8.5(A) describe the structure of atoms, including the masses, electrical charges, and locations, of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons in the electron cloud

8.5(B) identify that protons determine an element’s identity and valence electrons determine its chemical properties, including reactivity

8.5(C) interpret the arrangement of the Periodic Table, including groups and periods, to explain how properties are used to classify elements

8.5(D) recognize that chemical formulas are used to identify substances and determine the number of atoms of each element in chemical formulas containing subscripts

8.5(E) investigate how evidence of chemical reactions indicates that new substances with different properties are formed and how that relates to the law of conservation of mass