Recovering History by the Manatee Mineral Spring: 

Angola on the Manatee River

Below is: 

The official website for Looking for Angola is www.lookingforAngola.org

LookingforAngolalogo

In 2004, I joined a team of scholars looking for an early 19th century maroon community on the Manatee River, a haven of liberty on the Network to Freedom. From the 1770s until 1821, people of African heritage, some born free in Spanish La Florida and others having escaped from enslavement, came to the south side of the Manatee River. The destruction of the community in 1821 led some survivors to the Florida interior and others to Andros Island in what was then the British Bahamas. Nothing remained and its history nearly erased until a historian pieced together archival clues and then a community scholar organized a research team to look for Angola. This page has some of the strands of the anti-racist, feminist, decolonizing research and public engagement

In 2014, I thought I completed my scholarly engagement with Angola on the Manatee River (the name for the maroon community) but history and heritage compel continuing efforts. Here are some of the details of the trajectory:

Uzi Baram's scholarly articles and archaeological reports on the project include:

Many of the below publications are on My Academia Page 

2006  “Looking for Angola” The Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter 39(1):43-44.

2008 “A Haven from Slavery on Florida's Gulf Coast: Looking for Evidence of Angola on the Manatee River” African Diaspora Archaeology Network Newsletter June 2008. Available at http://www.diaspora.uiuc.edu/news0608/news0608.html. 

2008  “Finding Lost Settlements with Multi-channel 3D GPR: Examples from North Carolina and Florida” third author with Ralf Birken and Eric Klingelhofer. FastTIMES: News for the Near-surface Geophysical Sciences 13(3):42-50.

2008  Testing Radar Tomography at the Manatee Mineral Spring: A Small View from March 2008. On file with Reflections of Manatee, Inc. 

2010  Testing Radar Tomography at the Manatee Mineral Spring: Exploratory Excavations. On file with Reflections of Manatee, Inc. 

2011 “Community Organizing in Public Archaeology: Coalitions for the Preservation of a Hidden History in Florida” Present Pasts 3(1):12-18

2012 “Cosmopolitan Meanings of Old Spanish Fields: Historical Archaeology of a Maroon Community in Southwest Florida” Historical Archaeology 46(1):108-122.

2013 "Partners in Search of History" Time Sifters Archaeological Society Newsletter. October http://box669.bluehost.com/~timesift/?p=1037 

2014 “Another Lesson that Provenience Matters: The Little Manatee River Drum found in 1967” Time Sifters Archaeological Society Newsletter. October http://box669.bluehost.com/~timesift/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Baram-2014-Little-Manatee-River-Drum-for-Time-Sifters.pdf 

2014 The Historical Archaeology of Looking for Angola at 8Ma103: Excavations and Public Outreach by the Manatee Mineral Spring, Manatee County, Florida. Report on the Public Anthropology Program Looking for Angola as an Update to 8Ma103, prepared for Reflections of Manatee, Inc; available at the Florida Master Site Files.

2014 "Radical Openness in Preserving Regional Heritage" Anthropology News 55(5-6):28-29

2014 "Many Histories by the Manatee Mineral Spring" Time Sifters Archaeological Society Newsletter. March http://origin.library.constantcontact.com/download/get/file/1103684771357-189/The+Many+Histories+by+the+Manatee+Mineral+Spring+for+Time+Sifters+2014.pdf

2015  "Including Maroon History on the Florida Gulf Coast: Archaeology and the Struggle for Freedom on the Early 19th-Century Manatee River" In The Limits of Tyranny: Archaeological Perspectives on the Struggle against New World Slavery, edited by James A. Delle, pages 213-240. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.

2016 Tragedy and Survival: Bicentennial of the Southward Movement of Black Seminoles on the Florida Gulf Coast Commemorated through Virtual Worlds of Early 19th-century Maroon Landscapes at the Apalachicola and Manatee Rivers. Final Report on grant GR_0615-4142_2386 to the Florida Humanities Council

2019 "In an Age of Heritage Signs, Encouraging Archaeological Sites to be Cosmopolitan Canopies" Present Pasts 9(1): 1–8.

2019 "Archaeological Recovery of Identity" Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage 1–2 (1):163–171.

2019 "Like Ripples Across a Pond: Catalyzing Heritage Programs through Radical Openness" In Transforming Heritage Practice in the 21st Century: Contributions from Community Archaeology, edited by John H. Jameson and Sergiu Musteaţă, pages 387-398. One World Archaeology series, Springer. 

2021 "On the Trail of Early 19th-century Freedom-Seeking People Across Gulf Coast Florida: Archaeological Clues to a Robust Heritage Hidden in Plain Sight" Journal of Florida Studies 9(1):1-20.

