Once Giardia lamblia parasites are ingested, the trophozoites can migrate to the duodenum. Here, the trophozoites do not invade, but rather encyst. The resistant cysts are then passed in the faeces and can infect another close-contact, via faecal-oral routes (Leibzon & Shaposhnikov, 2015). With endoscopy and biopsy techniques, an infection can be comfirmed and specified. Despite most Giardia intestinalis infections being asymptomatic, the disease can become severely detrimental to gastrointestinal (GIT) health when enterocyte damage and brush border loss occurs, particularly of the small intestinal epithelial cells. Eventually, shortened microvilli and altered epithelial barrier function, i.e. villous atrophy, ensues (Vithanage & Haroon, 2023).