Mesopotamia Topics

Empire

1. Mesopotamian Government -Read the section on New Forms of Government

2. Akkadians:  Best sections are: World's First Empire,  Kingship, and Military Power

“Akkadians.” Exploring Ancient Civilizations. Cavendish Square Publishing LLC, cavendishsquaredigital.com/article/4545/akkadians. Accessed 13 Dec 2024.

3. Mesopotamia: Scroll down to Political Rivalry and Wars, subsection on Empires
   Carnagie, Julie L. "Ancient Mesopotamia: 3300–331 BCE: Politics, Law, and the Military." UXL World Eras, vol. 1: Ancient Mesopotamia: 3300–331 BCE, UXL, 2016, pp. 27-51. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3629700009/WHIC?u=mlin_m_highrock&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=5dc7bd59. Accessed 12 Jan. 2025.

4. Persian Empire -  Scroll down to The Organization and Administration of the Persian Empire:  subsection on Satrapies and Satraps

Land Transportation - Wheel

1. The Wheel from Transportation, Exploring Ancient Civilizations
   “Transportation.” Exploring Ancient Civilizations, Cavendish Square Publishing LLC, cavendishsquaredigital.com/article/4618/transportation. Accessed 26 Nov 2024.

2. Transportation from World Book. Read the section on History - Mesopotamia
   Hendrickson, Chris. "Transportation." World Book Student, 2024,

3. Persians from Ancient and Medieval World - section on The Royal Road
   “Persians.” Ancient and Medieval World, Cavendish Square Publishing LLC, cavendishsquaredigital.com/article/10773/persians. Accessed 11 Jan 2025.

4. Ancient Mesopotamia - Scroll down to section on  Roads and Transportation
   Carnagie, Julie L. "Ancient Mesopotamia: 3300–331 BCE: Communication, Transportation, and Exploration." UXL World Eras, vol. 1: Ancient Mesopotamia: 3300–331 BCE, UXL, 2016, pp. 119-138. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3629700013/WHIC?u=mlin_m_highrock&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=1c0a7064. Accessed 12 Jan. 2025.

Law

1. Mesopotamian Government" - Read the section on Law
   "Mesopotamian Government." Mesopotamia, Gale, 2011. Gale Elementary Online Collection. Gale In Context: Elementary, link.gale.com/apps/doc/RTHQYA451060714/ITKE?u=mlin_m_highrock&sid=bookmark-ITKE&xid=f106d229. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024.

2. "Babylonians" from Exploring Ancient Civilizations. Read the section on Hammurabi (which is within the Gods and Goddesses section.)
   “Babylonians.” Cavendish Square Digital, Cavendish Square Publishing LLC, cavendishsquaredigital.com/article/4623/babylonians. Accessed 26 Nov 2024.

3. Hammurabi from World Book Advanced
   Yoffee, Norman. "Hammurabi." World Book Advanced, 2024,https://worldbookonline.com/advanced/article?id=ar244300. Accessed 31 Dec. 2024.

4. Culture and Law - "Hittites" from Exploring  Ancient Civilizations
   “Hittites.” Cavendish Square Digital, Cavendish Square Publishing LLC, https://cavendishsquaredigital.com/article/4564/hittites. Accessed 26 Nov 2024.

5. Politics, Laws, and the Military - Scroll down to the section on Law Codes and Justice
   "Legal and Social Institutions of Ancient Mesopotamia." Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, edited by Jack M. Sasson, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/BT2356000082/WHIC?u=mlin_m_highrock&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=ba862fa6. Accessed 12 Dec. 2024.

6. Persian Empire -  Scroll down to The Organization and Administration of the Persian Empire:  subsection on Law
   "Persian Empire." The Ancient Near East: An Encyclopedia for Students, edited by Ronald Wallenfels and Jack M. Sasson, vol. 3, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2000, pp. 171-176. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2897300304/WHIC?u=mlin_m_highrock&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=cde61578. Accessed 11 Jan. 2025.