2021 Recovering History by the Manatee Mineral Spring: Excavations and Laboratory Analysis.  Prepared for Reflections of Manatee, Inc. New College Public Archaeology Lab Research Report Number 6, available at the Florida Master Site Files. 

2021 "From Legend to History: Archaeology of the Underground Railroad in our Backyard" Time Sifters Archaeology Society Newsletter. December:2

2021 "Saving Angola: Community-based Archaeology as Grassroots Activism" Adventures in Florida Archaeology 32-39

2022 "What we Found Out about Angola: Laboratory Results for the early 19th-century Maroon Community" Adventures in Florida Archaeology 2-8

Conference papers on Angola include:

2005 Looking for Angola: Public Archaeology and Public Education. Second author with Vickie Oldham, Canter Brown Jr., Bill Burger, Rosalyn Howard, and Louis Robinson. Florida Anthropological Society annual meeting, Gainesville.

2007 Hidden Histories Along the Manatee River: Heritage Outreach and Interpretation with Traces of Our Past. Senior author with Sherry Svekis. Florida Maritime Heritage Preservation Conference. Bradenton.

2008 Revealing a Hidden History: Looking for Angola’s Public Archaeology Program. The Public Anthropology through Cross Disciplinary and Cross Cultural Collaboration, Inclusion and Engagement: “Looking for Angola” in Florida and the Bahamas Session at the annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association, San Francisco.

2008 A Haven from Slavery on Florida’s Gulf Coast: Looking for Evidence of Angola on the Manatee River. The Underground Railroad, Marronage, Armed Struggle, and Beyond Symposium at the annual meeting of the Society for Historical Archaeology. Albuquerque.

2009 Remembering a Community of Self-Emancipated Africans in Spanish La Florida: Historical Archaeology and Public Anthropology in Southern Tampa Bay. Annual meeting of the Florida Folklore Society, Family Heritage House Museum, Bradenton.

2010 A Maroon Community in Southern Tampa Bay, Florida: Resistance during the Transition from Spanish to American Rule. For the Cosmopolitanism and Ethnogenesis, Colonialism and Resistance: Florida in Global Perspective session at the annual meeting of the Society for Historical Archaeology. Amelia Island, Florida.

2011 A Search for the Materiality of a Community of Freedom-seeking People in Southwest Florida: the First Five Years of Excavations, Public Archaeology, and Collaborations. Five Years of Looking for Angola: Accomplishments and New Objectives for the Public Anthropology Study of an early 19th-century Maroon Community on the Manatee River, Florida, Sarasota.

2012 Including Maroon History on the Florida Gulf Coast: Recovering a Haven for Freedom on the Manatee River. For Escaping to Destinations South: The Underground Railroad, Cultural Identity, and Freedom along the Southern Borderlands. National Underground Railroad Conference. St. Augustine.

2013 A New Chapter in African Diaspora History in Southwest Florida: The Evidence for a Maroon Community on the Manatee River. For the New Insights into African Diaspora Archaeology session at the annual meeting of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Tampa.

2013 Another Way to Inspire: Digital Natives and the Peopled Past of Florida. For the Public Archaeology Session at the annual meeting of the Florida Anthropological Society, St. Augustine.

2015 Dynamic Identities during the Flight for Freedom: Archaeological Traces of Marronage at Tampa Bay, Florida, USA. For Connecting Continents: Archaeological Perspectives on Slavery, Trade, and Colonialism, first joint meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists and the Society for American Archaeology, Curaçao.

2015 Local Politics and Site Ownership: Archaeology in the Age of Lawfare. For the Managing Archaeological Heritage in the 21st Century session at the annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, San Francisco.

2016 Anniversaries and Commemorations: Digital Archaeology and the Prospect Bluff Fortification on the Apalachicola River. Annual meeting of the Florida Anthropological Society, Jupiter.

2021 A Significant Archaeological Layer of History: Findings on the Marronage by the Manatee Mineral Spring, Bradenton Florida. Senior author with Sherry Robinson Svekis. Poster for the Annual Meeting of the Florida Anthropology Society, via Zoom.

2022 Freedom-Seekers across Florida. Learning Resilience from Those that Took Refuge in the Everglades on their Way to Freedom. 37th Annual Everglades Coalition Conference, Duck Key (appeared by Zoom)

2023 Maroon Ritual Belongings Excavated on Gulf Coast Florida. For the session Seeking Freedom in the Borderlands: Archaeological Perspectives on Maroon Societies in Florida. Annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Portland, Oregon

Uzi Baram's public presentations on the marronage include:

2005 Looking for Angola. A series of six presentations in Sarasota and Manatee counties on the early 19th century maroon community, sponsored by the Florida Humanities Council. The presentations included a panel with an archaeologist, ethnographer, historian, and educator for the general public; other presentations were directed toward various communities in the region. The endeavor included interviews with the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) Africa Portuguese-language service and WMNF (Tampa Bay's 88.5) as well as several newspaper articles. 

