

• ​How to cite an artifact from the MFA: Screencast.   Written directions

Help! I can't see my citations! Answer: You need to open your project first! Click on the blue word: Mesopotamia or click on the stack of books to get to the Sources page. Once you are looking at your sources, you can add more citations.