Religion

1. Religion from Exploring Ancient Civilizations
   “Religion.” Cavendish Square Digital, Cavendish Square Publishing LLC, cavendishsquaredigital.com/article/4653/religion. Accessed 12 Jan 2025.

2. Mesopotamian Mythology from Factcite: World Mythology
   Wolfe, Jared. "Mesopotamian Mythology." Mythology Online, Lincoln Library Press, 2013, www.factcite.com/myth/8000851.html.

3. Monotheism - "Jews and Judaism, Ancient Middle East." Civilizations and Societies: The Ancient and Modern Worlds, edited by Mounir A. Farah, et al., Sharpe Reference, 2013, pp. 670-673. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX7035800258/GVRL?u=need04229&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=4a2c1012. Accessed 16 Sept. 2024 See last paragraph

4. Religion from Persians, Exploring Ancient Civilizations -  Zoroaster
   “Persians.” Cavendish Square Digital, Cavendish Square Publishing LLC, cavendishsquaredigital.com/article/10773/persians. Accessed 26 Nov 2024.

Science and math

1. Science - Read the section on Mathematics and the following section on Astronomy 
   “Science.” Exploring Ancient Civilizations, Cavendish Square Publishing LLC, cavendishsquaredigital.com/article/4498/science. Accessed 31 Dec 2024.

2. Mathematics - Go to the History section - Ancient Periods
   "mathematics." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 19 Aug. 2024. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fmiddle%2Farticle%2Fmathematics%2F275734%23204348-toc&ebboatid=9264893. Accessed 12 Jan. 2025.

3. Ancient Mesopotamia - many good sections, especially Outward flow of ideas, Astronomy, and Mathematics
   Carnagie, Julie L. "Ancient Mesopotamia: 3300–331 BCE: Science, Technology, and Health." UXL World Eras, vol. 1: Ancient Mesopotamia: 3300–331 BCE, UXL, 2016, pp. 197-225. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3629700016/WHIC?u=mlin_m_highrock&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=41dceadd. Accessed 13 Jan. 2025.

4. Calendar Takes Shape in Mesopotamia - complicated reading, but the overview has valuable information
   "The Calendar Takes Shape in Mesopotamia." Science and Its Times, edited by Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer, vol. 1, Gale, 2001. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CV2643450019/WHIC?u=mlin_m_highrock&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=9e42621d. Accessed 13 Jan. 2025.

5. Astrology and Astronomy
   Nardo, Don. "Astrology and Astronomy." The Greenhaven Encyclopedia of Ancient Mesopotamia, edited by Robert B. Kebric, Greenhaven Press, 2007, pp. 44-45. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3205100058/WHIC?u=mlin_m_highrock&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=71962283. Accessed 13 Jan. 2025.

6. Mesopotamian Mathematics - very detailed information on how the Old Babylonians did math problems
   "Mesopotamian Mathematics." Science and Its Times, edited by Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer, vol. 1, Gale, 2001. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CV2643450062/WHIC?u=mlin_m_highrock&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=7066c8b2. Accessed 13 Jan. 2025.

Ships - Water transportation

1. Ships  and Boats from  Exploring Civilizations - Sections: Ships and Boats, Phoenician Ships
   “Ships and Boats.” Cavendish Square Digital, Cavendish Square Publishing LLC, cavendishsquaredigital.com/article/4433/ships-and-boats. Accessed 30 Dec 2024.

2. Phoenician Biremes and Tiremes - From the article Transportation - subsection of the page called Wheeled Vehicles
   “Transportation.” Exploring Ancient Civilizations, Cavendish Square Publishing LLC, cavendishsquaredigital.com/article/4618/transportation. Accessed 12 Jan 2025.

3. Transportation from World Book. Read the section on History - Mesopotamia - Early Development of Sailing Vessels
   Hendrickson, Chris. "Transportation." World Book Student, 2024,

4. Phoenicians, Ancient and Medieval World. Read Lords of the Sea and also Navigation and Exploration
   “Phoenicians.” Ancient and Medieval World, Cavendish Square Publishing LLC, cavendishsquaredigital.com/article/10777/phoenicians. Accessed 12 Jan 2025.
   