2006 Looking for Angola. For the Sarasota Reading Festival, Sarasota.

2006 Looking for Angola. For Florida Conversations, sponsored by Tampa Bay History Center and USF Florida Studies Center.

2006 Public Archaeology and Hidden Histories. For Traces of Our Past program at DeSoto National Memorial (NPS), sponsored by the Florida Humanities Council.

2007 To Dig or Not To Dig: A Discussion of Ethics in Archaeology. For Traces of Our Past at Manatee Mineral Spring, sponsored by the Florida Humanities Council.

2007 A Hidden History: the Exiles living on the Manatee River. For Temple Emanu-El, Sarasota.

2007 Looking for Angola on the Manatee River: Filling a Gap in History. For the Sarasota Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution.

2009 Archaeology and History Hidden in Plain Sight. For the Temple Emanu-El Brotherhood, Sarasota. 

2009 Looking for Angola: New Approaches & Evidence in the Search for an Early 19th Century Maroon Community on the Manatee River. For the Gulf Coast Archaeological Society, St. Petersburg, Florida.

2010 Collaboration and Transnational Research in Looking for Angola: New Approaches and Evidence in the Archaeological Search for an Early 19th Century Maroon Community on the Manatee River, Florida. For Warm Mineral Spring/Little Salt Spring Archaeological Society, North Port. 

2011 Panelist for Five Years of Looking for Angola: A Retrospective on the Journey and Future Paths to Explore, Sarasota.

2011 Interviewed on Sarasota’s WWSB (Channel 7) Black Almanac program regarding Looking for Angola.

2012 Presentation for National Archaeology Day at Manatee Mineral Spring, Bradenton.

2013 Looking for Angola with the New College Public Archaeology Lab. Poster presentation at Archaeology Fest, Sarasota.

2013 The Many Histories around the Manatee Mineral Spring. For Viva Florida Pioneer Annual Heritage Festival, Bradenton.

2014 Sarasota’s Hidden Heritage of Freedom: Excavating the Life of Luis Fatio Pacheco from our Region’s Past. For Plymouth Harbor, Sarasota.

2014 The Heritage under Our Feet: The Early 19th century Freedom-Seeking Peoples of Southern Tampa Bay. Manatee Unitarian Universalist Fellowship, Bradenton.

2014 Our Past and Present: Archaeology at Manatee Mineral Spring. Tour for Florida Archaeology Month, Bradenton.

2014 Archaeology of Freedom: The Anti-Slavery Havens of 19th-century Gulf Coast Florida. For the series Digging into History. Bonita Springs Historical Society, Bonita Springs.

2016 Piecing the Sherds Together: Archaeology in the Pursuit of Heritage and Social Justice. Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo.

2016 Remembering the Manatee River Maroons of 1821: Heritage, Archaeology, and Digital Reconstructions. With Vickie Oldham and Edward Gonzalez-Tennant. Manatee County Central Library, Bradenton.

2016 Remembering the Apalachicola River Maroons of 1816: Heritage, Archaeology, and Digital Reconstructions. With Vickie Oldham and Edward Gonzalez-Tennant. Center for History, Culture, and Art, Apalachicola, Florida. 2016 Rivers of Freedom, Landscapes of Liberty: An Update on “Looking for Angola” and the Archaeology of Maroons in Florida. Time Sifters Archaeology Society, Sarasota.

2017 Tragedy and Survival on the early 19th-century Florida Gulf Coast: History and Archaeology of the Freedom-Seeking Peoples Known as Black Seminoles. For Southwest Florida Archaeological Society, Fort Myers.

2017 A History No Longer Silenced: Angola on the Manatee River. Joint Meeting of the Vassar Club and the Wellesley Club, Sarasota.

2018 Looking for Angola Scholars Panel. For Back to Angola Festival, held at Manatee Mineral Spring Park, Bradenton.

2019 Tragedy and Survival: Archaeology and Commemoration of Freedom at the Manatee River. For Freedom Seekers at the Manatee: Exhibit and Speakers at Reflections of Manatee, Bradenton.

2019 Tragedy and Survival on the early 19th-century Florida Gulf Coast: The Heritage of Black Seminoles before 1821. For Charlotte Harbor Anthropological Society, Port Charlotte.