   
   

Weapons

1. Assyria  - read Fierce Warriors
   "Assyria." Mesopotamia, Gale, 2011. Gale Elementary Online Collection. Gale In Context: Elementary, link.gale.com/apps/doc/LEMRLO270858928/ITKE?u=mlin_m_highrock&sid=bookmark-ITKE&xid=a5f3198d. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024.

2. Assyrian Empire
   "Assyrian Empire." Gale In Context Online Collection, Gale, 2018. Gale In Context: Middle School, link.gale.com/apps/doc/ENQLAU390144422/MSIC?u=mlin_m_highrock&sid=bookmark-MSIC&xid=8b665c37. Accessed 12 Jan. 2025.

3. Hittites - section on Wars from Exploring Ancient Civilizationsa
   “Hittites.” Exploring Ancient Civilizations, Cavendish Square Publishing LLC, cavendishsquaredigital.com/article/4564/hittites. Accessed 26 Nov 2024.

4. Siege Warfare -
   "Siege Warfare." Gale Encyclopedia of World History: War, Gale, 2009. Gale In Context: Middle School, link.gale.com/apps/doc/EJ3048700005/MSIC?u=mlin_m_highrock&sid=bookmark-MSIC&xid=d65f3db4. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024.

5. Mesopotamia - Use the table of contents to go to Tools and Weapons Technology
   Carnagie, Julie L. "Ancient Mesopotamia: 3300–331 BCE: Science, Technology, and Health." UXL World Eras, vol. 1: Ancient Mesopotamia: 3300–331 BCE, UXL, 2016, pp. 197-225. Gale In Context: Middle School, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3629700016/MSIC?u=mlin_m_highrock&sid=bookmark-MSIC&xid=d1566fd2. Accessed 12 Jan. 2025.

Writing

1. Writing Read the section on Sumerian Writing AND the following section on Writing Words
   “Writing.” Exploring Ancient Civilizations, Cavendish Square Publishing LLC, cavendishsquaredigital.com/article/4422/writing. Accessed 12 Jan 2025.

2. Akkadians: Read the section on Writing
   “Akkadians.” Cavendish Square Digital, Cavendish Square Publishing LLC, cavendishsquaredigital.com/article/4545/akkadians. Accessed 12 Jan 2025.

3. Cuneiform - especially good for the importance of Cuneiform and its influence today
   "Cuneiform." Gale Middle School Online Collection, Gale, 2017. Gale In Context: Middle School, link.gale.com/apps/doc/UOYIBK930937110/MSIC?u=mlin_m_highrock&sid=bookmark-MSIC&xid=986d1797. Accessed 13 Jan. 2025.

4. Phoenicia, Syria, and Arabia - Read the section from Phoenicia: The alphabet and other contributions
   "Phoenicia, Syria, and Arabia." Ancient Civilizations Reference Library, edited by Judson Knight and Stacy A. McConnell, UXL, 2000. Gale In Context: Middle School, link.gale.com/apps/doc/EJ2173150017/MSIC?u=mlin_m_highrock&sid=bookmark-MSIC&xid=a5b02f82. Accessed 13 Jan. 2025.

5. Ashurbanipal: Read the section on The Scholarly King and Art and Sculpture
   “Ashurbanipal.” Cavendish Square Digital, Cavendish Square Publishing LLC, cavendishsquaredigital.com/article/4645/ashurbanipal. Accessed 12 Jan 2025.

6. Ashurbanipal Creates the World's First Library
   "Ashurbanipal Creates the World’s First Library: 600 bce." Global Events: Milestone Events Throughout History, edited by Jennifer Stock, vol. 5: Middle East, Gale, 2014. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/TYAUUE041045114/WHIC?u=mlin_m_highrock&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=29212d8f. Accessed 31 Dec. 2024.

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