2020 Archaeology of Freedom: The Maroon Communities of 19th-century Gulf Coast Florida. For Mary Todd Lincoln Union Daughters Tent #10 of Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War, 1861-1865 (DUVCW), Lakewood Ranch

2020 Finding Liberty: What Archaeology Finds Out about Freedom-Seeking People, in Sinai and Gulf Coast Florida. For Temple Emanu-El, via Zoom

2020 Archaeo Arcade interview with FPAN Northwest region on youtube. Archaeology Arcade (Episode 9): Sarasota Bay Rancho Game 

2021 A Heritage of Struggle on the Florida Gulf Coast from Angola to Newtown, and Beyond. Conversations on Race and Ethnicity. Black History Month. New College of Florida, via Zoom

2021 Angola on the Manatee River: New Insights Revealing Bradenton’s Ties to the Underground Railroad. For Think + Drink (science) organized by the Bishop Museum, Bradenton.

2021 Archaeo Arcade interview with FPAN Northwest region on youtube. Archaeology Arcade (Episode 18) - Tragedy and Survival Virtual Landscapes

2021 Finding Angola: Manatee County’s First Black Community. Questions and Answers panel for Sarasota Native American Film Festival

2021 Florida’s Ancient Inhabitants. Welcome to Florida podcast Episode 47 https://www.buzzsprout.com/1169570/8483543-episode-47-florida-s-ancient-inhabitants-angola

2021 A History No Longer Silenced: Angola on the Manatee River. Time Sifters Archaeology Society, via Zoom

2021 Ethnogenesis and Archaeology of the Freedom-Seeking Peoples Known as Black Seminoles. For the Joseph L. Brechner speaker series Orange County Regional History Center, via Zoom

2021 Finding Angola: The Success of Community-Based Archaeology in Bradenton, Florida. Kiwanis Club, Bradenton.

2021 A History No Longer Silenced: Angola on the Manatee River. St. Augustine Archaeological Association, via Zoom

2021 Finding Angola: A Visual Tour of the Manatee Mineral Spring Site in Bradenton, Florida. Central Gulf Coast Archaeological Society, via Zoom

2022 Archaeology of the Network to Freedom on Florida's Gulf Coast. Mound House, Fort Myers Beach, via Zoom

2022 Co-moderator for From Angola to Today: A Conversation on History, Race, and Social Justice. For Reflections of Manatee, at the Manatee Downtown Central Library, Bradenton

2023 Angola on the Manatee River: Groundwork for Understanding the Nature of Black-centered Maroon Communities in Florida. The 185-Year Seminole Maroon Family Reunion @ Loxahatchee River Battlefield, Jupiter

2023 The Peoples of Angola, an Early 19th-century Maroon Community, and their Legacy for Bradenton and Beyond.  Think+Drink Series. The Bishop Museum of Science and Nature, Bradenton

2023 Panel Presentation: Shoulders We Stand On: Honoring Angola’s Freedom-Seekers. Back to Angola Festival, Bradenton


Videos

For a soundless power point video of my contributions to the project, see https://www.facebook.com/NewCollegePublicArchaeologyLab/videos/2189140641124465/

For a short video The Underground Railroad is Here: Commemorating Angola https://youtu.be/tsroyYmVHXU (September 2020)

For a sixty-minute documentary Finding Angola: Manatee County's First Black Settlement https://youtu.be/k-h1GK8Ru6w (2021)

Presentation to Time Sifters Archaeology Society A History No Longer Silenced: Angola on the Manatee River https://youtu.be/774EghNolfM 

Many vidoes are listed at YouTube Angola Program Playlist 


In 2021/22 three exhibits on Angola opened:

Archaeology of Freedom at Reflections of Manatee, Bradenton

From Legend to History: Archaeology of the Underground Railroad in our Backyard at the Community Gallery of the Ringling Museum of Art, Sarasota

Spirits of Passage at the Florida Museum of History, Tallahassee


In 20023, Angola was included in the Florida State Standards for Social Studies African American History Strand: 

SS.5.AA.1.6 Examine the experiences and contributions of African Americans in early Florida.

Benchmark Clarifications: Clarification 1: Instruction includes African American communities (e.g., Fort Mose, Angola Community, Black Seminoles, Fort Gadsden, Lincolnville, Eatonville). 

https://www.fldoe.org/core/fileparse.php/20653/urlt/6-4.pdf 


LFA Research Team

In 2013, material traces of the early 19th century maroon community Angola on the Manatee River were confirmed, as reported by the Bradenton Herald in October 2013

In 2019, the National Park Service Underground Railroad Network to Freedom included Angola at the Manatee Mineral Springs Park and in 2023 through the annual Back to Angola Festival

Herald 2013